UNIX and Shell Scripting

UNIX and Shell Scripting
Module 6: Shell Programming

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Module 6 Objectives
Upon completing this course, the learner will be able to:
List different types of shells
Compare the advantages and disadvantages of different shells
Describe Shell Script
Explain the use of Shell Script
Describe Interpreter Role
Describe how to execute the Basic Shell Scripting Technique
Describe how to execute flow control techniques in Shell Script
Describe command line handling in Shell Scripts
Explain the command line processing process
Describe how to execute basic Shell Scripting debugging techniques

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Module 6 Agenda
Topic Name Duration
Basic Shell Programming
140 min
Flow Control
150 min
Command Line Options and Processing
45 min
Debugging
50 min

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Discussion: Shell (1 of 2)
Discussion topic:
What is SHELL ?
Have you used any shell or expect
to use it?

Discussion time:
5 minutes

Instructions:
Ask students about their
experience/opinions.
Write them on a flip-chart.

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Shell (2 of 2)
Translates user command lines into operating system
instructions
Acts as an interface (layer) between user and UNIX operating
system
Shell script is:
A script or file that contains shell commands.
Also called as shell program.
Various operations performed by script include:
File manipulation
Program execution
Printing text
Operations (including App Startup, Shutdown, and Deployment)

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Advantages of Shell Scripting
Writing shell script is much quicker.
Provides:
Decision making (if/else, case statement)
Linkage (call another script)
Sequence (loops)
Does not require compilation steps
Generalizes sequence of operations
Creates new commands using combinations of utilities
Combines lengthy and repetitive sequence of commands into a
single command
Wraps programs

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Disadvantages of Shell Scripting
More prone to costly errors
Slow in execution speed
Generates new process for each execution

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Typical Usage

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User Usages
System administrators To automate many aspects of:
Maintenance
Operations
Application startup scripts Useful especially for unattended
applications that start using cron or at
commands.
Application package
installation tools
Installation steps can be written in make
files and be executed using make utility.

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Types of Shell (1 of 4)
Bourne Shell
Is represented as sh
Is an original shell of UNIX
Is available on all UNIX systems as standard shell
Does not provide interactive facility
Permits shell script to be written and executed
Was first to feature the convention of using file descriptor 2 > for
error messages

Other innovations of Bourne Shell are:
Here documents using <<
Command substitution using back quotes
Support for environmental variables
"for ~ do ~ done" loop

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Korn Shell
Is represented as ksh
Provides features of c shell
Provides shell programming language similar to Bourne Shell
Is the most efficient shell
Is advised to be used as a default shell
Provides the ability to edit the command line in WYSIWYG fashion
What You See Is What You Get
Implies a user interface
Is a feature used to describe system in which content displayed during editing
appears very similar to the final output

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Bourne Again Shell
Is represented as bash
Is widely used by the academic community
Is a public domain shell
Provides interactive features of c shell (csh) and Korn Shell (ksh)
Is recommended as complete shell environment
When bourne shell (sh) is used for shell programming
Can be executed by bash without modification
Is effective in integer calculations

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c Shell
Is represented as csh
Has its Syntaxes modeled after the c programming language
Has typical UNIX shell structure
Has many features and improvements added over the Bourne shell
such as aliases and command history
Interprets each line as a separate command
Introduces following features for the first time
Job control
Array
Aliases
Math operations

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Types of Shell Comparison
Feature
Shell Type
sh csh ksh bash
Job Control
O P P P
Command History
O P P P
Command Line Editing
O O P P
Local Variables
O O P P
Aliases
O P P P
Custom Prompt
O O P P

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Interpreter
All Korn Shell scripts start with following line:
#!/bin/ksh
/bin/ksh is the name of Interpreter to be used, which can be
different based on the type of shell in use:
Say we write a shell script testScript.
Save it in directory /usr/local.
Pass arg1 and arg2 as arguments to it.
To execute the script, write following on the prompt:
/usr/local/testScript arg1 arg2
When the shell script gets executed, its command line
arguments become:
/bin/ksh /usr/local/testScript arg1 arg2

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Demonstration Instructions
There are demonstrations throughout this topic.

