||||

APPENDIX I ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES

ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES

33. s2`, `d

CHAPTER 1

35. s2`, `d

EXERCISES 1.1

PAGE 20

22 (b) 2.8 (c) 23, 1

f23, 3g, f22, 3g (f ) f21, 3g
3. f285, 115g
5. No
7. Yes, f23, 2g, f23, 22d < f21, 3g
1.

(e)

(a)

A65

(d)

22.5, 0.3
0

_9

9. Diet, exercise, or illness

11. T

37. f5, `d

39. s2` , 0d < s0, `d

y

4
2

13.

41. s2`, `d

43. s2`, `d

(0,2)

midnight

15.

noon

(0,1)

_2 0 1

amount

21

11

45. f s xd 2 x 2 2 , 1

17.

price

Height
of grass

59.

Wed.

19.

(a)

Wed.

Wed.

Wed.

47.

f s xd

(a)

Wed. t

(b) In millions:
92; 485

10,000

20,000

I (in dollars)

T (in dollars)

2500
1000
0

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

12, 16, 3a 2 a 1 2, 3a 1 a 1 2, 3a 1 5a 1 4,
6a 2 2 2a 1 4, 12a 2 2 2a 1 2, 3a 4 2 a 2 1 2,
9a 4 2 6a 3 1 13a 2 2 4a 1 4, 3a 2 1 6ah 1 3h 2 2 a 2 h 1 2
23. 23 2 h
25. 21ysaxd
1
1
1
27. {x | x 3 } (2`, 3) < ( 3 , `)
29. f0, `d
31. s2`, 0d < s5, `d
2

61.
63.
65.

10,000 20,000 30,000 I (in dollars)

f is odd, t is even
(a) s25, 3d (b) s25, 23d
Odd
67. Neither
69. Even

EXERCISES 1.2

PAGE 34

(a) Root (b) Algebraic (c) Polynomial (degree 9)

(d) Rational (e) Trigonometric (f) Logarithmic
3. (a) h
(b) f (c) t
1.

(b) $400, $1900

R (%)

(c)

f s xd 1 2 s2x

15
10

600
500
400
300
200
100

21.

H2

x5

2x 1 3 if 0 x 3
x 2 6 if 3 , x 5
51. AsLd 10L 2 L2, 0 , L , 10
53. As xd s3 x 2y4, x . 0
55. Ss xd x 2 1 s8yxd, x .
3
2
57. Vs xd 4 x 2 64 x 1 240x, 0 , x , 6
49.

A66

||||

APPENDIX I ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES

5. (a) y 2 x 1 b,
where b is the y-intercept.

(c) y 20.00009979x 1 13.951 [See graph in (b).]

(d) About 11.5 per 100 population (e) About 6%
23. (a)
20 (ft)

y b=3 b=0

b=_1

(f) No

y=2x+b

x
2000 (year)

1896
10

(b) y mx 1 1 2 2m,
where m is the slope.
See graph at right.
(c) y 2 x 2 3

Linear model is appropriate

(b) y 0.08912x 2 158.24

m=1
m=_1

(c) 20 ft

20 (ft)

(d) No

m=0

(2,1)

x
y-1=m(x-2)

7.

Their graphs have slope 21.

2000 (year)

1896
10

y < 0.0012937x 3 2 7.06142 x 2 1 12,823 x 2 7,743,770;

1914 million
25.

c=_1
c=_2

x c=2
c=1
c=0

9. f s xd 23x s x 1 1ds x 2 2d
11. (a) 8.34, change in mg for every 1 year change

(b) 8.34 mg
13. (a)

(b) 59 , change in 8 F for every

18C change; 32, Fahrenheit
temperature corresponding
to 0 8C

(100, 212)

F= 95 C+32
32
(_40,_40)

1. (a) y f s xd 1 3
(b) y f s xd 2 3 (c) y f sx 2 3d
(d) y f s x 1 3d (e) y 2f s xd (f) y f s2xd
(g) y 3 f s xd (h) y 13 f s xd
3. (a) 3
(b) 1 (c) 4 (d) 5 (e) 2
5. (a)
(b) y
y
0

(c)

7.
9.

y 2s2x 2 2 5x 2 4 2 1
y

_1

y=(x+1)@

y=1+2cosx
0

61,000

11.

