FRANCISCO, Ma.

Francesca DL
August ___, 2010
2ASN2
SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS :
CHAPTER 16 : LABOR UTILIZATION IN TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURE
SUMMARY

In order for South Asia to develop there must be a thorough

understanding of how labor is used and what is accomplished by
its work
LABOR UTILIZATION, UNEMPLOYMENT AND UNDEREMPLOYMENT
o Fail to illuminate the fundamental issues that confront
economic advance in the region
LABOR IN AGRICULTURE
o This segment of the economy is the segment that provides
an income
PRESENT DAY AGRICULTURE IN SOUTH ASIA
o Reflections of the ancient system of South Asia
o In the areas of shifting cultivation :
Economic system is self-contained
Peasants are geared towards producing only the
subsistent requirements of their family
o In the zones of fixed cultivation
Much more stratified organization emerged in the
past
A surplus beyond the familys immediate needs was
produced
Much of the produce was transferred as tribute to a
local chief
SYSTEMS BASED ON SEDENTARY CULTIVATION
o Important to appreciate that the village community in
which the basic rights to land were vested was not a
group definable geographically as a collection of people
living in a certain locality
o Presence of INSIDERS AND OUTSIDERS
THREE MAJOR FORCES FOR CHANGE THAT HAVE MOLDED THE
TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURAL PATTERNS INTO THEIR PRESENT
DAY FORM :
o INTERVENTION OF EUROPEAN COLONIAL RULE
Colonial rule acted as a catalyst for change
The significant social consequences of the land
tenure arrangements :

the breakdown of much of the earlier cohesion

of village life
Village life :
o Often elaborate
o Normal
o Presence of rights and obligations
Equally serious economic consequence of European
interference with traditional land tenure
arrangements :
the emergence in many parts of Asia a group of
large private landowners whose activities were
no longer circumscribed by custom
Creating individual tiles to land
European intervention produced an
environment in which another agent for change
in the rural structure :
o THE MONEYLENDERS
Once the land tenure system had been
adapted to Western concepts of private
property
Land became a negotiable asset
Land can now be used as a security for loans
o THE PROGRESSIVE INTRODUCTION OF MONEY
TRANSACTION
MONEY ECONOMY
Limited the effect in stimulating higher
production or in promoting new lines of output
among the masses of South Asian
agriculturalists
SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY
o The moneylenders activities were
restricted to supplying the peasant with
money to live on when he was in trouble.
Erosion of the status of the peasant proprietor has by
no means taken place uniformly
o GROWTH IN POPULATION
This growth could have meant a corresponding
expansion of the cultivated area as new farmers
appeared
The inhibitions of tenure and attitudes often held it
back
TRADITIONS combined with the pressures of the
moneylenders
Kept bringing smaller and smaller farms

RISING POPULATIONS and THE CONSTANT

REDUCTION OF PLOT SIZE
Led to the steady impoverishment of many
peasants
PEASANTS :
o Their economic circumstances became
more vulnerable to complete loss of their
lands
Because of the growth of population the
peasants became landless
LANDLESSNESS
o Expressed in various ways :
Growth in number of sharecroppers
Growth in number of completely
dispossessed who must resort to
wage earning
Imposition of European concepts of property
Paved way to the rise of commercial elements
in farming
Paved way to the activity of moneylenders
Reshaped the village structure
Led to the disintegration of rural society
Adjustments were made that produced a type of
social organization only partially different from the
inherited one
Two widely held misconceptions about the South Asian villages
that should be disposed of :
o VIEW OF THE TYPICAL VILLAGE :
composed of a mass of poor tenants
United in opposition to absentee landlords and their
local agents
o VIEW OF THE VILLAGE :
Typical collection of self-sufficient cultivating families,
living harmoniously together
Number of groups with quite divergent interest are to be found in
nearly all South Asian villages, namely :
o LANDOWNERS
BIG LANDLORDS
Remnants of the feudal-type structure :
o Inherited
o Created by colonial policy
NON CULTIVATING OWNERS OF SMALLER PLOTS - To
whom the rents from a lot are not a primary source
of income

ABSENTEES
o Living outside the uncomfortable and
unpleasant villages
OWNER CULTIVATORS - Landowners who actually live
in the villages
PEASANT LANDLORD
o Has enough land to rent out part of it
ORDINARY PEASANT OWNER
o Has only enough to keep himself and his
family busy
o He may employ a farm servant and some
casual labor in the peak season
EFFECTS OF THE DIVISION OF THE VILLAGE POPULATION :
o Delineates a social hierarchy
o Pre capitalist
o To own land is the highest mark of social esteem
o To perform manual labor lowest
MOVEMENT OF SOCIAL HIERARCHY :
o Up and down
South Asian village has developed into a complex molecule
among whose parts extreme tensions have been built up
EVOLUTION OF THE INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE of the South
Asian village :
o From the ancient feudal systems to the interlocked groups
QUASI CAPITALISTIC STRUCTURE OF SOUTH ASIAN AGRICULTURE
o The insecurity of his tenure robs him of much incentive to
executive output-raising improvements
The problem of raising output per person in agriculture cannot be
approached simply by designing measures to raise one of the
components of labor utilization independently
ANALYSIS

Because of the Western influence on South Asias agriculture money

lending and the money economy became a normal practice among
Asians. I never thought that money lending is that big of a deal, that
most farmers tend to borrow money to be able to sustain not just
their family but their business as well. Another is the money
economy, wherein the farmers land is convertible to cash, which
results to the later on loss of the land used as collateral.

FRANCISCO, Ma. Francesca DL

2ASN2
TUESDAYS WITH MORRIE MTCH ALBOM
Tuesdays Morrie is a book adapted to a movie where it introduces an old man, a
young man and lifes greatest lesson.

Morrie feels that it is important to accept ones death for in the concept of reality
everyone dies whether we like it or not, it is mans cycle, our cycle. Morrie stated that
death should be accepted at a young age so that anytime you are ready when death
comes. In the movie Morrie and Mitch talked about important things such as acceptance,
communication, love, values, openness, and happiness. In the movie Morrie repeatedly
said this line love each other or die, these words mean that if you give in to a
committed relationship you better love the other person and accept that other half without

any doubt. For what can be the reason why you are still in the relationship if you are not
feeling any love anymore.

From the movie I learned that in life everyone has an end. That death is a reality,
that death is part of our life cycle, that everything and everyone has an end. In love and
relationship you should equally love and commit to your other half.

The movie made me realize things that morality is a sense of behavioral conduct
with good intentions. The movie broadened my view of morality that everyone has the
morality to perfect and to use, that morality has to be used by all.
A6
FRANCISCO, Ma. Francesca DL
RM 107
DATE ACTIVITY
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2ASN2

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FINALS MATH 102B

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