A

FIELD TRAINING REPORT

On
ARCH VENTED CAUSEWAY
For the partial fulfillment of degree of
Bachelor of Civil Engineering
Submitted by
Mr. .........................
(B.E. CIVIL)

Under the guidance of
Mr. R. R. Sharma


Department of Civil Engineering
M.G.M.s College Of Engineering, Nanded
Maharashtra State, India
2014 2015


CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report entitled ................ which is being submitted here with
for the partial fulfillment of B.E in Civil Engineering. of Swami Ramanand Teerth
Marathwada University, Nanded. This is the result of the Field training by .................... under
my supervision and guidance. The work embodied in this report has not formed earlier for the
basis of the award of any degree or compatible certificate or similar title of this for any other
diploma or university to the best knowledge and belief.


Mr. Rahul R. Sharma Prof. DR. D. V. Pattewar
In charge Head of Department
Field Training Department of civil Engineering


Director
Dr. Mrs. G.S. Lathkar
M.G.Ms College of Engineering,
Nanded.
ABSTRACT :


Bridge engineering has significantly grown-up in past 50 years because of the increasing
infrastructure demands and the developments in other peripheral branches of engineering. Many
new complex bridges are coming up in reality, now. But this has resulted into a few problem
areas also. Unlike in past, the development that is taking place today, in the design of bridges, is
not going hand-in-hand with the Construction (Execution) technology (especially in developing
countries like India). In fact, in most of the modern bridges it is observed that unless the
Construction methods are excelled, there is no point in adopting any modern theory / software in
the bridge design. The increasing infrastructure demands necessitate faster, safer, economical,
yet superior quality of erection of bridge superstructure. In certain cases, the modern bridge
erection technology imposes significantly larger loads than the design loads. On the other hand,
the construction methodology has to confirm the design requirements.












I N D E X
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Sr. No. Particulars Page No.
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1 INTRODUCTION



INRODUCTION
A bridge is a structure providing passage over an obstacle withoutclosing the way beneath. The
required passage may be for a road, a railway,pedestrians, a canal or a pipeline. The obstacle to
be crossed may be a river, aroad, railway or a valley.
In other words, bridge is a structure for carrying the road traffic or othermoving loads over a
depression or obstruction such as channel, road orrailway.
A bridge is an arrangement made to cross an obstacle in the form of alow ground or a stream or a
river without closing the way beneath.

A submersible bridge
A submersible bridge is a bridge purposely arranged to be below the level of high floods and so
designed and constructed that high floods may pass over it without damage to the structure.

Arch type vented causeway :




There are many types of cross drainage works. The type of CD works depends on the flood
discharge and the site conditions. These may include pipe culverts, box culverts,RCC slab
culverts and causeways. Sometime s only a flushed causeway is sufficient but if a discharge is
more, a vented causeway is provided.





THE DETAILS OF OUR PROJECT ARE AS FOLLOWS
1. NAME OF WORK :
SEMI_CIRCULAR ARCH BRIDGE A/C SUDHA RIVER

2. LOCATION :
PALAJ-DIVASHI ROAD NEAR DIVASHI VILLAGE (MDR-11) AT KM 29/00 TQ
BHOKAR DISTRICT NANDED.

3. CONSTRUCTION :
PUBLIC WORKS DIVISION BHOKAR

4. SUB-DIVISIONAL ENGINEER :
P.W.D DIVISION BHOKAR

5. EXECUTIVE ENGINEER :
P.W.D DIVISION BHOKAR

6. SUPERITENDING ENGINEER
P.W.D CIRCLE , NANDED

7. PROJECT ENGINEER
.................

8. SITE ENGINEER
......................

9. STEEL DESIGNER
.......................
10. CONTRACTOR
......................


SALIENT FEATURES OF WORK :

Raft top level 93.4m
Bank material hard MURUM + BC soil
Bed material pebble sand
Wearing coat 0.75m
P.C.C M10 0.15m
Thickness of arch 0.19m
Height of pedestal with base block 1.335m.
Height of pedestal (pier) 1.035m
Assumed afflux 0.45m



TECHNICAL NOTES GENERAL REPORTS:
The clear road width is 7.5m.
The arch bridge is design for double lane wide single lane of IRC -70R loading on two
lane of class A loading.
As per design guidelines road top level is constructed 2m below HFL.