(c)

y=_x#

13.

(b)

61,000
15

(d)

(a) T 61 N 1 3076 (b) 61 , change in 8 F for every chirp per

minute change (c) 76 8 F
17. (a) P 0.434 d 1 15
(b) 196 ft
19. (a) Cosine
(b) Linear
21. (a) 15
Linear model is
appropriate

PAGE 43

15.

(b) y 20.000105 x 1 14.521

EXERCISES 1.3

APPENDIX I ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES

15.
y=sin(x/2)

17.

19.

21.

x=_1
_4

47.

x
_3

2
y= x+1

cos t, f s t d st
hs xd x 2, ts xd 3 x, f s xd 1 2 x
hs xd sx, ts xd sec x, f s xd x 4

49.
51.

(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 0 (d) Does not exist; f s6d 6 is not

in the domain of t. (e) 4 (f) 22
53. (a) r std 60t
(b) sA + rdstd 3600p t 2; the area of the
circle as a function of time
55. (a) s sd 2 1 36
(b) d 30t
(c) s s900t 2 1 36; the distance between the lighthouse and the
ship as a function of the time elapsed since noon
57. (a)
(b)
H
V
1

_8
1
y=_(+8x)
2

Lstd 12 1 2 sin

F 3652
p

(c)

y=| sinx|

25.

st 2

80d

Vstd 240Hst 2 5d

59.
61.
63.
65.

(a) The portion of the graph of y f s xd to the right of the

y-axis is reflected about the y-axis.
(b)
(c)
y

y= sin |x|

y=
|x|

1.

Yes; m1 m 2
(a) f ( xd x 2 1 6 (b) ts xd x 2 1 x 2 1
(a) Even; even (b) Odd; even
Yes

EXERCISES 1.4

5x 2 2 1, s2`, `d
s f 2 tds xd x 3 2 x 2 1 1, s2`, `d
s ftds xd 3x 5 1 6 x 4 2 x 3 2 2 x 2, s2`, `d
s fytds xd s x 3 1 2 x 2 dys3x 2 2 1d, x x 61ys3

Vstd 120Hstd

240

27.

120

0
y

23.

A67

45. tstd

y=
x+3

||||

(c)

PAGE 51
150

3.

29. s f 1 tds xd x 3 1

{|

(a) s f + tds xd 4 x 2 1 4x, s2`, `d

(b) st + f ds xd 2 x 2 2 1, s2`, `d
(c) s f + f ds xd x 4 2 2 x 2, s2`, `d
(d) st + tds xd 4 x 1 3, s2`, `d
33. (a) s f + tds xd 1 2 3 cos x, s2`, `d
(b) st + f ds xd cos s 1 2 3x d, s2`, `d
(c) s f + f ds xd 9 x 2 2, s2`, `d
(d) st + tds xd cos scos xd, s2`, `d
35. (a) s f + tds xd s2 x 2 1 6 x 1 5dyfs x 1 2ds x 1 1dg,
h x | x 22, 21j
(b) st + f ds xd s x 2 1 x 1 1dys x 1 1d2, {x | x 21, 0 j
(c) s f + f ds xd s x 4 1 3 x 2 1 1dyfxs x 2 1 1dg, {x | x 0 j
(d) st + tds xd s2 x 1 3dys3 x 1 5d, {x | x 22, 2 35 }
37. s f + t + hds xd 2 x 2 1
39. s f + t + hds xd sx 6 1 4 x 3 1 1
41. tsxd x 2 1 1, f s x d x 10
3
43. ts xd s
x , f s x d xys 1 1 x d

30

_10

_50

31.

5.

