SUN, MOON, EARTH SYSTEM

I. DAY and NIGHT CYCLE

CAUSES
1. As the earth orbits the sun the day changes so thus the temperature.
2. The earth's rotations cause day and night.
3. The phenomenon of day and night is due to the rotation of a celestial body
about its axis, creating the illusion of the sun rising and setting."
4. At the time of the rotation, it is day on the side of Earth that faces the Sun; while
it is night on the other side of Earth not facing the Sun. The position of the Sun is
fixed and it does not change.

EFFECTS
1. The effects of day and night are not seen in the animal kingdom alone; plants
have also evolved adaptations to cope best with the lack of sunlight during this
time.
2. The disappearance of sunlight, the primary energy source for life on Earth, has
dramatic impacts on the morphology, physiology and behavior of almost every
organism.
3. Effects on plants, crassulacean acid metabolism is a unique type of carbon
fixation which allows photosynthetic plants to store carbon dioxide in their
tissues as organic acids during the night, which can then be used during the day
to synthesize carbohydrates.
4. As the earth orbits the sun the day changes so thus the temperature.
5. Changes in the intensity of sunlight that reaches the Earth's surface, variations of
which may cause animals to go into hibernation or to migrate, and plants to be
dormant.

HUMAN SUPERSTITIOUS BELIEF
1. The belief in magic often includes the idea that magic and magicians are more
powerful at night.
2. Similarly, mythical and folkloric creatures as vampires, and werewolves are
thought to be more active at night.
3. Wishing on the first star that one sees in the evening will make that wish come
true.
4. If one throws a stone in the dark at night, he will harm someone.
5. If a hen cackles under the house at night, it means a girl in the family will give
birth to an illegitimate child.

A.
LENGTH OF DAY AND NIGHT
A days length is measured by the time that the sun takes to set after it rises
in the morning. But this rotational nature of earth also causes another interesting
development. Since the earths rotational axis is rather tilted, hence it is not divided
exactly midway through in its night and day; rather the day and night occurrence is
such that while the northern hemisphere faces daylight, the southern hemisphere
experiences night and vice versa.

MIDNIGHT SUN
The midnight sun is a natural phenomenon occurring in summer months at
latitudes north and nearby to the south of the Arctic Circle, and south and nearby to
the north of the Antarctic Circle where the sun remains visible at the local midnight.
Given fair weather, the sun is visible for a continuous 24 hours, mostly north of the
Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle. The number of days per year with
potential midnight sun increases the farther poleward one goes.
The opposite phenomenon, polar night, occurs in winter when the sun stays
below the horizon throughout the day.
Since the Earth's axis is tilted with respect to the ecliptic by approximately 23
degrees 27 minutes, the sun does not set at high latitudes in (local) summer. The
duration of the midnight sun increases from one day during the summer solstice at
the polar circle to approximately six months at the poles. At extreme latitudes, it is
usually referred to as polar day. The length of the time the sun is above the horizon
varies from couple of days at the Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle to 186 days at the
poles.
At the poles themselves, the sun only rises once and sets once, each year.
During the six months when the sun is above the horizon at the poles, the sun
spends the days constantly moving around the horizon, reaching its highest circuit of
the sky at the summer solstice.
Due to refraction, the midnight sun may be experienced at latitudes slightly
below the polar circle, though not exceeding one degree (depending on local
conditions). For example, it is possible to experience the midnight sun in Iceland,
even though most of it (Grmsey being a notable exception) is slightly south of the
Arctic Circle. Even the northern extremities of Scotland (and those places on similar
latitudes) experience a permanent "dusk" or glare in the northern skies at these
times.

