THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION
____________________ - another name for skin
____________________ - sheetlike organs
1 square inch of skin contains 500 sweat glands, 1,000 nerve endings, 100 oil
glands, 150 sensors for pressure, 75 heat sensors, 10 cold sensors, and millions of
cells.
I. The Skin

A. Structure - 2 layers Click for diagram. Click for answers to diagram.

1. ____________________

a. outermost and thinnest

b. composed of layers of ____________________ epithelium

c. innermost layer of cells reproduces and moves upward

d. As cells approach surface they are filled with ____________________, a waterproof protein.

e. ____________________ - outermost layer

f. Pigment layer - contains ____________________ which contain melanin

g. ____________________- layer of cells that continually undergoes mitosis

h. ____________________ - caused by breakdown between cells or layers of skin.

i. Dermal-epidermal junction - where the two layers meet

2. ____________________

a. Deeper and thicker layer

b. Upper layer contains parallel dermal papillae

c. Ridges & grooves form ____________________

d. Deep areas filled with collagen and elastic fibers

e. Number of ____________________ fibers decreases with age causing wrinkles

f. Contains nerve endings, muscle fibers, hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and

blood vessels.

3. ____________________ - a thick layer of connective tissue and fat that insulates the body,

protects and pads underlying tissue.

B. Appendages of the Skin

1. ____________________

a. ____________________ - soft hair of fetus and newborn.

b. Hair growth requires hair follicles

c. Hair ____________________ begins growth

d. Hair ____________________ - hidden in follicle

e. Hair ____________________ - visible part of hair

f. Arrector pili - smooth muscles that produce "____________________"

2. Receptors

a. Specialized nerve endings make skin a sense organ

b. ____________________ corpuscles - light touch

c. ____________________ corpuscles - deep pressure

3. Nails

a. Produced by epidermal cells

b. ____________________ - visible part

c. ____________________ - lies hidden by cuticle

d. ____________________ - crescent-shaped area near the root

e. Nail beds may change color because of ____________________. (cyanosis)

4. Skin Glands

a. ____________________ Sweat Glands

(1) Most numerous

(2) Produces perspiration on body surface

b. ____________________ Sweat Glands

(1) Primarily in axilla and around genitalia

(2) Secretion thicker, milkier, than eccrine perspiration

(3) Breakdown of this secretion by bacteria produces ____________________

c. Sweat glands also called ____________________ glands

d. ____________________ Glands

(1) Secrete ____________________ (sebum)

(2) Secretion increases during ____________________ because of sex hormones.

(3) Sebum darkens in pores causing ____________________.

(4) ____________________ - inflamation of a sebaceous gland and surrounding area

(5) ____________________ - secondary infection beneath the epidermis

C. Functions of Skin

1. Protection from

a. ____________________

b. ____________________

c. ____________________

d. ____________________

2. Temperature regulation

a. Skin releases almost ____________________ calories of heat / day.

b. Mechanisms of heat regulation

(1) ____________________

(2) Regulation of flow of blood

3. Sense organ activity

D. Burns

1. Treatment depends on total area and severity of burn

a. Rule of nines Click for picture

b. 11 areas of 9%

(head, left arm, right arm, anterior thoracic,

anterior abdominal, anterior left leg, anterior
right leg, posterior left leg, posterior right
leg, upper back, lower back)
c. 1% around genitals

2. Classification of burns

a. ____________________ Degree - only surface tissue (like a sunburn)

b. Second degree - involves the deep ____________________ tissue and upper dermis

c. Third degree - complete destruction of epidermis and ____________________

(1) May involve muscle and bone

(2) No ____________________ at first because nerve endings are destroyed

II. Types of body Membranes

A. Classification of membranes

1. Epithelial membranes - composed of epithelium and connective tissue

2. Connective tissue membranes - composed entirely of connective tissue

B. Epithelial Membranes

1. ____________________ - the skin

2. ____________________ - simple squamous on connective tissue foundation

a. Types

(1) ____________________- line body cavities

(2) ____________________ - cover organs

b. Examples

(1) ____________________ pleura - line walls of the chest cavity

(2) Visceral pleura - cover ____________________

(3) Parietal ____________________ - lines walls of abdominal cavity

(4) Visceral peritoneum - covers ____________________

c. Diseases

(1) ____________________ - inflammation of the membranes that line the chest cavity and
cover lungs

(2) ____________________ - inflammation of the serous membranes in the abdominal

cavity

3. ____________________ membranes

a. Line body surfaces that open to the exterior

b. Produce mucus

C. Connective Tissue Membranes

1. Do not contain epithelial components

2. Produce ____________________ fluid, a lubricant