Although the gardens and plants in urban

squares and similar enclosures may not be

considered as landscape in the same way as
the grounds of great houses and natural hills
and woodlands, the spaces contribute greatly
to the townscape, and their planting and their
arrangements often deserve similar attention.
This approach is justied by several squares
being included in the register of historic parks
and gardens of special historic interest com-
plied by English Heritage.
St at ut ory prot ect ion of hist oric
landscapes
The recognition of the value of parks and
gardens as part of the national heritage and
environment[1] has been embodied in
legislation only comparatively recently. Sec-
tion 8 of the Historic Buildings and Ancient
Monuments Act ,1953 (amended by the
National Heritage Act, 1983) enables English
Heritage to compile a register of gardens
and other land situated in England which
appears to it to be of special historic interest.
The Town and Country Amenities Act
extended listed building legislation to the
settings of buildings and had also identied
designed landscapes as worthy in their own
right for grant aid, although no new funds
were made available.
Although the register prepared under the
1983 Act can be said to be a statutory docu-
ment, there is no obligation requiring it to be
kept; it is advisory only and sites included are
subject to no additional statutory controls.
The registry lists and grades gardens creat-
ed before 1939 which still retain their special
historic interest. Its purpose is to record their
existence so that planning and highway
authorities and developers know that they
should try to safeguard them when consider-
ing new road schemes and new development
generally[2].
According to the English Tourist Board[3]
by April 1988 English Heritage had published
all 44 county chapters of the register. The
volumes are being updated and entries range
from major man-made landscapes like
Blenheim to quite small gardens such as the
one hectare garden at Marsh Court in Hamp-
shire. In June 1995 the number of registered
sites had reached 1,246.
The severe storms of 1987 and 1990 gener-
ated urries of activity among landscape
experts and stressed the need for historical
9
St ruct ural Survey
Vol ume 14 Number 2 1996 pp. 917
MCB Uni versi t y Press ISSN 2663-080X
Landscape of squares
Richard Catt
The aut hor
Richard Cat t i s a chart ered surveyor based i n London, UK.
Abst ract
Thi s f t h art i cl e i n t he smal l urban spaces seri es deal s
w i t h t he gardens of squares, crescent s and si mi l ar encl o-
sures as l andscape.
information as the basis for good restoration
schemes and management plans[4].
The format of the register entries is similar
to the statutory historic buildings lists and the
grading is similar: grades I, II* and II. In 1995
10 per cent of registered gardens were grade I;
29 per cent grade II* and 61 per cent grade II.
A typical register entry of a small urban
open space is given below, together with the
introduction to the appropriate register (in this
case the volume for Greater London) which
explains the purpose and format of the entry:
Introduction
This volume forms part of the register of gar-
dens and parks of special historic interest.
It has been compiled by Historic Buildings and
Monuments Commission for England, who are
required by statute (section 8C of the Historic
Buildings and Ancient Monuments Act 1953,
inserted by paragraph 10 of Schedule 4 to the
National Heritage Act 1983) to send copies of
all entries to owners and occupiers, to the
relevant local planning authorities and to the
Secretary of State for the Environment.
The register is being produced to draw
attention to important historic gardens and
parks as an essential part of the nations her-
itage. If their existence is not widely enough
known, they could all too easily be overlooked,
for example in plans for new development. The
Commission believe that the register will be
helpful both to owners, and to planners, devel-
opers, statutory bodies and indeed, to all those
concerned to protect the heritage.
No new controls apply to gardens or parks in
the register, nor are existing planning or listed
building controls affected in any way. Some of
the gardens contain, or are associated with,
buildings that are on the statutory list of special
architectural or historic interest. Neither the
statutory listing of these buildings nor the
planning controls that apply to them are affect-
ed by the fact that the same buildings are men-
tioned in the register of gardens.
Thefact that a garden is included in theregister
does not mean that thereis any public right of
access, other than along public rights of way or
unless theproperty is separately advertised by the
owner as being open to thepublic.
Only gardens and parks with historic features
dating from 1939 or earlier are included in the
register. Additions since that date have not been
extensively described in the register, nor have
such additions been taken into account in the
selection and grading of the gardens, since this
register indicates the gardens special historic
interest.
Headingsin the register are made up as follows:
County, Name of Site; District; Civil Parish
or Town; National Grid Reference for the
site or its central part; Grade (I, II* or II).
