M.icroscopy wilh the Little Ge.

Contents of the Little Gem Kit

1LittleGem Microscope; complcto with eyepiece
anddivisible objective.
3 Prepared object slides.
5Extraplain slides.
1Cultureslide.
1Dozencover glasses.
1Dissectingforceps.
1Dissecting scissors.
1Dissecting needle.
1Scalpel
1Pipette.
1Test tube.
2Watchglasses.
3Vials;withlabels.
1TubeCanada Balsam.
2
M.icroscopy wilh the Lillle Gem
Setting Up the Little GemMicroscope
The Little Gem Microscope is assembled
readyfor use when it comestoyou. When not
inuseit should be kept inthecase as you first
find it. to protect the delicate optical parts
fromdust and fingermarks and to prevent in-
jury tothe instrument. Lookover the arrange-
ment of the kit carefully beforerernovinv anv
oftheparts to besurethat youcan replace them
intheir proper places.
Toremove the microscope. grasp it firrnlv by
the armbetween the two small holes and the
stageand lift the instrument strail!ht up. Be
surethat it comes out freely, sothat the other
parts will not be jarred fromtheir places.
Set the instrument with its base on a flat
surface. Itshould stand sothat the body tube
andmirror face toward awindowwith the arm
andfocusing screw next totheoperator.
Turnthe knurled focusingscrew toward you
soas toraise the body tubeabout 5 or 6mm
(%"l above the stage. Lookinto the eyepiece
at thetopof the body tubeandthen adjust the
mirror onthe base. of theinstrument until the
circular onening, or fieldof the microscope, is
brightly illuminated andfreefrom shadows.
Oneof the prepared slides should nowbe
placedonthe stage under thetwo clips, making
surethat the coverglass isonthe top sideand
theobject as nearly centeredas possible under
thelower end of the bodytube.
Thebody tube maynowberaised slowlyup-
warduntil the image comessharply into view.
Ifthe image is not in the center of the field,
movethe slide in the oppositedirection to that
inwhichit is desired tomovethe image.
3
_______ n _
Micro
wi t h
. .
LITIL]
az _
s
Microscopy
with the
LITTLE GEM
Made inU. S.A.
Microscopy lOith the Little Gem
Contents of the Little Gem Kit
f
,I
,!
1Little0 mMicro cope:complete- wit h eyepiece
anddivisi Ieobjective,
3Prcpar d object slides.
5Extraplain slides.
1Cultureslide.
1Dozencover glasses.
1Disseetingf orceps,
1 Dissecting scissors.
1Dissectingneedle.
1Scalpel
1Pipette.
1Testtube.
2Watchglasses.
3Vials;withlabels.
1TubeCanada Balsam.
2
111icroscopy with the Little Gem
Setting Up the Little Gem Microscope
The Little Gem Microscopeis assembled
ready for use when it comesto you. When not
inuseit should be kept inthecase as you first
find it. to protect the delicate optical parts
fromdust and fingermarks and to prevent in-
jury to theinstrument. Lookover the arrange-
ment of the kit carefully beforeremovinv anv
oftheparts to besure that youcanreplace them
intheir proper places.
Toremove the microscope.grasp it firrnlv by
the armbetween the two small holes and the
stageandlift the instrument strail>'ht up. Be
surethat it comes out freely, so that the other
parts will not be jarred fromtheir places.
Set the instrument with its base on a flat
surface. Itshould stand sothat the body tube
andmirror face toward awindowwith the arm
andfocusing screw next to theoperator.
Turnthe knurled focusingscrew toward you
so as to raise the body tubeabout 5 or 6mm
(14") above the stage. Lookinto the eyepiece
atthetopof the body tubeandthen adj ust the
mirror onthe baseof theinstrument until the
circular onerring, or fieldof the microscope, is
brightly illuminated andfreefrom shadows.
Oneof the prepared slides should now be
placedonthe stage under thetwo clips, making
surethat the coverglass isonthe top sideand
theobject as nearly centeredas possible under
thelower end of the bodytube.
