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The hydraulic system:
Main menu hydraulics
The complete hydraulic system
The Brake system
The height control system
The fluid pressure control
The hydraulic diagrams


The brake system:
Introduction
Diagnostics table
Conjunction of components
Components:
Brake calipers
Brake distribution valve

Brake pressure limiting valve
Master cylinder

Introduction of the brake system
The components of the brake system
The components of the brake system are demonstrated with a part of the diagram for the chassisnumbers 7404 to 22072.

Top left we see the reservoir, the two pumps and the accumulators. Bottom left we see the two front wheel brake calipers. On the right of them below the brake
pedal we find the two brake distribution valves; they work like a kind of tap that lets through the high pressure liquid to the brake calipers. On the right of these
valves the master cylinder is drawn. It gets its hydraulic liquid from the reservoir and can be called a low pressure circuit. between the master cylinder and the rear
brake calipers a brake pressure limiting valve is mounted. It prevents the brakes from locking up during am emergency stop. Finally bottom right we see the rear
wheel brake calipers.
An overall picture of all components and their connections can be seen on page Conjunction of components.






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Marinus Rijkers. Disclaimer

BRAKING SYSTEM COMPONENTS
Diagram shows a hydraulic jack in a car service centre.





Table below shows four type of hydraulic oil, K, L, M and N , with different specifications. You are required to
determine the most suitable hydraulic oil to run the hydraulic jack.


Study the specifications of all four types of hydraulic oil from the following aspects:

i ) Boiling point of the hydraulic oil

ii) Specific heat capacity of the hydraulic oil

iii) Density of hydraulic oil

iv) Rate of vaporisation of hydraulic oil

Suggested answer:

i) Has high boiling point
~ so that hydraulic fluid not easily boiling

ii) Has higher specific heat capacity
~ so that it can't be easily became hot

iii) Has lower density
~ so the hydraulic oil is not heavy

iv) Has lower rate of vaporisation
~ Volume of the hydraulic oil not easily vaporise.

Hydraulic oil L is chosen

Reason :
L has high boiling point, higher specific heat capacity, lower density and lower rate of vaporisation .

When you push on the brake pedal, hydraulic pressure is generated in the master cylinder that is transmitted
to the actuators -the wheel cylinders and caliper pistons- through the brake lines, thus applying the brakes.


The Master Cylinder holds hydraulic fluid, displaces hydraulic pressure to the brake system.
Vacuum Booster provides more braking force power.
Brake Fluid stored in master cylinder, designed to operate in high temperatures.







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Infiniti Brake Components
Braking Components
A vehicle's braking system is composed of several basic components. A master cylinder is linked by
hydraulic lines to brake calipers, brake pads, and brake rotors for disc brakes, and to wheel cylinders, brake
shoes, and brake drums for drum brakes. A brake booster, an integral part of current braking systems, eases
pedal effort when applying the brakes.


The master cylinder is the heart of the hydraulic braking system. It translates brake pedal motion into
hydraulic pressure that actuates the brakes at all four wheels.
All brake master cylinders contain two circuits. Each circuit operates the brakes on two wheels. That way, if
one circuit fails, the other can provide enough braking power to bring the vehicle to a stop.
When the driver steps on the brake pedal, the action moves a piston inside the master cylinder that transfers
brake fluid through brake lines to the calipers (for disc brakes) or slave cylinders (for drum brakes) located at
each wheel.
Brake calipers and slave cylinders have pistons that transfer hydraulic pressure that presses brake pads
against the rotors (for disc brakes) or brake shoes against the drum (for drum brakes), thus causing the
friction needed to slow the vehicle.