The Notes are arranged wherever possible as
follows:
Type of site; area in hectares (ha); dates and
designers of key surviving elements of the
site (including the house, if appropriate);
surviving features of the garden or park;
other interesting aspects e.g. historic
associations; main published references.
The Grading. The same symbols (I, II* or II)
have been used as are employed for statutorily
listed buildings, and have been allocated to
indicate the following qualities:
Grade I Parks and gardens which by reason
of their historic layout, features and architec-
tural ornaments considered together make
them of exceptional interest.
Grade II* Parks and gardens which by
reason of their historic layout, features and
architectural ornaments considered together
make them if not of exceptional interest
nevertheless of great quality.
Grade II Parks and gardens which by
reason of their historic layout, features and
architectural ornaments considered together
make them of special interest.
These gradings reect the importance of the
garden or park concerned, in comparison with
other gardens or parks in England as a whole. If
there is a listed building within the limits of a
registered park or garden, the grade may not
necessarily be the same, since the building and
the garden and park are not always of equal
importance.
While every effort has been made to ensure
that the entries in the register are accurate, the
Commission (via the Gardens Inspector,
Fortress House, 23 Savile Row, London W1X
2HE) will be pleased to receive further informa-
tion both about gardens in the register and other
historic gardens that may have been overlooked.
Revised or additional entries will be issued from
time to time.
The Commission wishes to thank all those
who have given help and advice in compiling
these sections of the register. It is grateful to
local planning authorities and their staff, the
representatives of national and local amenity
societies (in particular the Garden History
Society and the National Trust), the Centre for
the Conservation of Historic Parks and Gardens
(University of York) and the individual owners
and occupiers of the gardens and parks.
Historic Buildings and Monuments Com-
mission
23 Savile Row
London W1X 2HE January 1988
Typical register entry
Greater London Bedford Square
Camden
TQ2981
G1014
Late C18 private square, 1 ha.
Bedford Square is on level ground. The area of
gardens is oval, within the rectangular framework
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Vol ume 14 Number 2 1996 917
of houses along all four sides of the Square, and
was laid out between 1775 and 1780, most
probably to a design of Thomas Leverson. The
gardens are enclosed by cast-iron railings, late
C18, with gates and overthrow on north and
south sides. Shrubbery and mature trees within
railings, enclosing oval path. Lesser areas of
shrubbery inside the path, round mainly grassed
central area. The gardens contain notable mature
planes, as well as laurustinus, holly, laurel, privet
and sorbus.
LCC Survey of London, IV, 2, 1914, 150-151,
P1 61. Chancellor, B., Thehistory of thesquares
of London, 1907, 202. Pevsner, N., London
except Westminster, 1952, 216.
One of the references given, that from the
Survey of Londongiven below can be consid-
ered as a signicant part of the entry as well as
a source of further information.
From the Survey of London:
Bedford Square (general)
During the period including the latter half of the
19th century, several large estates were laid out
in the western district of London. The planning
of these generally included several squares, each
provided with a central garden for use of the
residents living in the surrounding houses.
When the 112 acres composing the Duke of
Bedfords Bloomsbury estate were developed,
over 20 acres were laid out as gardens for the
use of the occupants of the houses overlooking
them. This estate, with its wide streets and
spacious squares, is an excellent example of
early town planning, and affords an illustration
of the advantages gained by the community
when a large area such as this is dealt with on
the generous lines by the owner.
Bedford Square is about 520 feet long and
320 feet wide between the houses, and the
beautifully wooded garden measures 375 feet
on the major and 255 feet on the minor axis.
The general architectural scheme of the
square is interesting. Each side is separately
treated as an entire block of buildings, having a
central feature and wings. The central feature of
each side is carried out in stucco, having
pilasters and pediments in the Ionic order, those
to north and south having ve pilasters, and
those to the east and west, four. The western
house being smaller, however, has not the
additional walling extending beyond the
pilasters.
The houses at the ends of each block have
balustrades above the main cornice, and gener-
ally, the windows are ornamented with iron
balconies at the rst oor level.
The round-headed entrance doorways, other
than those to the central houses, are rusticated
in Coades articial stone, and enclose a variety
of fanlights of which a typical example is shown
in No. 15.
No drawing has been found showing the
design for the laying out of Bedford Square,
which was carried out between the years 1775
and 1780. The plots were leased by the Duke to
various building owners. One plot was taken by
Thomas Leverton, architect, and 24 by Robert
Crews and William Scott, builders.