Thebody tube maynowberaised slowlyup-
warduntil the image comessharply into view.
If theimage is not in the center of the field,
movetheslide in the oppositedirection to that
inwhichit is desired tomovethe image.
3
Microscopy with the Little Gem
Microscopy with the Little Gem
Directions for varying the magnification,
lightingarrangements, etc. will befound inthe
next section but this preliminary manipulation
shouldbe gone through tofamiliarize yourself
withthe various parts of theinstrument.
Description of the Little Gem
Microscope
TheOptical systemof theLittle GemMicro-
scopeiscomposed of-from thebottom upwards
-a concave mirror, anobjective lens divisible
intotwoparts and, at thetop, an eyepiece.
The M'irror
The mirror serves to collect light froma
windowor lamp andfocusit on the obj ect-slide
sothat every part of the specimen is brightly
illuminated. When opaque objects, such as
rocks, wood, thick paper or cloth are beingex-
amined, the mirror may beremoved fromthe
basebypulling it easilyupward. Itshouldthen
beinserted in oneof thesmall holes inthearm
andadjusted sothat thelight falls onthetopof
theobject. This is'knownas oblique illumina-
tionof opaque objects. Thismethod shouldbe
usedwhen the baseisremovedfrom the instru-
mentand the stage standsdirectly ontheobject
under examination.
The Ohjective
The objective is screwed on to the lower-
most end of the bodytube. Itconsists of two
small lenses in separate mountings so that
either one or both maybeused. Higher mag-
nifications are obtained when both lenses are
usedtogether but not somuch of the specimen
canbeseen at onetime. In other words, the
lowermagnifications havelarger fields andthe
4

highermagnifications smallerfields. Care should

betakenin removing thefirst lens. Two com-
pleteturns will releaseitfromthe upper mount-
ing. Thetwo lenses andmountings are exactly
the sameand there is nodanger in changing
their positions.
The Eyepiece
At the extreme topof thebody tube isthe
eyepiece. This is compas ed of two lenses
mountedin abrass tubeabout1)/," long. Inside
thetubeis asmall brass diaphragm or opening.
Theeyepiece lenses mayberemoved for clean-
ingbut this should bedoneone at a time so
that each will go back into its proper place.
Great care should betakennot to disturb the
position of the diaphragm as its position is
carefully fixed with respect to the lenses.
Theobjective lensformsan enlarged image
of the specimen, in the optical tube, just as a
burningglass forms apictureof the sun. This
imageis then examined through the eyepiece
whichacts as amagnifier. Thisdouble enlarge-
ment makes possible the greatly magnified
imagesobtained with thecompoundmicroscope.
Ifaconvex lens isusedtoformapicture of an
electriclamp or other object,onasheet of paper,
it will be f aund that thecloser the lens is
brought to the lamp thelarger the picture will
be and the farther it will be from the lens.
This same principle is usedin the compound
microscope.
Manipulation of the Little Gem
Microscope
The Body Tube
At the top of thebodytube will befounda
brassslidewhich holdstheeyepiece. This slide
5
L
!v I icroscopy with the Little Gem
maybe drawn out so as to lengthen the body
tubeabout three inches. Ifthis tube is drawn
out, it is necessary to rack the objective down
closer to the specimen. The size of the image
maybe more than doubledby drawing out the
tubeto its fullest extent and refocusing theob-
jective. The following table of magnifications
showsthe effect of drawing out the tube and
changing objectives. Theactual size of thefield
seenat the stage level is also given.
Magnifications and Field Diameters
Objective Long Field Short. Field
Tube Mag. Diam. Tube Mag. Diam.
1 lens 35X 3.01 mm 14X 7.00 mm
2 lenses 76X 1.48 mm 35X 3.01 mm
Any magnification between 14X and 76X
may be obtained by a proper selection of ob-
jectives and tube length. Any of the higher
power objectives equippedwith a society screw
thread may also beusedwith this microscope.