Disc Brakes
Like many automotive innovations, disc brakes were developed originally for racing. They consist of a cast
iron rotor that spins with the wheel and a floating brake caliper that contains the brake pads.
Braking action is achieved when the caliper squeezes the brake pads against the rotor through hydraulic
pressure.
Disc brakes can be more expensive than drum brakes, but they provide more effective stopping action. Drum
brakes tend to lose braking effectiveness when they get hot or wet. Disc brakes dissipate heat more rapidly
than drum brakes, and the brake pads actually wipe the water away from the rotor as it spins.
All passenger vehicles today feature front disc brakes. Most front rotors and some rear rotors are vented to
dissipate heat to help reduce brake fade under high-speed or continuous braking application.

High-Performance Braking Systems
Certain high-performance vehicles feature disc braking systems with more sophisticated components (4-
piston front calipers and 2-piston rear calipers, for example), as well as larger, thicker rotors for powerful
braking.
On certain vehicles (new or pre-owned), these systems have name-brand Brembo braking components.
Brembo has a reputation for outstanding performance. Brembo brakes are standard equipment on exotic
sports cars such as Porsche, Ferrari, and Lamborghini.


Drum Brakes
Drum brakes consist of a cast iron brake drum, one or two wheel cylinders, and two brake shoes inside the
drum. The drum is attached to the axle and rotates with the wheel while the wheel cylinders and brake shoes
are fixed and do not rotate.
Braking action is achieved when hydraulic pressure applied through the wheel cylinders forces the brake
shoes against the spinning drum.


Power Brakes
Power brakes are standard on all vehicles today. With power brakes, vacuum created by the engine is
routed to the brake booster. In turn, the vacuum in the booster assists the driver when depressing the brake
pedal. This helps reduce the effort that is needed on the brake pedal to slow the vehicle.
On certain vehicles, a hydraulic brake booster replaces the vacuum booster. It uses an electric pump to
pressurize brake fluid to assist brake pedal force, rather than vacuum.
Because a hydraulic brake booster does not depend on vacuum created by the engine for power brake
assist, the driver has full braking power assist after repeated pedal strokes should the engine stop. The
advantage is a firmer pedal feel with reduced travel, thereby increasing system responsiveness.

Anti-lock Braking System (ABS)
ABS helps improve braking performance and steering control in extreme conditions. If a driver brakes
sharply, especially on a slippery surface such as wet asphalt or snow, or a "panic stop" on a dry road, one or
more wheels may lock ? that is, the wheel completely stops turning. When a front wheel locks, steering
control is reduced dramatically because a locked wheel loses its traction. No matter which way it's pointed,
the vehicle can't be steered; it just goes in the direction it's already moving.
In the past, the only thing the driver could do to avoid wheel lockup was to "pump" the brakes ? that is, to
press and release the brake pedal repeatedly. Applying and releasing the brakes in this way allows the
wheels to continue to roll, intermittently, but with enough rotation to "stick" to the pavement so the driver can
steer.
The function of anti-lock braking is to apply and release the brakes individually many times per second,
faster than humanly possible. This apply-and-release action helps prevent wheel lockup and provides the
driver with steering control, even under hazardous conditions. ABS is especially effective in low-traction
driving conditions, like when driving on wet or gravel road surfaces.
How ABS Works
ABS helps the driver maintain steering control during emergency braking. The system includes multiple
sensors, an Electronic Control Unit (ECU), and a hydraulic brake actuator, and is integrated into the vehicle's
hydraulic braking system.

Individual sensors monitor each wheel's speed and send this information to the ECU.

When a difference in wheel speed is detected, the ECU senses this within a fraction of a second.

The ECU then signals the hydraulic brake actuator to apply and release the brakes to the affected
wheel.

ABS applies and releases the brakes up to 20 times per second and only to the wheels that have lost
traction. The brakes on the other wheels continue to deliver maximum braking power, further
enhancing driver control.
There are two different ABS systems:

Current vehicles collect wheel-speed data at all four wheels, for improved ABS performance and
control.