7.
4

3500

_20
24

4
21

_3500

9.

11.
1.5

1.1

_0.01

20

0.01

_1.5

100

A68

||||

APPENDIX I ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES

13.

5 y=20 y=5 y=

3.
11

_2

y=2

25

25

_1
_11

_2

5.

15.

_2

17. No
19. 9.05
25. 20.85 , x , 0.85
27. (a) 3

21.

(b)

0
2

y=4-3

x %x

_3

^x

11.
y=1

1
0, 2

_2

$x
x
%

_1

(d) Graphs of even roots are

similar to sx, graphs of odd
roots are similar to s3 x. As n
increases, the graph of
y sn x becomes steeper near
0 and flatter for x . 1.

_1

1 _1.5

-1 -2 -3

2.5

_2.5

9.
x

_1

_2

x
y=_2

y=_3

_1

29.

23. t

$x

_1

0, 0.88

7.

_1

(c)

The functions with base

greater than 1 are increasing
and those with base less than
1 are decreasing. The latter
are reflections of the former
about the y-axis.

1 y=10 y=3
y= 13 y= 10
5

_1

All approach 0 as x l 2`,

all pass through s0, 1d, and
all are increasing. The larger
the base, the faster the rate of
increase.

x
1
y=1- 2 e

(a) y e x 2 2 (b) y e x22 (c) y 2e x

(d) y e2x (e) y 2e2x
15. (a) s2`, `d
(b) s2`, 0d < s0, `d
17. f s xd 3 ? 2 x
23. At x < 35.8
25. (a) 3200
(b) 100 ? 2 ty3 (c) 10,159
(d) 60,000
t < 26.9 h
13.

_4

If c , 21.5, the graph has three humps: two minimum points and
a maximum point. These humps get flatter as c increases until at
c 21.5 two of the humps disappear and there is only one minimum point. This single hump then moves to the right and
approaches the origin as c increases.
31. The hump gets larger and moves to the right.
33. If c , 0, the loop is to the right of the origin; if c . 0, the
loop is to the left. The closer c is to 0, the larger the loop.
EXERCISES 1.5

PAGE 58

(a) f s xd a , a . 0 (b) R (c) s0, `d

(d) See Figures 4(c), 4(b), and 4(a), respectively.

1.

40

y ab , where a < 3.154832569 3 10212 and

b < 1.017764706; 5498 million; 7417 million

27.

EXERCISES 1.6

PAGE 70

(a) See Definition 1.

(b) It must pass the Horizontal Line Test.
3. No
5. Yes
7. No
9. No
11. Yes
13. No
15. 2
17. 0
9
19. F 5 C 1 32; the Fahrenheit temperature as a function of the
Celsius temperature; f2273.15, `d
10
1
3
21. f 21s xd 2 3 x 2 1 3 , x 0
23. f 21s xd s
ln x
1.

APPENDIX I ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES

y ex 2 3
f 21s xd s4 x 2 1

25.
27.

69.
29.

y=sinx

_2

f !

The second graph is

the reflection of the
first graph about the
line y x.

f !

_2
6

(a) Its defined as the inverse of the exponential function with

base a, that is, log a x y &? a y x.
(b) s0, `d (c) R (d) See Figure 11.
33. (a) 3
(b) 23
35. (a) 3
(b) 22
37. ln 1215
2
(1 1 x ) sx
39. ln
sin x
41.
y=log x All graphs approach
3
2` as x l 01, all pass
y=lnx
y=log x through s1, 0d, and all
0
4
are increasing. The
y=log x
larger the base, the
slower the rate of
increase.
25
31.

1.5

10

50

43.
45.

About 1,084,588 mi
(a)

(b)

y=log 10(x+5)

_5

47.
49.
51.
53.

A69

y=sin!x

y
f

||||

_4

y
y=-lnx

(a) se (b) 2ln 5

(a) 5 1 log 2 3 or 5 1 sln 3dyln 2 (b) 12 (1 1 s1 1 4e )
(a) x , ln 10 (b) x . 1ye
(a) (2`, 21 ln 3 (b) f 21s xd 12 lns3 2 x 2 d, 0, s3 )

71.
73.