Focusing Adjustment
TheLittle GemMicroscopeis provided with
coarse focusing adjustment only, with single
knurled focusing screw head. Focusing is by
diagonal rack and pinionwith stops to prevent
pinion from overriding rack.
Mirror
The mirror is 30mmin diameter, concave
and mounted so as to be adjustable in two
planes. The curvature is such that parallel
light is brought to afocus in the plane of the
objectslide so as toproducemaximum illumina-
tion. The mirror mountingis supported onap m
whichfits in a holeinthebase. Two other sim-
6
] v r icroscopy with the Little Gem
I~
Hal'holesare provided inthearm of the instru-
ment inwhich the mirror may be fastened for
obliqueillumination of opaque specimens.
Inpreparing the instrument for the examina-
tion of transparent objects, light from a clear
skyor from an electric lampshould be focused
onthestage opening bythemirror. The electric
lamp will be found much more uniform .and
brilliant and will givebetter results, especially
if a blue or "daylight" glass filter is used be-
tween the light and the mirror.
In some cases, finedetails of structure may
bebetter seen by excludingall or part of the
light from the mirror and illuminating it by
light fromabove. Inthis casethe specimen will
stand out as a bright object on a dark back-
'ground. Itis surprising what a mass of add~d
detail can often be observedin this way. ThIS
is known as dark fieldmicroscopy and in the
larger research microscopes very complicated
optical apparatus is provided for this type of
work.
Stage
Thestage is cast integral with the armof
the instrument. Ithas ahorseshoe shaped ob-
ject opening 19 mmwideby 30 mm deep. The
stageisprovided with twospring clips for hold-
ingthe slides in position. These clips ~ay be
removedfor the examination of gross objects.
A feature of the instrument is the separate
joint just below the stage, by which the whole
base of the instrument may be removed. To,
accomplish this, pull thebaseof the instrument
straight away from the stage. Do not twist or
attempt to unscrew asit isheld in alignment by
asmall pin.
.,
7
\
Microscopy with the Little Gem
may be drawn out so as to lengthen the body
tubeabout three inches. Ifthis tube is drawn
out, it is necessary to rack the obj ecti vedown
closer to the specimen. The size of the image
may be more than doubledby drawing out the
tubeto its fullest extent and refocusing the ob-
jective. The following table of magnifications
shows the effect of drawing out the tube and
changing objectives. Theactual size of the field
seenat the stage level is also given.
Magnifications and Field Diameters
Objective Long Field Short Field
Tube Mag. Diam. Tube Mag. Diam.
1lens 35X 3.01 mm 14X 7.00 mm
2 lenses 76X 1.48 mm 35X 8.01 mm
Any magnification between 14X and 76X
may be obtained by a proper selection of ob-
jectives and tube length. Any of the higher
power objectives equipped with a society screw
thread may also beusedwith this microscope.
Focusing Adjustment
The Little GemMicroscope is prov idedwith
coarse focusing adjustment only, with single
knurled focusing screw head. Focusing is by
diagonal rack and pinion with stops to prevent
pinion from overriding rack.
Mirror
The mirror is 30 mmin diameter, concave
and mounted so as to be adjustable in two
planes. The curvature is such that parallel
light is brought to a focus in the plane of the
object slide so as toproducemaximum illumine-
tion. The mirror mounting is supported onapin
whichfits in a holeinthe base. Two other sim-
6
I
liar holesare provided inthearm of the instru-
ment inwhich the mirror may be fastened for
obliqueillumination of opaque specimens.
Inpreparing the instrument for the examina-
tion of transparent objects, light from a clear
skyor from an electric lampshould befocused
onthestage opening bythemirror. The electric
lamp will be found much more uniform and
brilliant and will givebetter results, especially
if a blue or "daylight" glass filter is used be-
tweenthe light and the mirror.