FOUNDATION :
The geological survey shows that a hard stratum is not available below 1.5 m of the
bed.
Raft foundation is proposed in R.C.C. m20 and cut off are proposed in P.C.C. for
2.3m depth.
Raft foundation is spread over the bed concrete in m10 and granular filling for 900
mm thick.
SUBSTRUCTURE :
The pedestals are in P.C.C M20 with pier cap in R.C.C M20.
The width of pedestals and base blocks are 450 mm wide and every 5
th
pier and
abutments are 600mm wide
SUPERSTRUCTURE :
R.C.C semi circular arch of 190mm thick are in M20 grade of concrete for 1920mm
dia (960mm radius)
WEARING COURSE :
R.C.C wearing coarse for 75mm thick is proposed in M20 supported by sprayed in
haunches 40mm metal layers and P.C.C M10 layer for 150mm thick
RETURN:
R.C.C box returns are proposed for 3.96m length for the ht of 3m on both sides in
R.C.C M20.
PROTECTIVE MEASURE:
The U/S and D/S beds are protected by apron of stone individually not less than 25kg
weight for width of 3m on U/S side and 5m on D/S side.

WORK SEQUENCE
1. Excavation for foundation for a depth of 1.5 m
2. Dewatering for foundation and other parts of work
3. Stabilisation for raft foundation with approved sand
4. Laying of PCC Cement of M10
5. Laying of steel reinforcement for raft foundation
6. Concreting of reinforcement
7. Extension of reinforcement from raft foundation for pier and abutment
8. Concreting of pier and abutments
9. Laying and fixing of semi circular arch pipes to the reinforcement and piers
10. Concreting of RCC wearing coarse
11. Simultaneous Curing of completed portion of each concreting work.

CONSTRUCTION TOOLS
1. Iron pan:
It is used for manual transportation of concrete, sand, cement mortar etc. in small quantity
2. Trowel:
It is used for placing mortar where irregularities are observed on the concrete surface for
giving finishing and also used for masonry and plastering.
3. Shovels:
It is used for gathering concrete, sand, mortar, excavation material and placing them in
iron pans.
4. Saw:
It is used to cut timber, plywood etc.
5. Tri-square:
It is a right angle made of steel of this is used to check the right angle of shuttering work,
plastering etc.
6. Wooden float:
It is used for finishing the concrete or the plastered surface.
7. Gauge box:
It is used for batching the fine and coarse aggregate by volume on the site always capacity
of one gauge box is equal to volume of one bag of cement.
8. Plum bob:
It is used to check the plumb or vertically of work for column block masonry work.
Concrete, plastering etc. it is used for transfer of the points in the same vertical plane. It is
usually made of wood or iron. It is suspended by means of string tied in its concrete.
9. Hammer:
It is used for injecting the nail on the nails on the form work with the impact on nails.
10. String:
It is thin Nylon string used in the fixing and checking the alignment of any kind of
shuttering masonry and plastering work.
11. Hook:
It is used for typing the reinforcement tube of internal diameter 5mm and length as
required are used to be training that no air is trapped inside.
12. Level tube:
The thin transparent tube of internal diameter 5mm and length as required are used to be taking
that no air is trapped inside.

CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS

The different equipment used at out site is as follows:
1. Excavator
2. Tipper
3. Water tank
4. Concrete mixer
5. Concrete Paver machine
6. Ready Mix Concrete
7. Vibrator
8. Trolley
9. Bar Cutter

1. EXCAVATOR
Excavators are also called diggers , JCB , mechanical shovels or 360 degree
excavators (sometimes abbreviated simply to 360). Tracked excavators are sometimes called
track hoes by analogy to the backhoe , wheeled excavators are sometimes known as "rubber
ducks.

2. TIPPER
A dump truck is a truck used for transporting loose material (such as sand gravel) for
construction. A typical dump truck is equipped with a open-box bed, which is hinged at the rear
and equipped with hydraulic pistons to lift the front, allowing the material in the bed to be
deposited ("dumped") on the ground behind the truck at the site of delivery
.
3. WATER TANKER
We are one of the renowned manufacturers and suppliers of the wide assortment of Dev
Tanker, which is having 4000LT capacity. The products is provided with the 4x2 channel of
double chassis and 3"x3" square 6' axel to offer easy usages of the tanker. These are useful to
irrigate the large amount of fields in few amounts of times.
4. CONCRETE MIXER
We hold expertise in the manufacturing and supplying of the Dev Concrete Mixerwith
Hooper. The product is having heavy steel Chassis sections to ensure durability of the products.
Additional four Pneumatic wheels of size 6.00x16 are offered wit this range. The product is
available with us in varied length ranging from 8'-10", Height of 8' Width of 6'9 and Weight is of
approx 1300 Kg.
TILTING TYPE:
It has a conical drum which resolves about an inclined axis of 50 with the
horizontal. The drum can be brought into different position for mixing and discharging.
In small mixers the material are charge directly and in mixers of large capacity for
loading skip are used. Blades are fixed in the internal surface of the rotating drum, which
does the mixing, the mixed concrete discharged on iron sheet.