This topic comprises command sections for Basic Shell
programming. These sections will be conducted in the following
manner:
Instructions:
Explain the command with demonstration.
Ask participants to execute the same.
Discuss the related slide.

Note: The commands would be used by the faculty and participants
simultaneously.

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Role of Interpreter (1 of 2)

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Role of Interpreter (2 of 2)

Result
cat \File2
echo date
Is; cat File2
echo Date

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Wild Cards (1 of 6)
Are the characters interpreted before any other action takes
place
Are used to find file and directory name
Wild Card Description
*
Matches any number of characters in a filename, including
none
? Matches any single character
[] Set of characters, any one of which may match a single
character at that position
[!...] Set of Characters, which is not matched at that position

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Wild Cards (2 of 6)
Example Description
[a-z] Matches all characters between a and z
[!ab..z] Matches any character that does not appear within the
brackets
D*1 Matches all characters starting with D and ending at 1
?[!abc]?- Matches any character as first letter
Note: Character following the first letter should not be a,b,c; followed by
any character in the end.
[c-fmrv-z]* Matches first character as m or r; OR in the range of c to f, or
v to z
[!d-m]* Matches first character as anything other than the alphabet in
the range d to m
A?b? Matches four characters where first character is A and third
character is b

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Wild Cards (3 of 6)
Example Description
a[0-9] Matches a0, a1, and so on, up to a9
a[!0-9] Doesn't match a0, but matches aa
[^ab..z] Matches any character that does not appear within the
brackets, works for tcsh only
a[^0-9] Doesn't match a0, but matches aa

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Wild Cards (4 of 6)

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Script Result
Test Script

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Wild Cards (5 of 6)

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Script Result
Test Script

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Wild Cards (6 of 6)

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Script Result
Test Script

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Preset Shell Variables (1 of 3)
Are special variables used by the system
Use uppercase names or punctuation characters
Example:
Login environment

Shell internal settings
Variable Description
$USER,
$LOGNAME
Preset to the currently login username.
$PATH Lists the directories that will be searched for external commands.
$PWD Set the current working directory.
$? Set to the exit status of the last command run.

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Some of these variables are set by system and cant be
modified.
E.g., USER

Some can be modified.
E.g., PATH

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Script Result
Test Script

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Setting, Exporting, and Using Shell Variable
(1 of 2)
Suppose we need to set environment to run an application, the
application must have:
Log file name as variable
Log file path name as variable
Library paths as variables
Environment can be set by:
Creating an Environment file
Defining variables to hold the path/file names
Assigning those variables to actual path/file names
Exporting the path/file names so that main program can access it

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Setting, Exporting, and Using Shell Variable
(2 of 2)
Syntax
export variable=value
We can have following in the environment file:
export LOGFILENAME=LogFile.log;
export LOGFILEPATH=/home/user1/prod/Logs;
export LIBRARYPATH=/home/user1/prod/lib;
execute application
This will make the variables LOGFILENAME, LOGFILEPATH,
and LIBRARYPATH available to the application which has been
executed.

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Positional Arguments (1 of 2)
Convey information to a program
Are variables defined by the shell
Are nine in number $1 through $9
Example
$ TestPosition Para1 Para2 Para3
$ echo $1

Additional Parameters:
$# - Total number of arguments supplied
to Shell
$* / $@ - All positional parameters
Note: $* is equivalent to $1 $2 . whereas
$@ is equivalent to $1 $2

Assuming Name of the
Script TestPosition
List of Input Parameters
Para1 Para2 Para3
Will Show the Result
Para1, which is assigned to
Positional Parameter $1

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Positional Arguments (2 of 2)

Sample Output for Positional Parameters
Sample Script for Positional Parameters

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Command Substitution (1 of 2)
Enables the connecting of two commands

Syntax
$(command)
Offered by Korn and Bash Shell

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Command Substitution (2 of 2)

$date is
substituted by
date and time,
the output of
date command.
ls F* command is
substituted by the
list of files
starting with F.