Insome cases, finedetailsof structure may
bebetter seen by excludingall or part of the
light from the mirror and illuminating it by
light fromabove. Inthis casethe specimen will
,stand out as a bright object on a dark back-
'ground. Itis surprising what a mass of added
detail can often beobservedin this way. This
is known as dark fieldmicroscopy and in the
larger research microscopes very complicated
optical apparatus is providedfor this type of
work.
Stage
Thestage is cast integral with the armof
theinstrument. Ithas ahorseshoe shaped ob-
ject opening 19 mmwideby 30 mm deep. The
stageisprovided with twospring clips for hold-
ingthe slides in position. These clips may be
removedfor the examinationof gross objects.
A feature of the instrument is the separate
joint just below the stage, by which the whole
base of the instrument may be removed. To
accomplishthis, pull thebaseof the instrument
straight away from the stage. Do not twist or
attempt to unscrew asit isheldin alignment by
asmall pin.
1 M
Microscopy with the Little Gem
7
Microscopy with the Little Gem
With the base removedthe stage maybeset
directly on rock specimens,boards, metals, fab-
ricsor other objects toolarge to go onthestage.
Obliqueillumination shouldbeused for suchex-
amination.
Care of the Instrument
The Little GemMicroscopeshould becared
for ascarefully as anexpensive instrument, for
it may be damaged just aseasily. Itshouldbe
keptcovered at all timeswhennot inuse; either
initscompartment of thecase or with aclosely
woven cloth bag which may be easily made.
Dustparticles whichsettlefrom the air arethe
great enemies of anypreciseinstrument asthey
coat the lenses and workingparts with alayer
whichis difficult toremovewithout damageto
delicate surfaces.
Dust may beremovedfrom the lens surfaces
bymeans of acamel's hair brush, followedbya
soft linen, or cotton cloth. Becareful not torub
any dust particles alongthe lens surface. Use
the cloth only for removing finger marks or
stains.
Both objective lensesmay be removed for
cleaning. The eyepiecelensesshould beremoved
oneat a time, cleanedand replaced before re-
moving the other, to besure that they arere-
turned to their proper position.
Do not use oil or other lubricant on the
coarseadjustment, nor, of course, onany of the
slides. They are madeto run dry and oil will
intime make themstick. .
All of the accessories should bekept inplace
inthe case to prevent loss or breakage. The
scalpel may be sharpened on a fine stone when
8
Microscopy with the Little Gen.
it becomes dull. All the other parts only need
tobekept clean.
Theobject slides andcover glasses may be
cleanedby soaking inalcohol and then wiping
dry with a soft cloth. Donot touch their sur-
faceswith the fingers but handle them by the
edgesor with the forceps.
Mounting Specimens for Examination
Besides the prepared slides, several plain
slidesand cover glasseswillbefound inthetop
trayof the kit, whichmaybeused for preparing
original specimens. Thegreatest pleasure and
profitinthe use of themicroscope comes from
theexamination of specimenswhich have been
foundin their natural state. The preparation
of such material involves the expenditure of
sometime and thought but developes a degree
of skill, ingenuity and appreciation of Nature
whichisof the utmost value.
The usual method of making a slide is to
placethe obj ect tobeexaminedon acleanslide,
coverit with a drop of water from the pipette
and place a clean cover glass over it. This
methodmay be usedfor pondlife, body tissues
of all kinds, small plant structures, star ch
grains, yeast cells, etc. Ifthe specimen is of
considerable size oneedgeof the cover should
besupported with abit of paper or tin foil to
avoiddamaging the structure of the object.
Livespecimens which move about should be
placedin the depression of the culture cell and
coveredin the usual way.
Cover glasses arebest handled with thefor-
ceps. In placing the cover on the slide, touch
onesideof the cover totheslidenear theobject
9
Microscopy with the L1ttle Gem
andlower it slowlyintoposition, permitting it
todroponly whentheforceps touch the slide.