5. CONCRETE PAVER MACHINE:
A paver (paver finisher ,ashphalt finisher, paving machine) is a piece of
construction equipment used to lay asphalt on roads, bridges, parking lots and other such
places. It lays the asphalt flat and provides minor compaction before it is rolled by a
roller.


6. READY MIX CONCRETE
Ready-mix concrete is concrete that is manufactured in a factory or batching plant,
according to a set recipe, and then delivered to a work site, by truck mounted intransit mixers.
This results in a precise mixture, allowing specialty concrete mixtures to be developed and
implemented on construction sites. The first ready-mix factory was built in the 1930s, but the
industry did not begin to expand significantly until the 1980s, and it has continued to grow since
then.
Ready mix concrete is sometimes preferred over on-site concrete mixing because of the
precision of the mixture and reduced work site confusion. However, using a pre-determined
concrete mixture reduces flexibility, both in the supply chain and in the actual components of the
concrete.
Ready Mixed Concrete is also referred as the customized concrete products for
commercial purpose. the Ready-mix Concrete Company offer different concrete according to
user's mix design or industrial standard.


7. VIBRATOR:
Needle vibrators are used to compact and ensure the perfect bone of concert and steel. It
consist of an electric motor having vibrating conductor cable and vibrating elements
attached with long still needle of dia. Of various sizes depending upon the concrete
member these vibrators are portable and can be shifted from one place to another. Length
of cable is usually about 7 to 10 m and speed of motor is about 1800 rpm. The size of
needle used at out site is of 60 mm diameter for footings and 40 mm diameter for, slabs,
beams and columns.
8. TROLLEY:
It is used for transporting concrete of other materials from lifts to the placing point
over the vertical distances. Also the trolley is used for horizontal transportation with the
help of rails.
9. BAR CUTTER
It is used to cut the reinforcement. The conventional methods are very tedious, requires
more time and more efforts. So now a days bar cutters are mostly used on construction
sites.

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL
Each and every Engineering structure are composed of various materials and those are
called as construction material. Generally every construction is made up of Cement, Sand,
Aggregate, Steel and Water .These are the basic construction materials. In order to improve
quality and life of structure, it is necessary to study the materials at site. Details regarding some
of the Construction materials are given below
1. Cement:
Cementing materials are being used since the period when man started construction
activities. Cementing means any substances, which acts as binding agent for different materials.
53 grade ordinary Portland cement was used on the site.
2. Fine Aggregate:
The aggregate passing through 4.75mm I.S. sieve is termed as fine aggregate Natural
sand is the fine aggregate chiefly used in concrete mix may be obtained from river, lake or pit.
Sand when used in a concrete mixture, it should be properly washed and tested to as certain that
it is free from clay silt and other organic matter. Sea sand is not directly used in its natural state
for R.C.C. work. The salt present is water sand is liable to attack the steel reinforcement.
3. Coarse Aggregate:
The aggregate which retain at 4.75 mm I.S. sieve is termed as Coarse aggregate. The
maximum size of coarse aggregate for mass concrete is 20mm and for plain concrete is 60mm.
Crushed hard stone and gravel are common materials used as coarse aggregate is usually
obtained by crushing granite, crystalline lime, Stone and good variety of sand stone.
4. Steel Reinforcement:
Steel is the one of the largest used material in field of construction though strong is
compression, concrete is extremely weak, in tension on the other hard steel is strong in tension
and extremely weak in compression. Thus the combination of steel and concrete has proved to
the idea take up stresses.
The minimum size of bar used is 8mm used for shear reinforcement and maximum size
used is 25mm used mainly for columns and beams.
5. Water:
Water acts as lubricant for the fine and coarse aggregates and acts chemically with
cement to form the binding paste for the aggregate and reinforcement. Water used for both
mixing and curing should be free from injurious amount of deleterious materials.
Portable waters are generally considered satisfactory for mixing and curing of concrete. If water
contains any sugar or an access of acid, alkali or salt, it should not be used.