(a)
(a)

f232, 0g
t21 s x d

(b)

f2py 2, py 2g

CHAPTER 1 REVIEW

PAGE 73

True-False Quiz
1. False
11. False

3. False
13. False

5.

True

7.

False

9.

True

Exercises
1. (a) 2.7

(b) 2.3, 5.6 (c) f26, 6g (d) f24, 4g

(e) f24, 4g (f) No; it fails the Horizontal Line Test.
(g) Odd; its graph is symmetric about the origin.
1
1
3. 2 a 1 h 2 2
5. ( 2`, 3 ) < ( 3 , `), s2`, 0 d < s 0, `d
7. s26, `d, R
9. (a) Shift the graph 8 units upward.
(b) Shift the graph 8 units to the left.
(c) Stretch the graph vertically by a factor of 2, then shift it
1 unit upward.
(d) Shift the graph 2 units to the right and 2 units downward.
(e) Reflect the graph about the x-axis.
(f) Reflect the graph about the line y x (assuming f is
one-to-one).
11.

13.

y=_sin2x

1
y= 2 (1+)

55.

(b) h21s x d s1yc d f 21s x d

f 21s x d 2 c

The graph passes the

Horizontal Line Test.

15.

1
2

_2

x=_2

y= x+2

_1

f 21(x) 2(s3 4y6)(s3 D 2 27x 2 1 20 2 s3 D 1 27x 2 2 20 1 s3 2 ),

where D 3 s3 s27x 4 2 40 x 2 1 16; two of the expressions are

complex.
57. (a) f 21snd s3yln 2d lnsny100d; the time elapsed when there
are n bacteria (b) After about 26.9 hours
59. (a) py3
(b) p
61. (a) py4
(b) py4
2
63. (a) 10
(b) py3
67. x ys1 1 x

(a) Neither (b) Odd (c) Even (d) Neither

(a) s f + tds xd lns x 2 2 9d, s2`, 23d < s3, `d
(b) st + f ds xd sln xd2 2 9, s0, `d
(c) s f + f ds xd ln ln x, s1, `d
(d) st + tds xd s x 2 2 9d2 2 9, s2`, `d
21. y 0.2493 x 2 423.4818; about 77.6 years
17.
19.

1
y= 2

A70

23.
27.

||||

1
(a)

APPENDIX I ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES

(a) 9

25.

(b) 2

(c) 1ys3

1000

(d) 35
< 4.4 years

10

1000 2 P
; the time required for the population
(b) t 2ln
9P
to reach a given number P.
(c) ln 81 < 4.4 years
PRINCIPLES OF PROBLEM SOLVING

1.

(b) lim x l 41 f s xd 2` means that the values of f s xd can be made

arbitrarily large negative by taking x sufficiently close to 4 through
values larger than 4.
5. (a) 2
(b) 3 (c) Does not exist (d) 4
(e) Does not exist
7. (a) 21
(b) 22 (c) Does not exist
(d) 2
(e) 0
(f) Does not exist
(g) 1
(h) 3
9. (a) 2`
(b) ` (c) ` (d) 2` (e) `
(f) x 27, x 23, x 0, x 6
11. (a) 1
(b) 0 (c) Does not exist
y

13.

15.

0 1

PAGE 81

a 4 sh 2 2 16yh, where a is the length of the altitude and

h is the length of the hypotenuse

7

3. 2 3 , 9
5.

7.

17. 3
19. 2
21. 4
23. 5
25. 2`
27. `
29. 2`
31. 2`
33. 2`; `
35. (a) 2.71828 (b)
6

_4

9.