Thewater under thecover will evaporate in
a short time, particularly if strong artificial
light is used for illumination. Itshould bere-
newed by placing a drop of water from the
pipette at the edgeof thecover when it will be
drawn under by capillaryattraction. Stains or
other solutions may be introduced under the
cover in the same way; the operation being
hastened by taking thewater out at the opposite
sidewith a bit of blottingpaper.
Ifthe specimen istobepreserved for afew
daysonly. the water maybegradually replaced
byglycerine by allowingit to creep under the
cover as the water evaporates. This replace-
mentshould not behurriedas the specimenwill
beinjured by toorapidchange of solution. The
glycerine will not evaporate, and so if the slide
isnot injured it may bekept for some time.
Dry Mounting
Some objects such as crystals of chemical
salts, red blood corpuscles,or woody plant stem
sectionsshould bemounteddry. A dry cell may
beprepared by applying successive layers of
asphaltum or shellacontheslide inacircle, just
thesize of a cover glass. The cell wall maybe
built upIn this waytoanydesired height. The
topmay be leveled off bywarming a small bit
of glass slighty andpressingthe rimdownuntil
it touches all around.
Thespecimen maynowbeplaced inthecell,
afresh layer of the cement applied to the rim
andthe cover glass pressed gently into place.
Seal the edges of thecover with a layer of the
cement used for the cell wall.
10
JVIicroscopy with the Little Gem
Crystals of chemical salts may be prepared
as follows: Dissolve abit of the salt in 95%
alcoholif possible, or water if necessary. Take
acleancover glass intheforceps and with the
pipetteplace adropof thesolution onthe cover
glass. Ifalcohol is usedallow it to evaporate
until the crystals aredepositedon the glass. If
water was used it maybenecessary to heat it
veryslightlv. Whenthecrystals are t.horoughlv
dryinvert the cover glassover the cell andseal.
Redblood corpuscles may be mounted in the
sameway, making surethat they are thorough-
lydrybefore mounting.
Permanent J)1ouniinq
Most substances arebest mounted for pre-
servation in Canada balsam. The three slides
includedwith the kit aregoodexamples of this
typeof mounting. Flieswings, butterfly scales,
insects legs, heads, antennae, etc. should be
mountedin this way.
The spee i men is prepared by drying
thoroughly in air or agentle heat. After the
specimenis prepared, placeit on the slideand
placeadrop of balsamdirectly upon it. Place
thecover glass over it as for water mounting
andwork out the air bubblesby gently moving
andpressing the cover withthe eraser endof
a leadpencil. Excess balsam should then be
wipedoff with asoft clothmoistened in alcohol
or xylol and the edgesof thecover sealed with
asphaltum. Sealing is not necessary with a
balsammount except toprevent damage tothe
slidebyalcohol or other solvents.
For advanced histological work tissues must
be"fixed" by the useof somechemical reagents
of whichthere are agreat number suitable for
II
Microscopy with the Little Gem
thework. This, however, isa somewhat compli-
cated process and involvesconsiderable equip-
ment. For more detailed information on this
point as well as all branches of microscopy, see
Prof. S. H. Gage's excellent work on "The
Microscope."
After fixing, tissues are usually sectioned;
that is, cut into verythin slices sothat thelight
readily penetrates the fine structures. Plant
stems, the roots of vegetables and other similar
substances are alsoprepared in this way. The
instruments used for sectioning are known as
microtomes and they vary from simple hand
types in which the knifeis wielded by hand, to
large, complicated but veryprecise instruments
which will cut serial sections from embedded
tissue, from 1to 25microns in thickness.
Excellent sectioning canbe done without the
useof a microtome if proper skill and patience
isused. A safety razor blade with a reinforced
backedge forms thehandiest knife to use. Plant
stems, roots and vegetables, which are pretty
firmcan be readily slicedby holding the object
intheleft hand, andguiding the razor with the
thumb nail. In cutting bulky objects likeapo-
tato or carrot donot attempt to cut a thin slice
overthe whole surface. Start with afairly thick
cut and make a wedgeshaped piece, the thin
edgeof which will bethin enough for observa-
tion.