EARTHS TIME ZONES
A time zone is a region on Earth, more or less bounded by lines of longitude,
that has a uniform, legally mandated standard time, usually referred to as the local
time. By convention, the 24 main time zones on Earth compute their local time as an
offset from UTC (see also Greenwich Mean Time). Local time in each time zone is
UTC plus the current time zone offset for the location in question. In theory, the
increase proceeds eastward from the eastern boundary of the UTC time zone
centered on 0, increasing by one hour for each 15, up to the International Date
Line (longitude 180). A corresponding one hour decrease relative to UTC occurs
every 15 heading westward from the western boundary of the UTC time zone, up to
the International Date Line.
These examples give the local time at various locations around the world at 12:00
UTC when daylight saving time (or summer time, etc.) is not in effect:
Location(s) Time zone Time
Baker Island, Howland Island (both uninhabited) UTC12 00:00
Samoa, American Samoa UTC11 01:00
Hawaii, Papeete UTC10 02:00
Marquesas Islands UTC09:30 02:30
Anchorage, Fairbanks, Juneau UTC09 03:00
Vancouver, Washington (U.S. state), Portland, Las Vegas,
California, Baja California
UTC08 04:00
Alberta, Colorado, Arizona, Chihuahua, Sonora UTC07 05:00
Costa Rica, Dallas, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras,
Houston, Illinois, Manitoba, Mexico City, Nicaragua,
Saskatchewan
UTC06 06:00
Ottawa, Toronto, Montreal, Boston, New York, North
Carolina, Washington D.C., Georgia, Miami, Cuba,
Jamaica, Haiti, Panama, Colombia, Continental Ecuador,
Peru
UTC05 07:00
Venezuela UTC04:30 07:30
Nova Scotia, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Trinidad
and Tobago, Amazonas, Bolivia, Continental Chile,
Paraguay, San Luis Province
UTC04 08:00
Newfoundland UTC03:30 08:30
Rio de Janeiro, So Paulo, Argentina (except San Luis
Province), Uruguay, Nuuk
UTC03 09:00
Fernando de Noronha, South Georgia and the South
Sandwich Islands
UTC02 10:00
Azores, Cape Verde UTC01 11:00
Iceland, United Kingdom, Ireland, Continental Portugal,
Morocco, Senegal, Ghana, Cte d'Ivoire
UTC 12:00
Albania, Slovenia, Macedonia, Norway, Sweden, UTC+01 13:00
Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium,
Metropolitan France, Switzerland, Austria, Poland, Czech
Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, European Spain, Italy,
Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Tunisia, Algeria,
Nigeria, Cameroon, Angola, Kinshasa
Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Belarus, Ukraine,
Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, Syria,
Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine, Israel, Egypt, Libya,
Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa
UTC+02 14:00
Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Samara, Iraq, Saudi Arabia,
Yemen, Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda,
Tanzania, Madagascar
UTC+03 15:00
Iran UTC+03:30 15:30
Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, United Arab Emirates,
Oman, Seychelles, Mauritius
UTC+04 16:00
Afghanistan UTC+04:30 16:30
Sverdlovsk, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, Maldives, Kazakhstan UTC+05 17:00
India, Sri Lanka UTC+05:30 17:30
Nepal UTC+05:45 17:45
Novosibirsk, Almaty, Bangladesh UTC+06 18:00
Myanmar, Cocos Islands UTC+06:30 18:30
Krasnoyarsk, Thailand, Vietnam, Jakarta UTC+07 19:00
Irkutsk, Ulan Bator, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong,
Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Western Australia
UTC+08 20:00
Zabaykalsky, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, East Timor UTC+09 21:00
Northern Territory, South Australia UTC+09:30 21:30
Primorsky, New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria UTC+10 22:00
Lord Howe Island UTC+10:30 22:30
Kamchatka, Solomon Islands, New Caledonia UTC+11 23:00
Norfolk Island UTC+11:30 23:30
Fiji, New Zealand UTC+12
00:00 (the
following
day)
Chatham Islands UTC+12:45
00:45 (the
following
day)
Tonga UTC+13
01:00 (the
following
day)
Line Islands UTC+14
02:00 (the
following
day)

B.
TYPHOONS
A typhoon is a tropical cyclone that develops in the northwestern part of the
Pacific Ocean between 180 and 100E. For organizational purposes, the northern
Pacific Ocean is divided into three regions: the eastern (North America to 140W),
central (140W to 180), and western (180 to 100E). A Pacific typhoon, then, is a
tropical cyclone in the northern Pacific Ocean west of 180. Identical phenomena in
the eastern north Pacific are called hurricanes, with tropical cyclones moving into
the Western Pacific re-designated as typhoons.
Within the Northwestern Pacific there are no official typhoon seasons as
tropical cyclones form throughout the year. The majority of storms form between
May and December whilst tropical cyclone formation is at a minimum between
January and April. The Northwestern Pacific features some of the most intense
tropical cyclones on record.
Typhoon paths follow three general directions.
[2]

