D
9
What Happens From Reservoir to
Separators?
Plants, etc.
Surface
Facility
Modeling
Reservoir/ Process
Modeling
Wellbore
Simulation
10
RE: Main Focus Areas
Primary and Secondary Production
Typically fluid properties/depletion
characteristics from reservoir to separators
Interaction with non-native (i.e., EOR)
fluids
Experiments/Modeling to capture EOR
processes (i.e., IFT0)
Modeling the desired processes (EOS
work)
11
Some Aspects of QC Considerations
Fluid Type
Data Quality
Sample
Lab Data
Minimum Data Requirements
Transport Properties (Viscosity)
EOS vs Data
12
P-T Diagrams/Phase Envelope
70%
50%
20%
90%
10%
GAS
P
dp
2
1
T
sep
&P
sep
CP
P
i
P
i
OIL
100% L
T
1=wet gas
2=dry gas
P
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
TIME (hr)
I
n
s
t
a
n
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
G
O
R
(
M
S
C
F
/
S
e
p
B
B
L
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
P (psia)
L
i
q
%
@
T
r
e
s
Liq % (Data)
Liq % (Calc)
13
Classification of Reservoir Fluids
Cut off/rule of thumb (i.e., Mc Cain)
P-T diagrams
Property Black
Oil
Volatile
Oil
Retrograd
e Gas
Wet Gas Dry Gas
Initial GOR
(SCF/STB)
<1750 1750-
3200
>3200 >15000
(<66
bc/mmcf)
>100,000
(<10
bc/mmcf)
Initial Stock
Oil,
o
API
<45 >40 >40 <70 None
C
7+
>20% 20-
12.5%
<12.5% <4% <0.7%
??
14
80
100
120
140
160
180
80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Separator Temperature (F)
C
G
R
(
S
T
B
/
M
M
S
C
F
)
#1
#2
Extended Flow
1st Stage CGR: Psep = 389.7 psia (139.3 STB/MMSCF)
1st Stage CGR: Psep =389.7 psia (119.5 STB/MMSCF)
1st Stage CGR: Psep =550 psia (119.5 STB/MMSCF)
Impact of Test Separator Conditions on CGR
15
P
CP
P
bp
T
P
1
& T
1
T
res
T
1
P
1
& T
1
Low-T Extrapolation
P
res
& T
res
P
res
& T
res
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
-200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
T (F)
P
(
p
s
i
a
)
DATA
CRIT
16
Oil Base Mud (OBM) Contamination
Specially designed HC/Oil-Base Fluids
Pose challenges to get clean samples
0.01
10.01
20.01
30.01
40.01
50.01
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Carbon Number
W
e
i
g
h
t
%
A
c
c
e
p
t
a
b
l
e
C
o
n
t
a
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
Black Oil
Dry Gas
10%
A
c
c
e
p
t
a
b
l
e
C
o
n
t
a
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
Black Oil
Dry Gas
10%
?
17
Influence of Drilling
Mud/Treatments
[Contamination]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Sample Numbe r
Mas s fraction at Sandface
M
a
s
s
F
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
N
2
C
1
CO
2
C
3
C
4
C
6
C
7
C
18
C
19
P
MC
14
MC
16
MC
18
O
B
M
R
e
s
e
r
v
o
i
r
O
i
l
+
G
a
s
Reservoir
-1.0 0.1
-1.0 0.1
-
0
.
8
0
-
0
.
7
0
-
0
.
6
0
-
0
.
5
0
-
0
.
4
0
-
0
.
3
0
-
0
.
2
0
-
0
.
1
0
0
.
0
0
0
.
1
0
0
.
2
0
0
.
3
0
0
.
4
0
0
.
5
0
0
.
6
0
-
0
.
7
0
-
0
.
6
0
-
0
.
5
0
-
0
.
4
0
-
0
.
3
0
-
0
.
2
0
-
0
.
1
0
0
.
0
0
0
.
1
0
0
.
2
0
0
.
3
0
0
.
4
0
0
.
5
0
0
.
6
0
0
.