Small tissues whichare not firm enough to
support themselves for sectioning may beheld
between two halves of acork, or between pieces
of elder pith. In sectioning, cut through cork
or pith and object, collecting the specimen on
theblade of the scalpel or razor.
12
Microscopy with the Little Gem
Some specimens are easier handled if they
are imbedded in a paraffinblock or in celloidin
For the former make asmall box of thin paper
andmelt some paraffin into the bottom. While
still soft, place the specimen in the center of
thebox, centering it sothat the side to becut
comesin the desired direction in the block. Then
fill thebox with melted paraffin and allow it to
cool. For large or coarsegrained tissues it may
bewell to thoroughly infiltrate the specimen by
allowing it to stand in melted paraffin, in an
ovenor other sufficientlywarmplace for several
hours before embedding.
After sectioning, the paraffin embedded
specimens must have theparaffin removed be-
foreexamination. This is best done by placing
thesections on slides andimmersing in a xylol
solutionwhich will dissolveout the paraffin leav-
ingthe tissue unharmed.
Staininq
It is possible by staining the specimens to
makevisible certain features of structure which
areotherwise invisible ineither direct or dark
fieldillumination. A number of these stains are
usedby microscopists, someof the more com-
monof which follow:
Eosin is used for staining the cell body and
ground substance.
Iodin makes starch granules easily visible.
Neutral red may beusedfor staining living
animals in water suchasinfusoria and the simp-
ler unicell ular organisms.
Sudan III stains fatty tissue a brilliant red.
Any of the above stains may be introduced
withthe pipette under thecover of a slide. For
other stains, their preparations and application
SeeProf. Gage's "The Microscope."
13
l
Microscopy with the Little Gem
Collecting Material for Examination
Oneof the most fascinating and instructive
past-times for the possessor of a microscope is
thecollection and preparation of specimens for
examination. The followingparagraphs are in-
tendedonly to suggest sources from whichsuit-
ablematerial may beobtained.
Probably the easiest attainable and most in-
teresting of all aretheinsects of all kinds which
wesee all about us. Their wings, legs, heads,
eyes. etc., may be easily separated by holding
thepart with the forceps and cutting it away,
withthe scalpel or scissors. These parts maybe
mounted on a slide, adrop of water added and
covered and they are ready for examination.
Suchspecimens shouldnot be permitted to dry
onthe slide.
The vegetable kingdomalso offers a multi-
tude of beautiful specimens. The very lowest
plant forms are the algae, probably the most
fascinating of which are the Vaucheria and
Spirogyra, green slime or "frog spit", found on
thesurface of still water onwarm spring days.
!Thealgae are green, due to the presence of
chromospores, or chlorophyl bodies which may
bereadily seen in spirogyra,
Algae should be kept and mounted in the
water in which it is found. Very interesting
experiments may bemadeby keeping apart of
the same collection in semi-darkness, and
another part in bright light and observing the
effect on the chromospores after a few days.
Theeffect of temperature onthe size and activ-
itiesof the cells may alsobe observed.
After the algae, thefungi are the next high-
estform, the commontypes of which are, Mucor
14
Microscopy with the Little Gem
Collecting Material for Examination
One of the most fascinating and instructive
past-times for the possessor of a microscope is
thecollection and preparation of specimens for
examination. The following paragraphs are in-
tended only to suggest sources from which suit-
ablematerial may beobtained.
Probably the easiest attainable and most in-
teresting of all are theinsects of all kinds which
wesee all about us. Their wings, legs, heads,
eyes. etc., may be easily separated by holding
the part with the forceps and cutting it away,
withthe scalpel or scissors. These parts maybe
mounted on a slide, adrop of water added and
covered and they are ready for examination.
Suchspecimens shouldnot be permitted to dry
onthe slide.
The vegetable kingdomalso offers a multi-
tude of beautiful specimens. The very lowest
plant forms are the algae, probably the most
fascinating of which are the Vaucheria and
Spirogyra, green slime or "frog spit", found on
thesurface of still water onwarm spring days.
