SEMESTER 1, 2014/15

PET 226/4
PEDAGOGICAL GRAMMAR FOR
TESOL

Lecture 5
Phrases
Phrases are named according to their functions:
Adjective phrases
Adverb phrases
Verb phrases
Noun phrases
Prepositional phrases
Adjective phrases
Consider the following pairs of sentences:
The minister was a very famous person.
The minister was a person of great fame.
The prince was wearing a golden crown.
The prince was wearing a crown made of gold.
The soldiers came upon a deserted village.
The soldiers came upon a village without any
inhabitants.
A jungle track stretched before them.
A track through the jungle stretched before
them.
Underline the adjective phrases in the sentences
below.
1. The girl is of considerable influence over the
people in the village.
2. The flag of Malaysia flew proudly at the top of
the mountain.
3. A stranger with bags of cash approached the
counter.
4. We will accept the advice of the experts.
5. He fell into the sea of swelling waves.
6. In the centre of the hall stood a table with a
beautiful marble top.
Adverb phrases (how, when, where)
Consider the following pairs of sentences:
Ali departed hurriedly.
Ali departed in great hurry.
The boy shouted angrily at the crowd.
The boy shouted in an angry manner at the
crowd.
The soldiers are approaching now.
The soldiers are approaching at this moment.
Animal footprints were found everywhere.
Animal footprints were found all over the place.

Underline the adverb phrases in the sentences
below.
1. The mad man stood in the middle of the road.
2. There could be life on the small planet.
3. Something was floating on the sea.
4. To the left of the mansion stood an old church.
5. The workers were asked to get profits at all
costs.
6. He was warned against building his factory
next to the river.
7. In a tearful voice she pleaded with her captors.
8. The kids ran shouting and waving towards the
sea.
Verb phrases
1. Wealthy ladies gossip at very expensive hair saloons.
2. The children asked him many questions.
3. After a long days work he stayed at home all night.
4. The beggars searched for food in the rubbish dump.
5. The moon went out of sight behind the clouds.
6. She entered the brightly decorated room.
7. The boy found a diamond ring in the bush.
8. We all believed the story with a mysterious ending.

Draw constituent structures for the sentences above.


Noun phrases
Consider the following pairs of sentences:
The leader needs helpers.
The leader needs people to help him.
He dislikes punishment.
He dislikes to punish his students.
You surprise me.
Your sudden appearance surprises me.
Cheating is disgraceful.
To cheat in an examination is disgraceful.

State whether the underlined phrases are adjective
or adverb phrases.
Have you heard of the hermit in the cave?
They live on an island.
Is this the bus to Lumut?
He tried to persuade her in a gentle manner.
They succeeded in the end.
They came to see the diamond of great value.
They came in big numbers to see the queen.
They fought all day long.
They fought with all their might.
They fought in the thick jungle.
Children like books with happy endings.

SEMESTER 1, 2014/15

PET 226/4
PEDAGOGICAL GRAMMAR
FOR TESOL

Lecture 6
Clauses
A clause contains both a subject and verb.

Two primary types of clauses:
An independent clause expresses a complete
thought; it can stand by itself.
A dependent clause / a subordinate clause,
expresses only part of a thought; it cannot
stand alone.

http://www.orl.devry.edu/tutoring/Phrase,%20Clause%20Sentence.html



He was sad because he lost his bicycle.



Independent Dependent



Underline the clauses in the sentences below.
1. I am sure that he is in the right.
2. The child was up before the clock struck five.
3. As they approached the gate they heard a loud crash.
4. She was met by the officers when she arrived.
5. The lady cried when she told us her sad tale.
6. We are not sure that he will attend the meeting.
7. Please call me if you cannot come.
8. The guard described how the prisoners escaped.
9. As I drove past the check-point I saw a number of
fierce-looking dogs.
10. Your uncle, who works as a jockey, is here.

Underline the phrases in the sentences below and
change them into clauses.
1. He succeeded through hard work.
2. A man with a high post is very busy.
3. The path leading out of the jungle was cleverly
concealed.
4. The police found the lost child.
5. We cannot reveal his hiding place.
6. We were shocked to hear of his accident.
7. The lady bought an umbrella with a floral design.
8. The boy unpacked the clothes in the box.
9. The youngsters living next door are very noisy.
10. My father scolded me for my carelessness.