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I/O and Redirection (1 of 2)
Following command is used for Display on the screen
echo
Display a line of text
Redirection provides following features:
Input from file in place of Keyboard (< Input Redirection)
Output to file in place of Screen (> Output Redirection)
Appending to a file by redirecting standard output (>> Redirection)

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I/O and Redirection (2 of 2)

Display the
message on
the screen
wc
command is
getting input
from File2.
Output of cat is appended
to TestOutDirectFile.
Output of ls is
redirected to
TestOutDirectFile.

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File Attribute Checking (1 of 3)
Checks the status of file
Verifies specific status of file
-d file True if directory and exist
-f file True if file and exist
-s file True if size is greater than 0 and exist
-r file True if has read permission and exist
-w file True if has write permission and exist
-x file True if has execute permission and exist
-a file True if ASCII file and exist

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Script for Ensuring Various File Attributes
Result of Script Ensuring Various File Attributes

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Result of Script Ensuring Various File Attributes
Script for Ensuring Various File Attributes

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String Operations (1 of 2)
Checks for strings

String
Operation
Description
= True if strings are same
!= True if strings are different
-n True if length of string is greater than 0
-z True if the length of string is zero
< True if string one is less than the two
> True if string two is less than the one

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String Operations (2 of 2)

Result of Script Ensuring Various String Operations
Script for Ensuring Various String Operations

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Arithmetic Operator (1 of 3)

Operator Description
$((..))
Arithmetic Expression Substitution
+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division
% Modulus

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The expr command evaluates arithmetic expressions

Script for Relational Operations
Result of Relational Operations

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Script for Arithmetic Operations
Result of Arithmetic Operations

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Relational Operator (1 of 2)
Operator Description
> (-gt) Greater than
< (-lt) Less than
> = (-ge) Greater than or equal
<= (-le) Less than or equal
== (-eq) Equal to (comparison)
!= (-ne) Not equal to
&& (-a) And
|| (-o) Or

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Relational Operator (2 of 2)
Script for Relational Operations
Result of Relational Operations

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Test Command (1 of 2)
Carries out several types of tests:
Test Function
Numerical Test Compares values of two numbers
String Test Performs String Operations
File Test Checks the status of a file

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Test Command (2 of 2)

Result of Script Demonstrates Test Command

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Activity 1: Command Line Script
Activity time: 5 minutes
The purpose of this activity is to use and understand the concept of
positional or command line parameters to script.

Instructions:
Write a shell script which will receive five numbers from command
line and print the sum of those five numbers.

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Activity 2: Reading File
The purpose of this activity is to read content of the file using script

Instructions:
Write a shell script which would take input from a file and will print
the number of lines, words, and characters in the file.

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Activity 3: Command Line and Arithmetic
Operations
The purpose of this activity is to understand the use of arithmetic
operators in shell.

Instructions:
Write a shell script which will receive two numbers from command
line, perform the following Arithmetic Operations on those two
numbers, and print the results.
Addition
Multiplication
Modulus

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Module 6 Agenda
Topic Name Duration
140 min
Flow Control
150 min
45 min
Debugging
50 min

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There are demonstrations throughout this topic.

This topic comprises command sections for Flow Control. These
sections will be conducted in the following manner:
Instructions:

simultaneously.

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Usage of if-then-fi (1 of 2)
Decision control structures
if then fi
Syntax
if control command
then
Command(s)
fi

Exit status of control command
should be zero to execute then part.
One or more commands/statements get
executed, when control command is true.

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Usage of if-then-fi (2 of 2)

Result
Exit status of control command
should be zero to execute then part.

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Usage of if-then-else-fi (1 of 2)
if then else fi
Syntax
if control command
then
Command(s)
else
Command(s)
fi

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Usage of if-then-else-fi (2 of 2)
Result

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Usage of if-then-elif-fi (1 of 2)
if then - elif fi
Syntax
if control command
then
Command(s)
elif
then
command(s)
fi

else if can be replaced by elif

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Usage of if-then-elif-fi (2 of 2)
Result

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Usage of while loop (1 of 2)
Loop statements
Involve repeating portion of the program
while loop
Executes a list of statements repeatedly while a certain condition holds
true.
Syntax
while condition
do
command(s)
done

Expression to terminate the loop

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Usage of while loop (2 of 2)

Result

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Usage of for loop (1 of 2)
for loop
Executes a list of statements a fixed number of times.

