Folio Chemistry Form 4

Title : Ammonia and its Salt

Name : Muhd. Muhaimin bin Hashim
Class :4 Alfa
Guider :Pn. Siti Suhaila binti






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Ammonia and its Salt
(NH3)
Ammonia or azane is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH
3
. It is a
colourless gas with a characteristic pungent smell. Ammonia contributes significantly to
the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to food andfertilizers.
Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building-block for the synthesis of
many pharmaceuticals and is used in many commercial cleaning products. Although in wide
use, ammonia is both caustic and hazardous. The global production of ammonia for 2012 is
anticipated to be 198 million tonnes, a 35% increase over the estimated 2006 global output of
146.5 million tonnes.
Ammonia Production
Because of its many uses, ammonia is one of the most highly-produced inorganic chemicals.
There are numerous large-scale ammonia production plants worldwide, producing a total of
131,000,000 metric tons of ammonia in 2010. China produced 32.1% of the worldwide
production, followed by India with 8.9%, Russia with 7.9%, and the United States with 6.3%.
80% or more of the ammonia produced is used for fertilizing agricultural crops. Ammonia is
also used for the production of plastics, fibers, explosives, and intermediates for dyes and
pharmaceuticals.


Uses of Ammonia

http://www.greener-industry.org.uk/pages/ammonia/2AmmoniaMU.htm
Other uses include:
Textiles fibre
processing
to "relax" cotton fibres during manufacture, reducing tendency to shrink in use
Explosives nitric acid, made from ammonia, is used in explosives manufacture
Refrigeration large scale refrigeration for bulk food storage often use ammonia systems
Water purification used to manufacture chloramine (NH
2
Cl), an anti-bacterial compound more
persistent than chlorine
Food production ammonium bicarbonate used as a raising agent for biscuits
Rubber production ammonia and ammonium laurate are used to preserve raw latex
Photography ammonium thiosulphate used in fixers for film processing
Metal plating ammonium carbonate used in chrome plating, ammonium formate and acetate
used in other plating processes
Other uses Pulp/ paper manufacture, household cleaners, pharmaceuticals and chemical
intermediates


Haber process
The Haber process, also called the HaberBosch process, is the industrial implementation of
the reaction of nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas. It is the main industrial route to ammonia:
N
2
+ 3 H
2
2 NH
3
(H = 92.22 kJmol
1
)
Despite the fact that 78.1% of the air we breathe is nitrogen, the gas is nutritionally
unavailable. It was not until the early 20th century that Fritz Haber developed the first
practical process to convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia, which is nutritionally
available. Prior to the discovery of the Haber process, ammonia had been difficult to
produce on an industrial scale.
Fertilizer generated from ammonia produced by the Haber process is estimated to be
responsible for sustaining one-third of the Earth's population. It is estimated that half of
the protein within human beings is made of nitrogen that was originally fixed by this
process; the remainder was produced by nitrogen fixing bacteria and archaea.