Straight. A general westward path affects the Philippines, southern China,
Taiwan, and Vietnam.
Recurving. Storms recurving affect eastern China, Taiwan, Korea, and Japan.
Northward. From point of origin, the storm follows a northerly direction, only
affecting small islands.
TORNADOS
A tornado (often referred to as a twister or, erroneously, a cyclone) is a
violent, dangerous, rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of
the earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud.
Tornadoes come in many shapes and sizes, but are typically in the form of a visible
condensation funnel, whose narrow end touches the earth and is often encircled by
a cloud of debris and dust. Most tornadoes have wind speeds less than 110 miles per
hour (177 km/h), are approximately 250 feet (80 m) across, and travel a few miles
(several kilometers) before dissipating. The most extreme can attain wind speeds of
more than 300 mph (480 km/h), stretch more than two miles (3 km) across, and stay
on the ground for dozens of miles (more than 100 km).
[1][2][3]

Various types of tornadoes include the landspout, multiple vortex tornado,
and waterspout. Waterspouts are characterized by a spiraling funnel-shaped wind
current, connecting to a large cumulus or cumulonimbus cloud. They are generally
classified as non-supercellular tornadoes that develop over bodies of water.
[4]
These
spiraling columns of air frequently develop in tropical areas close to the equator,
and are less common at high latitudes.
[5]
Other tornado-like phenomena that exist in
nature include the gustnado, dust devil, fire whirls, and steam devil.
Tornadoes have been observed on every continent except Antarctica.
However, the vast majority of tornadoes in the world occur in the Tornado Alley
region of the United States, although they can occur nearly anywhere in North
America.
[6]
They also occasionally occur in south-central and eastern Asia, the
Philippines, northern and east-central South America, Southern Africa, northwestern
and southeast Europe, western and southeastern Australia, and New Zealand.
[7]

Tornadoes can be detected before or as they occur through the use of Pulse-Doppler
radar by recognizing patterns in velocity and reflectivity data, such as hook echoes,
as well as by the efforts of storm spotters.
There are several different scales for rating the strength of tornadoes. The
Fujita scale rates tornadoes by damage caused, and has been replaced in some
countries by the updated Enhanced Fujita Scale. An F0 or EF0 tornado, the weakest
category, damages trees, but not substantial structures. An F5 or EF5 tornado, the
strongest category, rips buildings off their foundations and can deform large
skyscrapers. The similar TORRO scale ranges from a T0 for extremely weak
tornadoes to T11 for the most powerful known tornadoes.
[8]
Doppler radar data,
photogrammetry, and ground swirl patterns (cycloidal marks) may also be analyzed
to determine intensity and assign a rating.
EL NIO

El Nino, an abnormal warming of surface ocean waters in the eastern tropical
Pacific, is one part of what's called the Southern Oscillation. The Southern
Oscillation is the see-saw pattern of reversing surface air pressure between the
eastern and western tropical Pacific; when the surface pressure is high in the eastern
tropical Pacific it is low in the western tropical Pacific, and vice-versa. Because the
ocean warming and pressure reversals are, for the most part, simultaneous,
scientists call this phenomenon the El Nino/Southern Oscillation or ENSO for short.
South American fisherman have given this phenomenon the name El Nino, which is
Spanish for "The Christ Child," because it comes about the time of the celebration of
the birth of the Christ Child-Christmas.
To really understand the effects of an El Nino event, compare the normal
conditions of the Pacific region and then see what happens during El Nino below.