_2

(a) 0.998000, 0.638259, 0.358484, 0.158680, 0.038851,

0.008928, 0.001465; 0
(b) 0.000572, 20.000614, 20.000907, 20.000978, 20.000993,
20.001000; 20.001
39. No matter how many times we zoom in toward the origin, the
graph appears to consist of almost-vertical lines. This indicates
more and more frequent oscillations as x l 0 .
41. x < 60.90 , 62.24 ; x 6sin21spy4d , 6sp 2 sin21spy4dd
37.

11.
15.

1 x

5
13. x [ [21, 1 2 s3 ) < (1 1 s3, 3]
n 1
40 miyh
19. fns xd x 2
1

CHAPTER 2

EXERCISES 2.3

EXERCISES 2.1

1.

1.

(b)

PAGE 87

(a)

244.4 , 238.8 , 227.8 , 222.2 , 216.6

1
(c) 233 3
233.3

(a) (i) 0.333333 (ii) 0.263158 (iii) 0.251256

(iv) 0.250125 (v) 0.2 (vi) 0.238095 (vii) 0.248756
(viii) 0.249875 (b) 41
(c) y 14 x 1 14
5. (a) (i) 232 ftys (ii) 225.6 ftys (iii) 224.8 ftys
(iv) 224.16 ftys (b) 224 ftys
7. (a) (i) 4.65 mys
(ii) 5.6 mys (iii) 7.55 mys
(iv) 7 mys (b) 6.3 mys
9. (a) 0, 1.7321, 21.0847, 22.7433, 4.3301, 22.8173, 0,
22.1651, 22.6061, 25, 3.4202; no (c) 231.4
3.

23.
35.
45.

PAGE 96

Yes
(a) lim x l23 f s xd ` means that the values of f s xd can be
made arbitrarily large (as large as we please) by taking x sufficiently close to 23 (but not equal to 23).
1.
3.

1
6

(a)

25.
39.

1
216

1
128

27.
41. 24

1
0

47.
EXERCISES 2.2

PAGE 106

(a) 26 (b) 28 (c) 2 (d) 26

(e) Does not exist (f) 0
1
3. 59
5. 390
7. 8
9. 0
11. 5
6
13. Does not exist
15. 5
17. 8
19.

(a) (i) 2

(ii)

22

1
12

21. 6
2
29.
31. (a), (b) 3
43. Does not exist
1
22

(b) (i) 1
(ii) 21
(iii) Does not exist
(iv) 1

(b) No

(c)

2
0

APPENDIX I ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES

(a) (i) 22 (ii) Does not exist (iii) 23

(b) (i) n 2 1 (ii) n (c) a is not an integer.
55. 8
61. 15; 21
49.

EXERCISES 2.4

29.

(c) Radius; area; s1000yp ; 1000; 5; <0.0445

13. (a) 0.025
(b) 0.0025
35. (a) 0.093
(b) d sB 2y 3 2 12dys6B 1y 3 d 2 1 , where
B 216 1 108 1 12 s336 1 324 1 81 2
41. Within 0.1
N

PAGE 128

lim x l 4 f s xd f s4d
(a) 24 (removable), 22 ( jump), 2 ( jump), 4 (infinite)
(b) 24 , neither; 22 , left; 2, right; 4, right

1.
3.

_4
_1

31.
37.

7
3

0, left

33.

1
39.

0, right; 1, left
y

(0,1)

(2,0)

41. 3
43. (a) t s x d x 3 1 x 2 1 x 1
51. (b) s0.86, 0.87d
53. (b) 70.347
59. None
61. Yes

(a)

1
0

17.

lim f s xd f s0d
xl0

21. h x

y=

| x 23, 22j

[ )
1

23. 2 , `

11.
23.
x

13.
25.
1

33. 22
41. y
47.
49.

27. s2`, 21d < s1, `d

3
2
1
6

35.

15.
27.

37.

1
2 sa

2; x 22, x 1
22x
f sxd 2
x s x 2 3d
2`, 2`
0

25. s2`, ` d

x=4

y=

y=3

x=2

x=2

lim f s xd does not exist.

xl0

x2 1 x

9.

