Test Review: Integumentary system

composed of the skin, sweat and oil glands, hair and nails
accounts for 7% of the bodys weight
major role in protection from pathogens and dehydration
varies in thickness from 1.5 to 4 mm
composed of 3 distinct layers
epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, or supercial fascia
KNOW ORDER OF LAYERS OF EPIDERMIS, LAYERS OF DERMIS AND WHAT
FALLS IN DERMAL LAYERS

Epidermis
outermost layer
composed mostly of keratinized stratied squamos epithelium
contains 4 distinct cell types and 4 to 5 distinct layers

Cell types of epidermis
Keratinocytes- produce keratin (a brous protein that gives the epidermis its protective
properties) These cells are tightly connected by desmosomes. Arise from stratum
basale. Undergo mitosis are pushed upward and continuously become keratinized.
Friction may lead to a thickening of the cells (callus)

Cell Types of Epidermis
Melanocytes-synthesize melanin
located at deepest layer of epidermis
the melanin is transferred to the keratocytes
protects against UV damage

Langerhans cells- arise from the bone marrow
Act as macrophages that activate the immune system
Merkel cells- present at the junction of the epidermis and dermis. Associated with
sensory receptors

Layers of Epidermis
Thick skin (on palms, ngertips, soles) has 5 strata.
Thin skin has only 4. The stratum lucidum is absent and the other layers are visibly
thinner
stratum Basale-deepest layer
Luciderm (5th layter)
Stratum Spinosum- several layers thick.
Stratum Granulosum - 305 cell layers thick.
Stratum Lucidum
PUT IN ORDER
stratum coredum- top layer of skin


Dermis
made of connective tissue
the hide of body
richly innervated and vascularized
contains hair follicles, sweat glands, oil glands, lymphatic vessels, and many sensory
receptors
Consists of 2 layers (papillary and reticular)
Papillary- areolar connective tisssue, vascularized. Contains the dermal papillae,
capillary loops and Messiener corpuscles
Fingerprints- papillary layer, In some areas papillary lie on top of the dermal ridges.
Cause the epidermal ridges that are ngerprints
Reticular- dense irregular connective tissue
skin color- determined by melanin, carotene(yellow/orange), and hemoglobin (red).
freckles and moles (large amount of melanin in specic area)
role of melanin
role and source of carotenes and hemoglobins
comes from genes
photosensitivity(we are sensitive to light)
Cyanosis (blue) (lack of oxygen)
leukocytes(red)
erythema (red)
jaunice (yellow)
pallor (paleness)
bronzing (brown)
bruises and hematomas (broken blood vessels)

Skin Appendages
sweat glands- more than 2.5 mil per person
Eccrine s.g.- coil in the dermis, a duct leads to a pore at the skins supercial surface.
sweat contents
How does sweat work? it cools down body
Apocrine sweat glands- in the axillary and anogenitial areas. Empty into hair follicles.
Contains fatty substances and proteins May cause body odor. Begin to function at
puberty. May contain pheromones.
Ceruminous glands- secrete earwax
Mammary glands- secrete milk
sebaceous glands- oil glands, Found everywhere but palms and soles
secrete sebum. Usually secreted into hair follicles
bactericidal and other functions
white heads
blackheads
acne-staphylococcus
hair- covers the entire body excpet palms, soles ,lips, nipples, and part sof the
genitalia
functions of hair
mostly dead keratinized cells



Hair
vellus hairs

Functions of the Integument
Chemical barriers- acid mantle, human efensin
biological barriers- Langherhans cells and macrophages
physical barrier
some substances can cross skin
lipid soluble substances
oleoresins- posiion ivy
Tempe regulation
sweat glands
vasoldilation and vasoconstriction
Cutnaeous sensation
Meissners corpuscles
Pacinian corpuscles
Root hair plexusses
pain and heat/cold receptors
Metabolic functions
vitamin D synthesis
Blood Reservoir
shunts more blood into the circulation when needed
excretion

Skin disorders
causes
basal cell carcinoma- 30% of caucasians get this type of skin cancer, doesnt
metastasize
squamos cell carcinoma- arises from the keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum. May
metastasize
melanoma- arises in the melanocytes. Rapidly metastasized
ABCD rule- Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color, diameter (signs of skin cancer)

Burns
Denaturation of cell proteins
dehydration, protein loss, infections
rst degree- only the epidermis
2nd degree- epidermis and upper dermis. May include blisters
3rd degree- full thickness. Not painful. Skin grafting is necessary
grafting techniques
autograft
dangers of facial burns and burns near joints


Aging Effect
Lanugo Coat
Vernix Caseosa
Thinning of skin
slowing of epidermal cell replacement