Normal Conditions (Non El Nino)


El Nino Conditions

Scientists do not really understand how El Nino forms. It is believed that El
Nino may have contributed to the 1993 Mississippi and 1995 California floods,
drought conditions in South America, Africa and Australia. It is also believed that El
Nino contributed to the lack of serious storms such as hurricanes in the North
Atlantic which spared states like Florida from serious storm related damage.
Unfortunately not all El Nino's are the same nor does the atmosphere always
react in the same way from one El Nino to another. This is why NASA's Earth
scientists continue to take part in international efforts to understand El Nino events.
Hopefully one day scientists will be able to provide sufficient warning so that we can
be better prepared to deal with the damages and changes that El Nino causes in the
weather.
LA NIA
La Nia is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart
of El Nio as part of the broader El Nio-Southern Oscillation climate pattern. During
a period of La Nia, the sea surface temperature across the equatorial Eastern
Central Pacific Ocean will be lower than normal by 3-5 degrees Celsius. In the United
States, an episode of La Nia is defined as a period of at least 5 months of La Nia
conditions. The name La Nia originates from Spanish, meaning "the girl", analogous
to El Nio meaning "the boy".
La Nia, sometimes informally called "anti-El Nio", is the opposite of El
Nio, where the latter corresponds instead to a higher sea surface temperature by a
deviation of at least 0.5 C, and its effects are often the reverse of those of El Nio.
El Nio is famous due to its potentially catastrophic impact on the weather along
both the Chilean and Australian coasts. Furthermore, La Nia is often preceded by a
strong El Nio.

II. SEASONAL PATTERNS
CAUSES
1. The seasons result from the Earth's axis being tilted to its orbital plane; it
deviates by an angle of approximately 23.5 degrees.
2. This exposure alternates as the Earth revolves in its orbit. Therefore, at any given
time, regardless of season, the northern and southern hemispheres experience
opposite seasons.
3. Seasonal weather differences between hemispheres are further caused by the
elliptical orbit of Earth.
4. Because the sun is our source of light, energy and heat, the changing intensity
and concentration of its rays give rise to the seasons of winter, spring, summer
and fall.
5. In the temperate and polar regions, seasons are marked by changes in the
amount of sunlight, which in turn often causes cycles of dormancy in plants and
hibernation in animals.

EFFECTS
1. The effect of axis tilt is observable from the change in day length, and altitude of
the Sun at noon (the culmination of the Sun), during a year.
Hot Regions
o Rainy season (winter and spring)
o Dry season (summer and autumn)
Cold Regions
o Polar Day (spring and summer)
o Polar Night (autumn and winter)
2. The seasons are a powerful force in our lives. They affect the activities we do,
the foods we crave, the clothes we wear and quite often, the moods we are
in.
3. Heres how the seasonal change affects the weather: The density of the solar
radiation is higher because it's coming from directly overhead in other words,
the sun's rays are concentrated over a smaller surface area. The days are longer,
too, meaning that more radiation is absorbed in northern climes during the 24-
hour cycle. Another factor that may come into play is that the radiation takes a
somewhat shorter path through the energy-absorbing atmosphere before
striking the earth.
4. The cycle of seasons in the polar and temperate zones of one hemisphere is
opposite to that in the other. When it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere, it
is winter in the Southern Hemisphere, and vice versa.
5. A change in daily floral/animal events, the season is changing.

HUMAN SUPERSTITIOUS BELIEF
1. First Flower of Spring: The day you find the first flower of the season can be used
as an omen:
Monday means good fortune,
Tuesday means greatest attempts will be successful,
Wednesday means marriage,
Thursday means warning of small profits,
Friday means wealth,
Saturday means misfortune,
Sunday means excellent luck for weeks.
2. If you catch a falling leaf on the first day of autumn you will not catch a cold all
winter.
3. When the moon is waxing, it is said cutting tree branches at this time they will
grow straighter, rats eat more poison set out for them, and moles make more
molehills.
4. A way of influencing your luck with money is .. on a rainy day, go to a place
where there is a holly bush, clasp it round the main stem and chant three times:
"Holly tree, 0 holly tree, Let much wealth come to me"
5. Sunny Day - There will be a very Happy Marriage.