Earlier rear-wheel-drive vehicles collected wheel-speed data at three locations ? the left front wheel,
the right front wheel, and at the rear differential.
G-Sensor (Pre-owned)
On 4-wheel-drive vehicles, the ABS system includes a g-sensor ? in effect a fifth ABS sensor ? that
measures the deceleration rate of the vehicle and interacts with the ABS control unit to modulate the system
depending on road surfaces (such as dry, wet, dirt, gravel, or mud).
In doing so, it helps ensure that ABS operates at peak performance and does not interfere with braking
action during low-speed off-road maneuvers (such as braking downhill in soft dirt or snow).
On vehicles equipped with Vehicle Dynamic Control (VDC), the g-sensor also helps determine if the vehicle
is moving in a direction it's not supposed to ? for example, if it's sliding through a curve. Based on this input ?
and the input of other sensors ? the VDC control unit actuates the ABS, traction control, and throttle as
necessary to help maintain vehicle stability.
ABS Pulsing and Actuation Noise
Actuating ABS causes a pulsing sensation in the brake pedal. This is the ABS individually applying and
releasing the brakes. This is normal. Remind customers that it is important not to let up on the brakes when
they feel the pulsing sensation caused by the ABS system. The driver should keep firm pressure on the
brake pedal in order to obtain the intended braking action. (Keep in mind that to get the full benefit of ABS,
you have to maintain pressure on the brake pedal. Pumping the brakes will decrease or eliminate the
effectiveness of ABS.)
Also, when ABS is actuated, there is some noise that comes from under the hood. Again, explain to
customers that this is normal. It simply means the system is working properly.


Brake Assist
Brake Assist measures how fast, as opposed to how hard, the driver applies the brake pedal.
If the system senses a panic stop in the making, it automatically applies maximum brake boost. This may
cause the ABS to activate so the customer may feel a pulsing in the brake pedal and an actuation noise from
under the hood.
Here's how it works. When the brake pedal speed exceeds a certain level, Brake Assist is activated,
generating greater possible braking force than a conventional brake booster even when light force is applied
to the pedal.
A magnetic device attached inside the brake booster meters the amount of available vacuum for power
assist. When the brake pedal is pressed quickly, as in a panic stop, the pedal's speed exceeds the magnet's
holding capability, allowing more pressure into the booster. This additional pressure gives the brakes
maximum boost potential during the panic event.


Electronic Brake force Distribution (EBD)
Electronic Brake force Distribution (EBD) works to improve braking performance based on the distribution of
weight inside the vehicle.
If a vehicle is carrying an additional load, such as rear-seat passengers or cargo, EBD applies more brake
pressure to the rear brakes. Because there is more weight on the rear wheels, they can receive more
braking pressure before they lock up.
EBD helps improve overall braking performance. It also provides more uniform brake pad wear by adjusting
brake pressure proportioning between the front and rear brakes based on loading and braking conditions.


Parking Brake
The parking brake is designed to prevent a vehicle from rolling when parked. The parking brake applies force
mechanically to the vehicle's rear brakes.
A hand lever or a foot pedal is used to activate the parking brake. Pulling the lever or stepping on the pedal
activates a cable connected to the rear brakes. An equalizer on the cable ensures that equal force is applied
to both the left and right brake.
On vehicles with rear drum brakes, the parking brake system uses the same brake shoes as the hydraulic
system.
On vehicles with rear disc brakes, the parking brake uses either the brake pads from the hydraulic system or
a separate drum built into the rotor with mechanically operated brake shoes inside.



Anti-lock Braking Systems
Basic Description
Anti-lock Braking Systems (ABS) prevent wheel lockup by modulating the braking pressure. These systems play
a significant role in improving the safety of modern vehicles. In slippery road conditions on smooth surfaces, a
driver may hit the brake so hard that one or more wheels locks and begins to skid over the surface. This results
in longer stopping distances, a loss of steer-ability, and vehicle instability. ABS systems monitor the wheel speed
in real time and regulate the brake pressure automatically in order to prevent wheel lockup and improve the
driver's control of the vehicle. They are now often paired with other systems such as Electronic Stability Control
(ESC) and Traction Control to further increase vehicle control and driver safety. The main components of these
systems include regular brake parts (such as the brake pedal, hydraulic cylinders and lines), wheel speed
sensors, and a hydraulic modulator operated by an electronic control unit. The architecture of the ABS system
(including the hydraulic modulator) is illustrated in the figure below.