Syntax
for variable in v1 v2 v3 v4
do
command(s)
done

Will work for list of values mentioned here
Variable declaration not required

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Usage of for loop (2 of 2)

Result

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Usage of until loop (1 of 2)
until loop
Executes a list of statements repeatedly till condition remains false

Syntax
until condition
do
command(s)
done

Seeking for condition to become
True to terminate the loop

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Usage of until loop (2 of 2)

Result

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Usage of Case Statement (1 of 2)
Case statement control the sequence of execution
Syntax
case $value in
choice1)
do this
;;
choice2)
do this
;;
*)
do this
;;
esac
Labels for choice of action
Valid UNIX command(s)

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Usage of Case Statement (2 of 2)

Result

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Define and Call a Function (1 of 2)
Definition
Function functionName()
{
# Body of The Function
}
or
FunctionName()
{
# Body of The Function
}

Call of Function
Every function is called by name

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Define and Call a Function (2 of 2)

Result

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Activity 4: If Flow Control and String
Operators
The purpose of this activity is to understand and learn the utilization
of String Operators using if control statement.

Instructions:
Write a shell script which would compare two strings and print
appropriate message when:
They are equal
They are not equal
Size is non-zero

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Activity 5: While Flow Control
The purpose of this activity is to use and understand while loop
working in shell script.

Instructions:
Write a shell script which would print the series of first odd number
from one to n, where n should be provided from command line.

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Activity 6: Case Command
The purpose of this activity is to use and understand case command
in UNIX shell.

Instructions:
Write a shell script to provide number between one to nine from
command line and print in words.

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Module 6 Agenda
Topic Name Duration
140 min
Flow Control
150 min
45 min
Debugging
50 min

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For slides 75 and 79

This topic comprises command sections for Command Line
Options and Processing. These sections will be conducted in the
following manner:
Instructions:

simultaneously.

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Usage of Shift (1 of 4)
For instance:
If we have a shell script which takes arguments, e.g., script test
which takes f1 and f2 as parameters. If we execute this script:
test f1 f2, $1 becomes f1 and $2 becomes f2.
What if options are involved
e.g., test -a f1

Helps to get a way around above problem
shift will make (f1 as $1).

Provides a work-around in case of more than 9 positional
parameters to a script

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Causes the positional parameters to be moved to the left

Uses default move one

Syntax
$shift n

Where n is always
a positive number.

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Result

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Module 6 Agenda
Topic Name Duration
140 min
Flow Control
150 min
45 min
Debugging
50 min

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For slides 83-85

This topic comprises command sections for Debugging. These
sections will be conducted in the following manner:
Instructions:

simultaneously.

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Usage of Set (1 of 4)
Useful for large scripts
Various available options:
Option Description
-v Shows every statement.
Echoes the statements to the screen.
Substitutes the values of variables.
-x Indicates whether the script has executed the
statement
Puts a plus sign
-n Causes the shell to parse the syntax structures without
execution

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-v Option

Result

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-x Option

Result

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-n Option

Result

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Activity 7: Debugging Shell I
The purpose of this activity is to use and understand debugging
options x and v with various looping constructs.

Instructions:
Write a shell script which would print n numbers supplied from
command line and debug it with -x and -v option.

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Activity 8: Debugging Shell II
The purpose of this activity is to use and understand debugging
concept of Shell with loop and conditional constructs

Instructions:
Write a shell script which would confirm whether 11 is a prime
number or not. Also debug the script.

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Module Summary
Upon completing this module, you should now be able to:
List different types of shells
Compare the advantages and disadvantages of different shells
Describe Shell Script
Explain the use of Shell Script
Describe Interpreter Role
Describe how to execute the Basic Shell Scripting Technique
Describe how to execute flow control techniques in Shell Script
Describe command line handling in Shell Scripts
Explain the Command line processing process
Describe how to execute basic Shell Scripting debugging techniques

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What questions or comments
do you have?

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Questions and Comments

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