These builders acquired many more plots on
the estate, and it may be supposed that, as they
at times worked in partnership, the whole of the
buildings in the square and the houses in several
of the adjoining streets were erected by them,
partly as a speculation and partly as builders for
other lessees.
An early drawing of Bedford Square is shown
in Figure 1.
Ef f ect s of inclusion on t he regist er
Although registration does not impose con-
trols compulsorily its effects are well illustrat-
ed by the recent outcome of a planning appeal
at Bedford Square. The owners of the gar-
dens, the Bedford Estate, applied for planning
permission and listed building consent to alter
two panels of railings enclosing the gardens so
that the panels could be lifted out from time
to time to provide access for vehicles deliver-
ing marquees, portable lavatories, and cater-
ing equipment for receptions and other com-
mercial events, which under the General
Development Order may be held up to 28
days a year without the need for planning
permission.
The square is on the register (as described
in detail above) and is also within the Blooms-
bury Conservation Area and planning permis-
sion was refused. The inspector commented
on the importance of the garden and its plant-
ing to the conservation area and to the setting
of the listed buildings nearby and dismissed
the appeal on the grounds that, although the
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Vol ume 14 Number 2 1996 917
Figure 1 Bedf ord Square, London, UK
proposed alterations to the railings were
slight, lifting the panels in and out not
intended or constructed to be moved would,
after a while, lead to damage and distortion,
and would therefore be damaging to the
special interest of the railings.
Other means of control
As the Bedford Square appeal demonstrates,
although there is very little means of positive
control and guidance on parks and gardens,
there are various initiatives which can be
taken at local and country level[4]. These
include:
(1) Apart from policies and development
plans, the designation of conservation
areas, either including or wholly compris-
ing a historic landscape.
(2) The use of Article 4 directions to restrict
permitted development.
(3) The inclusion of parks and gardens on
county councils sites and monuments
records, which brings them under the
umbrella protecting archaeological sites.
(4) The use of tree preservation orders.
(5) The introduction of grant aid for restora-
tion or enhancement projects.
(6) Many gardens are already covered by the
statutory duty to protect the settings of
listed buildings.
Investigating the landscape of squares
There is too little space here to give other than
the most brief review of the development of
English landscape. In any case, for our pur-
poses, much of this would be superuous as
most squares were planted in the eighteenth
and nineteenth centuries, albeit often aping
earlier styles.
Gardens for pleasure (as opposed to those for
produce) were a feature of Roman villas,
usually in the form of courtyards containing
formal paths in a rectangular pattern, with
statues or fountains at the intersections, and
lined with ower beds and low hedges. The
garden at Fishbourne, near Chichester is
shown in Figure 2[5].
I n the Middle Ages many monasteries,
castles and colleges had gardens, similarly
enclosed both for privacy and for defence
and were usually arranged as a series of
paths between and alongside which were
raised flower beds and turf seats. Later
medieval gardens apparently had timber
arches and trellises for climbing roses. When
conditions became more stable after the
Wars of the Roses gardens were placed
outside the ranges of buildings enabling
them to become artificial settings for the
structures.
Tudor gardens, epitomized at Hampton
Court, were similar to later medieval gar-
dens but larger in scale and reflecting
Renaissance influences: arranged on formal
lines with the axis of the garden following
the main axis of the houses, they were effec-
tively married to them. A singular feature of
Tudor gardens was the knot garden a
garden bed which contained intricate
designs resembling knots, made up of low
growing hedges of box, or lines of rosemary
12
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Vol ume 14 Number 2 1996 917
Bl oomsbury Square, London
Figure 2 Impressi on of Roman garden, Fi shbourne, Chi chest er, UK
or thyme, filled with flowers or coloured
earth and gravel.
In the seventeenth century our gardens
became increasingly inuenced by foreign
designs notably French and Dutch and a
fresh inux of plants, but by 1700 it was
becoming clear that the formal garden had
been taken as far as it could go and gardens
began to be conceived as part of the wider
landscape with ha-has dividing the two to
call in the country. Launcelot Capability
Brown transformed many of our most impor-
tant landscapes into natural rolling scenes
and was followed by Humphry Repton, who
joined in the pursuit of the picturesque
literally based on Italian paintings of a century
earlier. Although formal gardens were plant-
ed, the informal approach was pursued avidly,
with more and more exotic plants being
imported.
The Victorian age saw the emerging
middle classes joining royalty and the nobili-
ty in planting gardens and the greenhouse,
the growth of the Royal Horticultural Soci-
ety and the popularity of public gardens like
Kew combined to make gardening into a
significant industry. The work of J.C.
