CHAPTER_1: STATISTICS

Notes:
i. Description of Data
1. Discrete data are usually obtained by counting
2. A continuous variable can assume any numerical value over a certain interval.
3. The frequency distribution is a table contains a list of data values and their
frequencies.
4. Class size is the difference between upper class boundary and the lower class
boundary of each class.
5. Class mark is the midoint of the class and is the average of lower class limit and
the uer class limit or the average of uer class boundary and the lower class
boundary.
!. A histogram is a grahical reresentation of a frequency.
". A frequency polygon is obtained by #oining the midoints at the to of each bar
of the histogram .
$. The grah of the cumulative frequency against the uer class boundary is called
cumulative frequency curve or ogive.
%. Stem plot is a technique of illustrating the quantitative data. &ach value is divided
into two arts ' the stem and the leaf.
ii. Measure of Location:
1. Mean of ungroued data is
n
x
x

Mean of frequency distribution is

f
fx
x
2. Median is the middle value when the data set is arranged in order of magnitude.
(edian for groued data is
(edian ' m ) *+
c
f
F
n
m

,
_

2
'
,here * ) lower boundary of the median class
-) cumulative frequency before the median class
m
f
) frequency of the median class and
c ) the class si.e of the median class.
3. The mode of a set of data is the value that occurs most frequently. -or groued
data' mode can be obtained from the histogram or the formula.
(ode ) * +
c

,
_

2 1
1
,here * ) lower boundary of the modal class
1
) difference between the frequency of the modal class and the class
receding it
2
) difference between the modal class and the modal class immediately
after it
c ) si.e of the modal class.
(ode can also be estimated from histogram and the cumulative frequency
curve.
4. -or frequency distribution /groued data 0 ' quartiles are given by 1
k
k
k
k k
c
f
F
kN
L Q
1
1
1
1
]
1

+
4
for 2 ) 1'2'3.
,here * k ) lower boundary of the class where k
Q
lies'
- k ) cumulative frequency until oint * k
k
f
) frequency of the class where k
Q
lies
k
c
) si.e of the class where k
Q
lies
3give can be used to determined the quartiles.
5. 4o5 lot consists of ' 3 ' 2 1
' Q Q Q
lowest value and the highest value of the data
set.
!ample"#
The relative frequency distribution of a (athematics test scores for 46 students is given
in the following table1
*owest value
1
Q
2
Q
3
Q
7ighest value

8core 4 5 ! " $ % 16
9elative
frequency
6.65 6.16 6.12 6.1$ 6.2 6.3 6.65
:alculate1
/a0. the mean score'
/b0. the ercentage of students whose scores e5ceed the mean score.
$nswer:
/a0.(ean )

f
fx
)
1
0 65 . 6 / 16 0 3 . 6 / % 0 2 . 6 / $ 0 1$ . 6 / " 0 12 . 6 / ! 0 16 . 6 / 5 0 65 . 6 / 4 + + + + + +
) ".4$
/b0.;ercentage of students whose scores e5ceed the mean
) 6.2 + 6.3 + 6.65 ) 6.55
;ercentage ) 55 <
!ample"%
A samle of 166 fuses ' nominally rated at 13 ameres' are tested by assing increasing
electric current through them. The current at which they blow are recorded and the
following cumulative frequency table is obtained.
:urrent
/ameres0
:umulative
frequency
=16 6
=11 $
=12 36
=13 !3
=14 $$
=15 %"
=1! %%
=1" 166
:alculate the estimates of the mean ' median and mode. :omment on the distribution.
$nswer:
Current Frequency cf
16 > x < 11 16.5 $ $
11 > x < 12 11.5 22 36
12 > x < 13 12.5 33 !3
13 > x < 14 13.5 25 $$
14 > x < 15 14.5 % %"
15 > x < 1! 15.5 2 %%
1! > x < 1" 1!.5 1 166
mean )
12!5
166
) 12.!5
median ) 12 +
56 36
1
33
_

,
either /for lower boundary120
/strict on the 2nd term
with his interval0
) 12.!' 12.!1' 12.!6!
mode ) 12 +
11
1
11 $
_

+
,
/strict on the 2nd term
with his interval0
) 12.!' 12.5$' 12.5"%
:omment1
mean

median

mode
The distribution is symmetrical
/ or almost symmetrical or slightly s2ewed or not s2ewed 0
iii. Measure of Dispersion :
1. &ange is the difference between the largest value and the smallest value of the
data set.
2. -or groued data'
9ange ) midoint of highest class ? midoint of the lowest class.
3. 'nterquartile range ) 1 3
Q Q
4. Semi(interquartile range )
0 /
2
1
1 3
Q Q
5. )ariance of ungroued data 1
s
2
2 2
2
0 /
x
n
x
n
x x

and standard deviation
2
2
2
2
0 /
x
n
x
n
x x
s

'
n
x
x

!. -or frequency distribution '