III. PHASES OF THE MOON

CAUSES
1. BLUE MOON
When two full moons occur in a single month, the second full moon is called a
"Blue Moon." Another definition of the blue moon is the third full moon that
occurs in a season of the year which has four full moons (usually each season has
only three full moons.)
2. CRESCENT MOON
A few days later the Moon has moved and a sliver of the Moon's Earth side ("our
side") is illuminated by the sunlight, this produces the Crescent Moon, you can
see the Crescent Moon at sunset. Imagine you are standing on the far left side of
this image of the Earth (using the image on the right - for Crescent Moon), just
barely in the shadow. That is your position soon after sunset.
3. FULL MOON
Now it's fully illuminated by the Sun and it's a Full Moon. Notice that during the
Full Moon the far side (the "dark side") of the Moon really is dark.
Due to the positions involved, A Full Moon rises (in the east) at about the same
time as the Sun sets (in the west). A full moon appears as an entire circle in the
sky. The full moon is given different names, depending on when it appears. For
example, the "Harvest moon" is the full moon that appears nearest to the
Autumnal Equinox, occurring in late September or early October. Some other full
moon names (by month) include:
January Moon After Yule, Wolf Moon, or Old Moon
February Snow Moon or Hunger Moon
March Sap Moon, Crow Moon, or Lenten Moon
April Grass Moon or Egg Moon
May Milk Moon or Planting Moon
June Rose Moon, Flower Moon, or Strawberry Moon
July Thunder Moon or Hay Moon
August Grain Moon or Green Corn Moon
September Fruit Moon or Harvest Moon
October Harvest Moon or Hunter's Moon
November Hunter's Moon, Frosty Moon, or Beaver Moon
December Moon Before Yule or Long Night Moon.
4. GIBBOUS MOON
A Gibbous Moon is just a moon more than a quarter but not full.
As a moon goes from New to Full we say it is "waxing" This here is a Waxing
Gibbous Moon because it is gibbous (more than a quarter but less than full) and
waxing (becoming more illuminated each night).
5. HALF MOON
A half moon looks like half a circle. It is sometimes called a quarter moon (this
Moon has completed one quarter of an orbit around the Earth from either the
full or new position and one quarter of the moon's surface is visible from Earth).
6. NEW MOON
The New Moon occurs when the Moon is directly on the Sun side of the Earth, or
to put that another way, the Moon is "new" when it is between the Earth and
the Sun. The New Moon rises and sets along with the Sun at about the same
time. Since the New Moon has its shadowed face to us we don't see the New
Moon very well and for all practical purposes the New Moon is "invisible". It is
interesting to note that the New Moon's far side (the "dark side") is fully in the
sunlight!

EFFECTS
6. A blue moon is the second of two full moons to occur in the same calendar
month. Blue moons occur infrequently (thus the saying once in a blue moon to
denote a rare event), because the length of the calendar month in this system is
close to the length of the period of the moon's phases.
7. The moon's orbit around our planet affects the rising and falling tides, air
currents on the earth's surface, and the occurrence of thunderstorms.
8. Any gardener knows the importance of the soil's water content to a germinating
seed. It makes sense to consider, when planting your garden, the pull of the
moon and the moon's position in order to give seeds the best chance to
germinate, grow and develop....
9. Not only does the gravitational pull of the moon affect the tides and rainfall, but
it affects the air currents on the surface of the earth as well. Plants are extremely
sensitive to any tiny energy fluctuation....
10. The moon's effects on the patterns of thunderstorms and their corresponding
effect on ionization in the air, convince us that the effects of the moon on our
planet are constantly coming into play, influencing the growing things of the
earth. These factors considered, gardening in accordance with the phases of the
moon seems not so odd after all.

HUMAN SUPERSTITIOUS BELIEF
1. When the moon points up, the weather will be good, when it points down, it will
rain
2. In time, the word, Lunatic, from "luna", meaning moon, and "tic", meaning
struck, evolved from this belief.
3. People once believed the moon was made of silver, so they would ask the moon
for help and jingle the change in their pockets, as they gazed at it's glory.
4. Legend says that to cure warts, catch some moonbeams in a metal basin and
wash your hands in it, saying "I wash my hands in thy dish, 'O man in the moon,
do grant my wish, and come and take this away"
5. It was thought that to sleep in direct moonlight caused madness or blindness.