When operating in normal conditions, the outlet valve (C) of the hydraulic modulator is closed and the inlet valve
(A) stays open until the pressure reaches the desired value. Then both the inlet and outlet valves remain closed
to hold this pressure and provide sufficient brake torque for wheel brake cylinders. Once the control unit detects
any excessive wheel slip, the corresponding outlet valve is opened to release the pressure to the accumulator
(D) and prevent possible wheel lockup. The excess brake fluid is returned to the master cylinder through the
return pump (E). After the wheel slip returns to normal, the valve solenoids are de-energized and the hydraulic
modulator resumes the regular braking process.

Anti-lock braking systems can be classified based on the number of channels and number of sensors employed.
Four Channel, Four Sensor ABS - This type of ABS uses a speed sensor and separate valves for each of the
four wheels. Maximum braking force is achieved with this type.
Three Channel, Three Sensor ABS - The front wheels each have a sensor and a valve. There is one valve and
one sensor for both the rear wheels.
One Channel, One Sensor ABS - One valve and speed sensor located on the rear axle monitor both the rear
wheels. This type of ABS is commonly seen in pickup trucks.
Slip Ratio
Slip ratio is a means of calculating and expressing the locking status of a wheel. It is the ratio of the difference
between the vehicle speed and the wheel speed to the vehicle speed. For example, when the vehicle is running
normally on an ideal road surface, the slip ratio is 0; when the wheels are locked, the slip ratio is 1. During
braking, as the slip ratio rises, the ABS system maintains an ideal slip ratio of 0.10 to 0.30 based on the road-tire
friction characteristics. In this way, the vehicle maintains a maximum deceleration without a total loss of steering
capability.

ABS systems are required on trucks and buses in the U.S. They are not required on cars, but ABS is standard
on most car models sold in the U.S.
Sensors
Wheel speed sensor
Actuators
Hydraulic modulator, master cylinder, wheel brake cylinders, warning light
Data Communications
High-speed CAN bus
Manufacturers
Bendix, Bosch, Continental, Haldex, Mitsubishi, TRW, Wabco
For More Information
[1] How Anti-Lock Brakes Work, Karim Nice, HowStuffWorks.com, Aug. 23, 2000.
[2] Anti-lock Braking System, Wikipedia.
[3] Advantages and Disadvantages of Anti-Lock Brakes, Cars Direct, Mar. 14, 2012.
[4] Questions and Answers Regarding Antilock Brake Systems (ABS), National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
(NHTSA) web site.
[5] ABS Brakes and the Facts, Matthew Wright, About.com.
[6] Anti-Lock Brake System (ABS) Safety Film, YouTube, Feb. 5, 2007.
[7] Myths Busted: Anti-Lock Braking Systems, James Holter, American Motorcyclist.
[8] Safe Braking with ABS by Bosch, YouTube, Dec. 2, 2009.
[9] Motorcycles with Antilock Brakes have Fewer Fatal Crashes ..., IIHS News Release, Mar. 31, 2010.
[10] 2011 Ninja ZX-10R Kawasaki Intelligent Anti-lock Brake System (KIBS), YouTube, Mar. 18, 2011.
[11] Anti Lock Brake System, YouTube, Apr. 16, 2012.
[12] Mazda Anti-Lock Braking System ABS, YouTube, Jan. 13, 2013.

Updates or corrections to this web page should be emailed to CVEL-L@clemson.edu.
Return to CVEL Automotive Electronic Systems Page.