Louden, (who raised the notion of the gar-
denesque where the plants, trees, shrubs
and flowers are the most important compo-
nent of the garden, the design being
arranged to display each to its best advan-
tage) Sir Joseph Paxton, William Robinson
(an advocate of the wild garden) was fol-
lowed by that of Sir Reginald Blomfield who
argued for the return to rigid formality.
In the early twentieth century Gertrude
Jekyll, working with Sir Edwin Lutyens, pro-
duced beautiful ower gardens, still greatly
admired and is best known for the develop-
ment of the herbaceous border. Later the
garden city movement, instigated by Ebenezer
Howard, and followed at Bedford Park in
Chiswick and Hampstead Garden suburb had
a profound inuence, before design of our
public spaces degenerated into concrete
bollards, coloured paving slabs, tubs with
pansies, tulips and wall owers with odd
saplings here and there.
Among the best examples of modern plant-
ing are, ironically perhaps, around some
modern business parks where pools, streams,
copses and wildlife areas have been incorpo-
rated to great effect.
Researching gardens
Most gardens in squares and crescents may
not be considered large or important enough
for detailed historical research and physical
investigation, but it must be remembered that
a substantial number appear on the register of
gardens of special architectural interest most
are in public view, if not in the public domain;
some have been laid out by well-known land-
scape architects and in any event any propos-
als for improvement or restoration, however
low-key, should be presented in a professional
way, especially if public consents are needed
and grants applied for.
13
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Vol ume 14 Number 2 1996 917
Landscape i n a busi ness park, UK
Landscape i n a busi ness park, Houst on, Texas, USA
A key text for researching garden history is
Researching a Gardens History: A Guideto
Documentary and Published Sources, published
by the Landscape Design Trust[4] to which
interested readers are directed.
According to Judith Roberts[4] it is
always important for the understanding and
future of the site that the historical survey
should be done thoroughly and well. The
contribution of the historian is vital since it is
the skills of the historian which will establish
the history of the site and set it in its context.
The Landscape Design Trust adds that
work undertaken after the great storms of
1987 and 1990 stressed the need for accurate
historical information as the basis for good
restoration schemes and management plans.
The suggested regime for what is some-
times called desktop research before rela-
tively expensive (and sometimes as least part
destructive) site investigations are put in hand
is not dissimilar to that required to investigate
the archaeology of sites as described in the
fourth article in this series.
Basic information about historic gardens
and landscapes within a given country or
district can be obtained from local authority
sources. For our purposes this may be useful
for the number of similar spaces in a given site
or series of sites.
Table I, extracted from [4], sets out the
various steps required in historical research,
but although much information can be
gleaned from desk studies a certain amount of
eldwork is an inevitable and essential part of
the early research work.
An historic park or garden is a complex struc-
ture and a full programme of research will be an
inter-disciplinary activity which will depend on
the co-ordination and co-operation of a team of
professional experts every site is different but
there are a number of common approaches and
archive research is usually one of the starting
points[4].
Investigators of our kinds of small garden,
however, should not be intimidated by lack of
highly specialized expertise. Based on the
guidance given above, a logical recording and
reporting system can establish the principal
features and the historic importance of land-
scape without resort to experts whose
knowledge may be limited to larger scale
works, desk studies and perhaps, blinkered
specialist interests and some intellectual
chauvinism.