)ariance '
2
2 2
2
0 /
x
f
fx
f
x x f

standard deviation'
2
2
2
2 2
0 /
x
f
fx
f
fx
f
fx
f
x x f

,
_

!ample"*
The following is the systolic blood ressure ' in mm 7g ' of 16 atients in a hosital.
1!5 135 151 155 15$ 14! 14% 124 1!2 1"3
/a0. -ind the mean and the standard deviation of the systolic blood ressure of the 16
atients.
/b0. -ind the number of atients whose systolic blood ressures e5ceed on standard
deviation above or below the mean.
$nswer:
/a0. The mean'
16
1"3 1!2 124 14% 14! 15$ 155 151 135 1!5 + + + + + + + + +
x
) 151.$6
8tandard deviation' s )
2
$6 . 151
16
23236!
) 13.!%'
23236!
2

x
3ne standard deviation from the mean 1
) / 151.$6@13.!%' 151.$6+13.!%0
)/13$.11' 1!5.4%0
/b0. Aumber of atients with systolic blood ressure outside this range is 3
Level_1: EASY
1. The following is the systolic blood pressure, in mm Hg, of 10 patients in a
hospital.
165 135 151 158 16 1! 16! 1"3 155 1#
$f a patient is selected randomly, find the probability his%her systolic blood
pressure e&ceeds one standard de'iation abo'e or below the mean.
!. The number of ships which anchor at a port e'ery wee( for !6 particular wee(s
are as follows)
3! !8 3 !1 35 1# !5 5 35
3! 18 !6 30 !6 !" 38 ! 18
3" 50 6 !3 0 !0 !# 6
a* +isplay the data in a stem plot.

b* ,ind the median and inter-uartile range.

c* +raw a bo&plot to represent the data.

d* .tate the shape of the fre-uency distribution. /i'e a reason for your answer.

3. The table shows the scores obtained by a group of students in a mathematics
-ui0.
Score 0 1 ! 3 5
Number of
Students
8 1 1 0 x 3
$f the median is !,
a* find the 'alue of x
b* find the mode and the mean score
. The number of tourists, according to age 1 5 years*, that arri'e in 2uah 3etty
for a certain period of time is indicated in the following table.
Age in years Aumber of tourists
16 @ 4
15 @ 16
26 @ 2"
25 @ 16
36 @ 22
35 @ 2$
46 @ 1%
a0 4ithout drawing the histogram, estimate the mode.
b* ,ind the median and semi5-uartile range for the age of tourists that arri'e at
the 6etty. /i'e your answer to the nearest months.
5. The following stem plot represent the number of 'isitors enter the Langkawi Geo
Park during one period of time.
Stem Leaf
+
+
#
#
%
%
# * * * , ,
- - . . . . . / 0 1 1
+ + + # # # % % * * * , , , ,
- - . . / 0 1
+ + # % * ,
- . .
2ey ) 175 means 15 'isitors
8ased on the stem plot, find
1a* the modal number of 'isitors in that period,
1b* the mean number of 'isitors and the standard de'iation,
1c* the inter-uartile range.

!. ,or a set of !0 numbers, x ) 366 and x
2
) 5566. ,or a second set of 30
numbers, x ) 4$6 and x
2
) %!66 . ,ind the mean and standard de'iation of
the combined set of 50 numbers .
". The following data shows the number of tele'ision sold by a firm in a period of
!5 wee(s
15 21 5 ! " 2% % 16 14 12 16 " 5 4 5
11 1" 16 $ " 4 4 1" % 14
1i* 9alculate the mean of tele'ision sets sold.

/ii0 ,ind the percentage of wee(s that the number of tele'ision sets sold
e&ceeds the mean.
SCHEE
1. :ean, x ;
N
x

;
16
151$
; 151.$6
.tandard de'iation )
x
N
x
/
2

0
2
)
2
0 $6 . 151 /
16
23236!

)13.!%
<ne standard de'iation from the mean'
) /151.$6@13.!% ' 151.$6 + 13.!%0
) /13$.11' 1!5.4%0
so the probability of patients with systolic pressure outside this range ;
16
3

!.
Median )
31
2
32 36

+
25 "
4
2!
1

th
th
Q 46 26
4
2! 3
3

th
th
Q
Interquartile range ) 46 ? 25 ) 15
c0 8o&plot

25 31 46
d0 The data is s(ewed to the right because 1 2 2 3
Q Q Q Q >
.

3. a0 x ) !

b0 mode ) 6
mean )
1%
42
4. a0 :ode )
0 5 /
% !
!
35
,
_

+
+
) 3".6 years
b0 :edian )
c
f
F
N
L
m
1
1
1
1
]
1

+
2
' !6
2
126
2

N
)
0 5 /
22
51
2
126
36
1
1
1
1
]
1

+

) /32+ 6.645450 years
) 32 years 1 month.

%!3 . 22 0 5 /
2"
14
4
126
26
1

1
1
1
1
]
1

+ Q

63! . 3$ 0 5 /
2$
"3
4
3 126
35
3

1
1
1
1
]
1

+ Q

.emi5-uartile range ) 6"2" . 15
2
%!3 . 22 63! . 3$

years
) 15 years 1 month.
5. a0 The modal number of 'isitors ) !
b0 :ean ) 4 . 12
4$
5%"
A
5

.tandard de'iation )
2
2
0 /x
N
x

)
2
0 44 . 12 /
4$
%553

) !.!5
c0 =pper -uartile )
n observatio
th
0 4$ /
4
3
) 3!
th
observation
) 1!
>ower -uartile )
n observatio
th
0 4$ /
4
1
or

) /120 n observatio
th
) !
$nter-uartile range ) 1! @ !
) 16
!. :ean )
56
4$6 366 +

) 15.!
?ariance ;
2
0 ! . 15 /
56
5566 %!66

+

.tandard de'iation )
2
0 ! . 15 /
56
5566 %!66

+

) ".!!

". /i0
2!6 x

4 . 16
25
2!6
x

/ii0 @ercentage ) < 3! 166
25
%