7. RUBBLE STONE :
SIZE OF RUBBLE UPTO 25 kg
8. MURUM :
a. HARD MURUM
b. SOFT MURUM

9. :

FORM WORK
Form work is defined on the complex system of temporary structure built to contain fresh
concrete. So as to form a homogenous mass of concrete at required shape and dimensions
and for support until it get hardened. It is used for construction of beams, columns.

Materials for form work:
Material to be used for form work should be cheap stronger and easy to work timber is the
most commonly used material. Timber to be used should be soft wood free from knots and
other defects should have concrete gains.
Timber shuttering panels are assembled at site and these shows greater strength. These days
for large work, steel form on also intensively used. The whole formwork must be stable and
the individual parts must be connected in such a manner that the joints are safe.

Removal of Form work for various components
1.for box casion 4 days
2.for the piers 4 days
3.for pier cap 3 days
4.for the arch 5 days
CURING
INTRODUCTION:
It is the process of maintaining the internal moisture in concrete so that complete hydration of
cement can take place. Concrete derives its strength from hydration of cement particles. The
hydration of cement is not momentary action but a process continued long time. The quantity of
the prompt of hydration and amount of gel formed depends upon the extent of hydration.

In the field a higher water cement ratio is used because water in the concrete evaporate the
concrete to the atmosphere. If the hydration is continued unstopped, extra water must be added to
replenish the loss of water on account of evaporation . Therefore curing can be defined as a
process of keeping the concrete most and warm enough so the hydration of cement can continue.

OBJECTIVES OF CURING:
1. To maintained sufficient water content in the concrete for complete hydration of
cement .
2. To maintain a uniform temperature of the concrete.
3. To reduce shrinkage of the concrete.
4. To preserve the properties of concrete such as impermeability, durability, strength
etc.




DAILY REPORT
Sr no Date work
1
27-06-2014
Construction of 5 piers with arch and related
construction
2 4-07-2014 Construction of 5 piers with arch and related
construction
3 11-07-2014 Construction of 5 piers with arch and related
construction
4 18-07-2014 Construction of 5 piers with arch and related
construction
5 24-08-2014

Construction of 5 piers with arch and related
construction
7


RATE ANALYSIS
MATERIAL RATE:
Sand : 490 rs/-per cu.m
Cement :340 rs/-per bag
20 mm Metal : 3500 rs/-per brass
40 mm Metal : 3000 rs/-per brass


Rubble stone (size of rubble upto 25 kg ) : 375 rs/-per cu.m
Hard murum : 193 rs/-per cu.m
Soft murum : 124 rs/-per cu.m

CHARGES:
Dismantling charges : 300 rs/-percu.m
Excavation : 125 rs/-per cu.m
Dewatering charges : 750 rs/-per cu.m
Construction of sub base by providing close graded material mixing in mechanical mix
plant of OMC : 1102 rs/-per Sq.m
Vibrator operator : 700 rs/-per day

Mixer operator : 700rs/-per day







METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
1. EXCAVATION:
FIRST of all excavation is done for cut off wall deep inside the ground as
mentioned in tender. Excavation is done upto 3.35m
2. DEWATERING:
Dewatering is done that is removing the water by pumping method for keeping the
working space dry for further construction work
3. CUT OFF WALL:
It is constructed because it prevent the ground water from entering into the
construction site Active earth pressure of soil act on the wall hence it confines the
base coarse soil .depth of cut off wall is 2.35m
4. BASE COARSE:



CONCLUSION
Implant training has been a boon to the B.E. Civil Engineer as it given us an insight for
future professional carrier and the confidence for commanding the work allotted at hand. This
training has given us lot of experience and knowledge regarding the actual construction methods
employed at site. The Project Manager, Engineers and Supervisors while carrying out several
works cleared many aspects of the Work. Observation of Maintenance or Quality and
Completion of Work within stipulated time was done.

We learnt the better fact the Civil Engineering is not a theoretical study but it comes to
life only after you are on field and take command of the adverse situation arising of the site. We
also got to meet the very professional people of this field and their way of working. Many a
fundamental concepts were cleared of during the training period.

Thus we conclude that we are amongst those fortunate few who are not thrown on with
theoretical study alone. But we are well equipped with practical knowledge and ready to face the
world of construction in future






PHOTOS