IV. ECLIPSES

CAUSES
Total Solar eclipse: In case of a total solar eclipse, the entire shadow of the
Moon covers the bright Sun completely. The size of the Moon looks as big as the
Sun. For those few precious moments, only the faint halo of the Sun can be
viewed. It is considered as a very rare event because in this kind of eclipse, the
totality exists in only a small region of the Earth, marked by the Moon's shadow
or umbra. Watching a total solar eclipse can be a very thrilling experience,
because the Sun becomes invisible during the daytime and total darkness sets in
within minutes.
Annular Solar Eclipse: This eclipse is caused when the Sun and the Moon are
positioned in one straight line. During this eclipse, the Moon appears much
smaller in size as compared to the Sun. As a result, a bright ring of the Sun
encircling the dark Moon is visible to us.
A hybrid Solar eclipse: This kind of solar eclipse is also a very rare event, because
it undergoes a transition between a total and an annular eclipse. Therefore, this
eclipse can be seen as a total solar eclipse in some regions of the earth, whereas
in other parts, it is seen as an annular one.
A partial Solar Eclipse: During this eclipse, the Sun and the Moon do not come in
the same straight line. In this eclipse, the Moon partly covers the Sun, so it is
visible from a large portion of the earth. Usually, it can be seen even from those
regions which fall outside the path of total or partial solar eclipse. However,
sometimes, partial eclipses cannot be seen if the umbra does not intersect with
the Earth's surface.
Penumbral Eclipse: -During it, the Moon passes through the Earths penumbra
causing no significant observable change in the Moons appearance. When the
Moon lies within the penumbra of the Earth, total penumbral eclipse is said to
occur. These eclipses seldom occur. When they do, the part of the Moon, which
is nearest to the umbra, appears darker.
Partial Lunar Eclipse: -When the Moon partially enters the umbra; a partial lunar
eclipse is caused. It can easily be seen with bare eyes.
Total Lunar Eclipse: -It is caused when the Moon travels totally into the Earths
umbra. The time that elapses between the first and last contact between the
Moon and the Earths shadow can be about 3.8 hours. When in the Earths
umbra, the Moon illuminates by the colors refracted and filtered by the Earths
atmosphere, thus appearing red, orange or yellow. This lunar illumination makes
the event of a lunar eclipse worth witnessing.
EFFECTS
1. There is an increase in Raja-Tama which has negative effects on humanity.
Ghosts take advantage of the heightened Raja-Tama to create a variety of issues
that have global negative repercussions. Regular spiritual practice ensures that
we are insulated from its subtle (intangible) harmful effects.
2. During full moon and new moon days the whole Moon is pulling Earth and the
effect is as if in the earlier analogy the Moon is taking a deep breath. We find
that the circular atmosphere of three times the size of the moon is attracted
from the Earth.
3. Between new moon and full moon the effects of new moon are less noticeable
to us. However the negative effect is more on new moon. The reason for this is
that on new moon the effect on man is more at a subtle level as opposed to the
full moon where one is aware of the increase in thoughts.
4. Regular spiritual practice done throughout the year, helps to reduce the adverse
effect of an eclipse. In addition if one does intense spiritual practice during the
eclipse it can even be positive, so far as individual spiritual growth goes.
5. The effects of the Lunar and Solar Eclipses in March 2007 will have far-reaching
effects on our lives as sun symbolizes the father and moon symbolizes the son.
Both of them being eclipsed in the same Paksha of the month indicate many
unforeseen events. Relationships between business partners and leaders with
same political thoughts will develop a rift.

HUMAN SUPERSTITIOUS BELIEF
1. Eclipses contribute in a large way by providing circumstances conducive to
amassing the black energy that ghosts have.
2. One needs to take all spiritual precautions especially if the eclipse is visible over
where one lives.
3. The moon is known to affect the mind. During a full moon, the effect is even
more pronounced. This is further accentuated when there is a lunar eclipse. Thus
the combination of the full moon and lunar eclipse is severe. However it happens
at a subtle intangible level, i.e. people suffer distress by negative energies.
4. An eclipse is an important spiritual event that has lasting adverse effects that are
capitalized upon by ghosts.
5. Some of the superstitions about eclipses include: them being the omen of death
of some high-ranking person; the harbinger of some dreadful national calamity.
Some cultures make loud noises to ward against the "evil" spirits of the event.