14
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Vol ume 14 Number 2 1996 917
Table I Hi st ori cal research requi rement s
Preliminary work Published sources Writ ing up
Ext ent depends l argel y Est at e or f ami l y papers Nami ng part s of t he si t e
on budget
Research unpubl i shed Account s or i l l ust rat i ons Chronol ogi cal t abl e of ow ners
archi val mat eri al , i ncl udi ng made by vi si t ors and occupi ers
i ncl udi ng ref erences t o Col vi n s
Bi ographi cal Di ct i onary, Di ct i onary Maps Chronol ogi cal t abl e of t he
of Nat i onal Bi ography and Vi ct ori a devel opment of t he si t e
Count y Hi st ory as w el l as t he Phot ographs
Nat i onal Regi st er of Archi ves Maps, usual l y brought t o a
and Chadw i ck-Heal eys Nat i onal Cont emporary and modern common scal e and set out i n
Invent ory of Document ary w orks on hi st ory and gardeni ng chronol ogi cal order and revi sed
Sources as necessary af t er a si t e survey
Vi si t s t o count y and l ocal archi ves
Research publ i shed mat eri al and l i brari es Wal ki ng boundari es w i t h a seri es
i ncl udi ng Ray Desmonds of maps and marki ng t he pri nci pal
Bi bl i ography of Bri t i sh Gardens It i s essent i al t o col l at e t he f eat ures
and t he Journal of Garden i nf ormat i on as i t i s col l ect ed
Hi st ory and Count ry Li f e Modern surveys, w hi ch may
Do not get over-exci t ed w i t h i ncl ude aeri al phot ographs and
t he t hri l l of t he chase draw i ngs
Remember t hat copi es can Pl ant i ng l i st s usi ng w el l -recogni zed
di st ort scal es and may need names
redraw i ng
Garden rest orat ion
Introduction
The notion of restoring historic gardens has
had credence since the eighteenth century
and during the nineteenth century revivals of
older styles were a popular part of landscape
design. In many cases the gardens were rein-
stated, or restored (i.e. deliberately chang-
ing them to conform to the architects inter-
pretation in the style of a certain period) more
as a setting for an historic building than as
works by themselves. This will largely be the
case for the kinds of garden forming part of
urban squares.
The restoration or conservation of historic
buildings and objets dart has become a recog-
nized activity for many years and the so-called
conservation movement, generally recog-
nised as being formalized since the foundation
of the Society for the Protection of Ancient
Buildings (SPAB) by William Morris in 1877,
has been reinforced by a substantial body of
legislation designed to ensure the preservation
of ancient monuments and historic buildings.
For historic gardens, however, not only is
there no mandatory means of restoration
(although as seen above, for registered gar-
dens there is a voluntary formula) there is the
distinct difference that while buildings are
considered permanent, gardens necessarily
change naturally.
The meaning of restoration
Ever since the excesses of the nineteenth
century architects, who sought to return
buildings to an earlier hypothetical condition
of original design, the very word restoration
is suspect[2]. For historic buildings the word
conservation currently is preferred, imply-
ing that continuing use may require some re-
ordering of the buildings as well as establish-
ing new uses.
The problem of the concept of restoration
is that it is necessary to agree a date to which
the artefact in question should effectively be
returned. In the case of a medieval church,
purists may insist that restoration should
include the removal of Georgian box pews,
which upset supporters of that period, who
may in turn consider that Victorian ttings are
inappropriate.
A widely held view, largely supported by
English Heritage is that as buildings are
adapted to contemporary needs, those
additions contribute as much to the history of
the building as the original structure.
Some challenge the whole concept of
restoration: it is not any attempt at restoration
of a former state of denial of progress and of
opportunities for contemporary design?[6].
When it comes to the restoration of gardens,
this sort of conservation approach raises
additional questions:
(1) A garden may not make sense unless
its layout is returned to a whole. If
gardens are allowed to evolve, albeit
under control, the characteristics of the
original (or an earlier restoration) may
become obscured.
(2) Many original garden designs were
reproductions (or at least, the designers
interpretation of such) of earlier layouts.
Thus, restoration of gardens can be seen
as a more valid approach than the con-
cept as applied to buildings.
(3) Restoration to a given date may be justi-
ed to reect the intentions of well-
known patrons, architects and landscape
designers as originally conceived.
(4) Gardens which accompany houses which
have been demolished may, if restored,
constitute the only survival of a grand
design, perhaps representing a rare
surviving example of the work of a
designer of note.
15
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St Paul s Square, London
(5) When the garden serves a house of a
distinct period it is logical to restore the
garden to serve its original function as an
inalienable part of the original design.
(6) The maybe considerable educational
value as well as re-creation of recre-
ation[6]. Visitors to stately homes are
more likely to be attracted to the gardens
as the house, especially than families and
elderly people.
(7) Restoration of gardens apparently is
considered less as pastiche than the
restoration of houses.
(8) While there are many thousands of
historic buildings (there are about
500,000 listed buildings in England) the
number of historic gardens in anything
like their original form is relatively tiny.
(9) Any restoration of any size is likely to
require the removal of mature trees and
plants as well as statues, pools and simi-
lar features, which although not authen-
tic have become viewed with admiration
and affection. Some pressure groups can
become very vocal in such
circumstances.