!Thealg-ae are green, due to the presence of
chromospores, or chlorophyl bodies which may
bereadily seen in spirogyra,
Algae should be kept and mounted in the
water in which it is found. Very interesting
experiments may bemadeby keeping apart of
the same collection in semi-darkness, and
another part in bright light and observing the
effect on the chromospores after a few days.
Theeffect of temperature onthe size and activ-
ities of the cells may alsobe observed.
After the algae, thefungi are the next high-
estform, the commontypes of which are, Mucor
14
,
l
M icroscopy with the Little Gem
or common mold, mushrooms and puffballs. The
yeast plant is a very simpleform of fungus.
Next in order cometheMuscinae or mosses
and liverworts; then the Vascular Cryptoga-
mousor ferns, horsetail rushes and club mosses
after which come the highest forms, the Phan-
srograms or flowering plants.
The increasing complexity of structure in
these forms may be easily studied with the
LittleGem Microscope. Itis recommended that
agoodBotany text book be used for purposes
of reference and identification.
Yeast plants may beseen in process of re-
production or growth, byplacing a bit of yeast
ina drop of tepid water and keeping it warm
for afew hours. A dull yellowspot will appear
inthe solution which should be taken upwith
the pipette, mounted and covered. The small
roundcells will appear tobeingroups or strings
andtheir method of growth can be easily seen
if watched for a short time. Replace the water
fromtime to time so that the plants will not
dry onthe slide.
Many of the very simpleunicellular organ-
isms must be raised in aculture dish. Placea
bit of hay or decayed green vegetable matter
inawatch glass or tumbler, cover it with rain
orpondwater and stand it ina warm, light spot
for several days. Ifthen adrop of the water is
examined, several forms of minute animal like
organisms will be seen moving rapidly about.
Thelargest of these istheParamoecium or slip-
per animal which may bejust seen ~ith the
nakedeye as a tiny white speck. Several other
smaller forms will alsobefound, which may be
distinguished and identified by reference to a
goodbiological text book.
1 5
\
L
l' I

lerose PV
with the
L TILE EM
,
Microscopy
with the
LITTLE GEM
Mod in 0.. A.
Microscopy unlh. the Little Gem
There are agr at many oth I' ources of ma-
terial. Epithelial cells may be taken from the
palm of th hand or aling r. Flat 'ells from the
mucou mernbran may b carefully scrap d
from the lining of th ch k, with the seal I.
Starch grain may be scrap d from apotato.
taining with iodin will make them stand out
from th other cell .
Ifa Iaf is lightly cut with th scalp Iin a
V shape and th apex tak n with th forceps,
small bit fthe upper J' und I' 'ide may b
pull d away and mounts Iin wat I'f I'C mpar-
ison. hlorophyll bodies, leaf hairs and oth r
int r sting featur s will b s n on such sp ci-
m n .
If th ba eof th instrum nt i I' In v d th
mi '1'0 C P may b 'et elir ctly n larg bj cts
with th tage as a ba ,a shown in Fig. 2.
This p rmit th examinati n f larg mat rial
which oth rwis w ull n d t cut I'brok n.
Much us ful inlorrnati n an b obtain I
fr m th xaminati n f fabric' in this way,
n t nly as t the wave ut al as to th ma-
t rial u ed, tor ne s n lams t r c gniz
th vari U' fib 1" J y th ir llular itructur and
aJ P aran
Th tructure and surf'ac qualiti s fpap r,
wo d and m tal ff r an xce lingly int re t-
ing fi ld with application in th hom, hop r
om whi h ar innum rabl .
Th g 01 gical stud nt will fin I a w altli f
mat rial in r ck 'mf c ,th Littl min its
m clium pow l' bing particularly uit d f r
th xamination of the structur in foramini.
fl'U limest n , an I ol1cretions, glacial
striation in itu or 'l'y talline f rms and res
of all kind.