Topic 12 Periodicity

Revision Notes
1) Trends across period 3
Across period 3, nuclear charge increases and shielding remains constant
There is increased attraction between the nucleus and the outer shell
electrons so atomic radius decreases, frst ionisation energy increases
(apart from dips to Al and S)
When covalently bonded, there is increased attraction between the
nucleus and the shared pair electrons so electronegativity increases
a, !g and Al have metallic bonding" Si is giant covalent" #
$
, S
%
and &l
'
are
simple molecular" Ar is simple atomic
2) Reactions of period 3 elements
a) Reactions of Period 3 elements with water
()uation *bservations +edo,
'a(s) - '.
'
*(l) 'a*.(a)) -
.
'
(g)
(/ervescence
0ellow 1ame
a from 2 to -3,
o,idation
. from -3 to 2, reduction
!g(s) - '.
'
*(l) !g(*.)
'
(a)) -
.
'
(g)
4ine bubbles
Slow reaction
!g from 2 to -',
o,idation
. from -3 to 2, reduction
!agnesium reacts rapidly with steam
Mg(s) !
2
"(g) Mg"(s) !
2
(g)
#) Reactions of Period 3 elements with o$ygen
()uation *bservations +edo,
$a(s) - *
'
(g)
'a
'
*(s)
White solid produced a from 2 to -3,
o,idation
* from 2 to 5', reduction
'!g(s) - *
'
(g)
'!g*(s)
6right white 1ame
White solid produced
!g from 2 to -',
o,idation
* from 2 to 5', reduction
$Al(s) - 3*
'
(g)
'Al
'
*
3
(s)
White solid produced Al from 2 to -3, o,idation
* from 2 to 5', reduction
Si(s) - *
'
(g) Si*
'
(s) Si from 2 to -$, o,idation
* from 2 to 5', reduction
#
$
(s) - 7*
'
(g) #
$
*
32
(s) # from 2 to -7, o,idation
* from 2 to 5', reduction
S(s) - *
'
(g) S*
'
(g) 6lue 1ame
#ungent8cho9ing gas
produced
S from 2 to -$, o,idation
* from 2 to 5', reduction
3) Reactions of Period 3 o$ides
a) %tr&ct&re and #onding of o$ides
a
'
*, !g* are giant ionic : high melting and boiling points due to strong
attraction between oppositely charged ions
Al
'
*
3
is ionic with covalent character 5 high melting and boiling points due
to strong attraction between oppositely charged ions
Si*
'
is giant covalent : very high melting and boiling points as there are
many strong covalent bonds to brea9
#
$
*
32
and S*
3
are simple molecular : low melting and boiling points due to
wea9 ;dW forces between molecules
#) Reactions with water
()uation *bservations otes
a
'
*(s) - .
'
*(l) 'a*.(a)) <issolves readily Al9aline solution, p. 3$
"$ide ions react with
water to form "!
'
!g*(s) - .
'
*(l)
!g(*.)
'
(a))
Sparingly soluble Al9aline solution, p. 32
"$ide ions react with
water to form "!
'
Al
'
*
3
(s) - .
'
*(l) o reaction Al
'
*
3
doesn=t dissolve
>attice enthalpy is too
high
Al
'
*
3
is amphoteric
Si*
'
(s) - .
'
*(l) o reaction
#
$
*
32
(s) - ?.
'
*(l)
$.
3
#*
$
(a))
Acidic solution, p. 2
S*
'
(g) - .
'
*(l) .
'
S*
3
(a)) Acidic solution, p. 3
S*
3
(g) - .
'
*(l) .
'
S*
$
(a)) Acidic solution, p. 2
@iant ionic o,ides produce al9aline solutions
Al
'
*
3
and Si*
'
are insoluble
Simple molecular o,ides produce acidic solutions
The trend across the #eriod is from ionic to covalent o,ides and from
al9aline to acidic solutions
c) Reactions with acids and #ases
Al9aline o,ides react with acids e"g"
Mg" 2!(l Mg(l
2
!
2
" or
"
2'
2!

!
2
"
This would also apply to amphoteric Al
'
*
3
when acting as a base
Acidic o,ides react with bases e"g"
P
)
"
1*
12Na"! )Na
3
P"
)
+!
2
" (ionic version
omits a
-
)
%i"
2
(a" (a%i"
3
(ionic version
omits &a
'-
)
(Amphoteric) aluminium o,ide reacting as an acid
,l
2
"
3
2"!
'
3!
2
" 2-,l("!)
)
.
'