V. TIDES
CAUSES
1. The high and low tide are caused by the gravitational forces between the earth
and the moon.
2. Spring tides are especially strong tides (they do not have anything to do with the
season Spring). They occur when the Earth, the Sun, and the Moon are in a line.
The gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun both contribute to the tides.
Spring tides occur during the full moon and the new moon.
3. The Proxigean Spring Tide is a rare, unusually high tide. This very high tide
occurs when the moon is both unusually close to the Earth (at its closest perigee,
called the proxigee) and in the New Moon phase (when the Moon is between
the Sun and the Earth). The proxigean spring tide occurs at most once every 1.5
years.
4. Neap tides are especially weak tides. They occur when the gravitational forces of
the Moon and the Sun are perpendicular to one another (with respect to the
Earth). Neap tides occur during quarter moons.
5. The gravitational attraction of the moon causes the oceans to bulge out in the
direction of the moon. Another bulge occurs on the opposite side, since the
Earth is also being pulled toward the moon (and away from the water on the far
side).

EFFECTS
1. Tidal flooding of coastal marshes ( the estuaries) - enables us to enjoy the fishing
and fine seafood
2. Beach-goers can walk along the exposed shoreline - can - construct sandcastles
at high tide sandcastles are washed away
3. heavy freighters - shallow ports - schedule arrival for high tide [water is deepest]
4. fishing boats also subject to affects of tides - cities(towns) that rely on fishing as
industry
5. working day - based on tide schedule
6. energy from tides is harnessed to produce electricity
7. build up of sediment in harbour so have to dredge harbour mouths
8. sandbanks can move so markers and charts may need to be updated

HUMAN SUPERSTITIOUS BELIEF
1. When the moon is low, the tides will be higher than normal.
2. When the moon is at its brightest, the tides are high.
3. Deaths occur most often when the tide is going out, and births occur when the
tide is coming in
4. If a child is born during the ebb-tide, it will be unlucky in life.
5. In Scotland, poultry-farmers use to set their eggs during flood-tide if they wanted
cockerels, and at the ebb if they wanted hens.

English poem depicting Filipino Cultures and Traditions


Education Gives Luster To The Motherland

Wise education, vital breath
Inspires an enchanting virtue;
She puts the Country in the lofty seat
Of endless glory, of dazzling glow,
And just as the gentle aura's puff
Do brighten the perfumed flower's hue:
So education with a wise, guiding hand,
A benefactress, exalts the human band.

Man's placid repose and earthly life
To education he dedicates
Because of her, art and science are born
Man; and as from the high mount above
The pure rivulet flows, undulates,
So education beyond measure
Gives the Country tranquility secure.

Where wise education raises a throne
Sprightly youth are invigorated,
Who with firm stand error they subdue
And with noble ideas are exalted;
It breaks immortality's neck,
Contemptible crime before it is halted:
It humbles barbarous nations
And it makes of savages champions.

And like the spring that nourishes
The plants, the bushes of the meads,
She goes on spilling her placid wealth,
And with kind eagerness she constantly feeds,
The river banks through which she slips,
And to beautiful nature all she concedes,
So whoever procures education wise
Until the height of honor may rise.

From her lips the waters crystalline
Gush forth without end, of divine virtue,
And prudent doctrines of her faith
The forces weak of evil subdue,
That break apart like the whitish waves
That lash upon the motionless shoreline:
And to climb the heavenly ways the people
Do learn with her noble example.

In the wretched human beings' breast
The living flame of good she lights
The hands of criminal fierce she ties,
And fill the faithful hearts with delights,
Which seeks her secrets beneficient
And in the love for the good her breast she incites,
And it's th' education noble and pure
Of human life the balsam sure.

And like a rock that rises with pride
In the middle of the turbulent waves
When hurricane and fierce Notus roar
She disregards their fury and raves,
That weary of the horror great
So frightened calmly off they stave;
Such is one by wise education steered
He holds the Country's reins unconquered.

His achievements on sapphires are engraved;
The Country pays him a thousand honors;
For in the noble breasts of her sons
Virtue transplanted luxuriant flow'rs;
And in the love of good e'er disposed
Will see the lords and governors
The noble people with loyal venture
Christian education always procure.

And like the golden sun of the morn
Whose rays resplendent shedding gold,
And like fair aurora of gold and red
She overspreads her colors bold;
Such true education proudly gives
The pleasue of virtue to young and old
And she enlightens out Motherland dear
As she offers endless glow and luster.


Picture depicting Filipino Cultures and Traditions





POUNDING RICE, ni Galo B. Ocampo, 1974



TALIPAPA