7
0.00 2.50 5.00 inches
0.00
0.07
0.13
0.20
0.27
0.33
0.40
0.47
0.53
0.60
0.67
0.73
0.80
0.87
0.93
1.00
18
Oil Base Mud Contamination: Condensate
0
10
20
30
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
Pressure (psia)
L
i
q
u
i
d
V
o
l
u
m
e
(
%
)
Liq %_exp (199 F) -- CONTAMINATED
Liq %_cpk (199 F) -- CONTAMINATED
Liq %_cpk (199 F) -- UNCONTAMINATED
0
10
20
30
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
Pressure (psia)
L
i
q
u
i
d
V
o
l
u
m
e
(
%
)
Liq %_exp (199 F) -- CONTAMINATED
Liq %_cpk (199 F) -- CONTAMINATED
Liq %_cpk (199 F) -- UNCONTAMINATED
0.01
10.01
20.01
30.01
40.01
50.01
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Carbon Number
W
e
i
g
h
t
%
19
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
0 10 20 30 40 50
% Oil Base Mud (w/w)
P
b
p
@
2
0
0
F
(
p
s
i
a
)
Stock Tank Oil
Reservoir Fluid
Oil Base Mud Contamination: Oil
20
Compositional Grading
Compositional Grading
Equilibrium
Non-equilibrium
No data = No problem (no
brain & no headache)
Depth
Detailed review is in SPE109284
Enabling Technologies:
Advances in Subsurface Sampling
Techniques
Anshultz Ranch SPE14412, As described by Metcalfe et al.
r1
r1
r4
r3
r2
SPE116243 & 124264
21
Compositional Grading: GOR versus Depth
Compositional Grading: GOR versus Depth
9000
9500
10000
10500
11000
11500
0 10000 20000 30000
GOR (SCF/STB)
D
e
p
t
h
(
f
t
)
GOC
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
-200 0 200 400 600 800 1000
T (F)
P
(
p
s
i
a
)
Critical Point
Black Oil Gas
P
res
T
res
GAS
OIL
22
9000
9500
10000
10500
11000
11500
12000
12500
13000
13500
14000
7500 8500 9500 10500 11500 12500 13500
Pressure/Saturation Pressure (psia)
D
e
p
t
h
(
f
e
e
t
)
OIL/LIQUID
CONDENSATE/VAPOR
23
Inferred quantity (transport property)
Leading Industrial Measurement Techniques
Electromagnetic Viscosity Measurement
Rolling Ball Techniques
Capillary Tube
Fann-Type Devices
Liquid Phase Viscosity
(Measurement Aspects)
24
Liquid Phase Viscosity
(Computational Aspects)
Heavy ends have the largest impact on liquid
viscosity
Better characterization of the plus fractions
can improve the results significantly:
granularity matters!
Viscosity Models
Lohrenz-Bray-Clark/Jossi et al. Model
Corresponding States models
Friction models
Black oil correlations
25
Stalkup
EOR Aspects
Dependence of residual oil saturation to
capillary number
V
P u
N
Ca
26
Impact of Temperature: Viscosity
Farouq Ali (1982)
SPE 9897
27
EOS The Final Assembly Step:
Limitations inherent to two-constant cubic
EOS (Mainly Peng and Robinson EOS and
Soave modified Redlich and Kwong EOS)
Semi-empirical nature of the EOS
Volume prediction
Mixing rules
Having a fixed critical Z-factor for all the
components, etc.
Inexact fluid description (Single Carbon
Number grouping rather than detailed
compositional breakdown)
PREDICTIVE CAPABILITY ISSUES:
28
Summary
Proper PVT data/work is needed to capture
Depletion performance of the reservoir and
Interaction of injectants and the in-situ fluids
Consistent fluid description is needed from the
reservoir to the delivery point.
Difficult fluids (near-critical systems, heavy
fluids, contaminated fluids, lean condensates,
graded systems) pose challenges
Characterization/modeling aspects
Computational aspects
Initialization aspects
Measurement aspects
29
Summary
PVT/Fluid Properties should be used to
complement the G&G information
EOS/Computational Aspects:
QC of the data is a must
Better viscosity prediction/modeling is needed
Sample characterization/representation with minimum
# of components
Multiple (PVTs) sample characterizations poses a
challenge
30
QUESTIONS ?