(10) Although the initial cost of restoring
gardens may be relatively inexpensive,
maintenance costs are likely to be very
high since the rate of change in gardens
is very fast and the heavy cost of a major
restoration may be largely wasted unless
a management plan of the work to be
done, every year and at longer intervals,
is drawn up and strictly followed. It is
never possible to eliminate change from a
garden, even if this was desirable, but it is
necessary to envisage an optimum condi-
tion to be reached within a certain num-
ber of years from planting. Rotas of
pruning, edging, or lifting and re-planti-
ng for many bulbs and herbaceous
plants, need to be drawn up at the time of
design. Probably economies in future
nance will have to be faced and may
involve curtailment in greater or lesser
degree of a programme of restoration.
The coat must be cut according to the
cloth[6].
It must also be remembered that
plants are highly susceptible to the
vagaries of the weather, diseases, and in
the case of gardens open to the public,
deliberate damage and theft.
(11) When gardens are open to the public
they are subject to wear and tear. In
extreme cases owners have removed
plaques which described the type and
origin of trees set in lawns. The proces-
sion of thousands of pairs of feet traips-
ing across the grass to read the notices
not only ruins the grass but kills the trees
by impacting the ground above the roots.
For particularly vulnerable gardens an
alternative is not to open the grounds to
the public (except for a few times a year)
but to arrange vantage points from which
they can be viewed.
(12) The work of the restoration is likely to be
long-winded since it may well call for a
wider range of expertise than any one
individual can hope to have[7].
(13) True restoration may never be able to be
an authentic representation of the origi-
nal simply because the old species of
plants may be extinct.
Garden restoration to enhance historic
buildings in their settings
When restoring gardens as a backdrop to a
listed building or providing scenery to show it
off, other considerations come into play,
especially when the building has had its use
changed. Gardens are necessarily adjuncts in
such circumstances and car parking; stands
for ice-cream vendors; greenhouses to raise
plants for sale and trinket shops (historic
houses open to the public); jogging trails,
places for staff to sit out and eat their sand-
wiches and perhaps a tennis court (stately
16
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Vol ume 14 Number 2 1996 917
St Paul s Square, London
homes turned into ofces); swimming pools
(hotel conversions); stockades for animals
(put there for display or petting) around
barns converted into craft centres; ramps and
raised oorbeds for gardens which promise
easy access for the disabled; and the rest.
Above all there is the relentless need for park-
ing both for coaches and for visitors and
employees cars.
Wherever the public is admitted, or where
the historic buildings or gardens contain
transportable items of value, security precau-
tions which may include fences, surveillance
cameras and lamp standards will have to come
into play.
There is another important distinction that
must be made when dealing with gardens
which form the setting for listed buildings, as
opposed to pure landscapes, in that planning
and listed building controls are likely to apply.
Where ancient monuments have statutory
protection other rules may apply, remember-
ing that shponds, ha-has, embankments,
mounds and terraces may form parts of
scheduled monuments under the terms of the
1979 Act.
As will be discussed in the next article in
this series, the restoration of the landscape of
squares and similar enclosures will usually
have to address the replacement of trees
which are becoming senile and dangerous.
There is some little-known legislation which
gives some protection to the 420 garden
squares in London and this will be examined
also, particularly in regard to several gardens
currently under threat.
Ref erences
1 Lambert , D., The need f or prot ect i on , Hi st ori c
Garden Landscapes, Cat hedral Communi cat i ons
Li mi t ed, London.
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3 Engl i sh Heri t age Moni t or 1993, Engl i sh Touri st Board.
4 Lambert , D., Goodchi l d, P. and Robert s, J., Researchi ng
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6 Harvey, J., Rest ori ng Peri od Gardens, Shi re Publ i ca-
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7 Humberst one, J., Garden conservat i on and t he
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Furt her reading
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Ant hony, J., The Renai ssance Garden i n Engl and, Shi re
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Jel l i coe, G.A., St udi es i n Landscape Desi gn, Vol ume 1,
Oxf ord Uni versi t y Press, 1960.
Museum of London, London s Pri de: The Gl ori ous Hi st ory
of t he Capi t al s Gardens, Anaya Publ i shers Li mi t ed,
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Symes, M., The Engl i sh Rococo Garden, Shi re Publ i cat i ons
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Symes, M., A Gl ossary of Garden Hi st ory, Shi re Publ i ca-
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Tayl or, C., The Archaeol ogy of Gardens, Shi re Publ i cat i ons
Li mi t ed, Ayl esbury, 1983.
17
Landscape of squares
Ri chard Cat t
St ruct ural Survey
Vol ume 14 Number 2 1996 917
House i n l andscape, Danny, Sussex