19.

Time
(in hours)

is not defined.

t sxd

7.

(b) Discontinuous at t 1, 2, 3, 4

1
0 1

15. f s2d

(b)

PAGE 140

5.

Cost
(in dollars)

(a) As x becomes large, f s x d approaches 5 .

(b) As x becomes large negative, f s xd approaches 3.
3. (a) `
(b) ` (c) 2` (d) 1 (e) 2
(f) x 21, x 2, y 1, y 2
y

9.

(1,1)

(0,1)

1.

1
0

7.

(1,e)

(0,2)

(0,2)

EXERCISES 2.6

5.

A71

PAGE 117

1. 7 (or any smaller positive number)

3. 1.44 (or any smaller positive number)
5. 0.0906 (or any smaller positive number)
7. 0.11, 0.012 (or smaller positive numbers)
9. (a) 0.031
(b) 0.010
11. (a) s1000yp cm
(b) Within approximately 0.0445 cm

EXERCISES 2.5

x0

||||

17. 22

2 bd

19. 2
29. `

212
43. x

(a), (b)

39.

21.

y 2; x 2
y3

45.

51. 2`, `
y

3
1

31. 2`

A72

53.

||||

APPENDIX I ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES

(a) 0

(b) An infinite number of times

19.

1
0

-25

59.

(a) 0 (b) 6`
(a) v * (b) 1.2

57.

N 15

63.

EXERCISES 2.7

1.
3.

(a)

23.

2 35 ; y 2 35 x 1 165

(b)

< 0.47 s

N 26, N 222

25. 22 1
65.

_1

61.

7; y 7x 2 12

25
_0.5

55.

21.

(a) x . 100

PAGE 150

31.
33.
35.
37.
39.

f s xd 2 f s3d
f s xd 2 f s3d
(a)
(b) xlim
l3
x23
x23
(a) 2 (b) y 2 x 1 1 (c)
6

8a

27.

6
_2

21
29.
sa 1 3d2
2sa 1 2d3y2
or f s xd s1 1 xd10 , a 0

f s xd x 10, a 1
f s xd 2 x, a 5
f s xd cos x, a p or f s xd cossp 1 xd , a 0

1 mys ; 1 mys
72

Greater (in magnitude)

Temperature
(in F)

38
0

2 Time
(in hours)

(a) (i) 11 percentyyear (ii) 13 percentyyear

(iii) 16 percentyyear
(b) 14.5 percentyyear (c) 15 percentyyear
43. (a) (i) $20.25yunit (ii) $20.05yunit
(b) $20yunit
45. (a) The rate at which the cost is changing per ounce of gold
produced; dollars per ounce
(b) When the 800th ounce of gold is produced, the cost of
production is $17yoz.
(c) Decrease in the short term; increase in the long term
47. The rate at which the temperature is changing at 10:00 AM;
48 Fy h
49. (a) The rate at which the oxygen solubility changes with
respect to the water temperature; smg yLdy8C
(b) S9s16d < 20.25; as the temperature increases past 16 8 C ,
the oxygen solubility is decreasing at a rate of 0.25 smg yLdy8C .
51. Does not exist
41.

_1

5.
9.

(c)

y 2x 1 5
(a) 8a 2 6a 2

7.

1
2x

1
2

(b) y 2 x 1 3, y 28x 1 19

10

_2

4
_3

(a) Right: 0 , t , 1 and 4 , t , 6 ; left: 2 , t , 3 ;

standing still: 1 , t , 2 and 3 , t , 4
(b) v (m/s)
11.

EXERCISES 2.8

1
0

1.
1

(seconds)

13. 224 ftys

15. 22ya 3 mys ; 22 mys ; 2 4 mys ; 2 27 mys
17. t9s0d, 0, t9s4d, t9s2d, t9s22d

(a) 1.5
(b) 1
(c) 0
(d) 24
(e) 0
(f) 1
(g) 1.5

PAGE 162
y
f