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Chapter 12 Numerical Techniques

Exercise 12A
1

f(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 5x + 5
f(2) = 8 + 12 10 + 5 = 1
f(1) = 1 + 3 5 + 5 = 2
Since f(2) f(1) < 0 by the IMVT there exists x = in the interval [2, 1] such that f() = 0
A root lies between 2 and 1
1 x
f ( x=
e x 1
)
2
1
f (1) = e 1 1 = 0.641
2
1 2
=
f (2)
e 2 =
1 0.695
2
Since f(1) f(2) < 0 by the IMVT there exists x = in the interval [1, 2] such that f() = 0
A root lies between 1 and 2
f(x) = 2 ln x + x 3
f(1) = 2 ln 1 + 1 3 = 2
f(2) = 2 ln 2 + 2 3 = 0.386
Since f(1) f(2) < 0 by the IMVT there exists x = in the interval [1, 2] such that f() = 0
A root lies between 1 and 2
f(x) = x + 3 sin x 2
f(0.45) = 0.45 + 3 sin (0.45) 2 = 0.2451
f(0.55) = 0.55 + 3 sin (0.55) 2 = 0.1181
Since f(0.45) f(0.55) < 0 by the IMVT there exists x = in the interval [0.45, 0.55] such that
f() = 0
A root lies between 0.45 and 0.55
f(x) = x4 + x 4
f(1) = 1 + 1 4 = 2
f(2) = 16 + 2 4 = 14
Since f(1) f(2) < 0 by the IMVT there exists x = in the interval [1, 2] such that f() = 0
A root lies between 1 and 2
f(x) = 2x3 6x2 + 3x + 1
f(2) = 2(2)3 6(2)2 + 3(2) + 1 = 16 24 +6 + 1 = 1
f(3) = 2(3)3 6(3)2 + 3(3) + 1 = 54 54 + 9 + 1 = 10
Since f(2) f(3) < 0 by the IMVT there exists x = in the interval [2, 3] such that f() = 0
A root lies between 2 and 3
f=
( x) cos x x
f (0)= cos 0 0 = 1

f (1) =cos 1 1 =0.5403 1 = 0.459698

0<<1
f(x) = x2 5x + 2
f(0) = 2
f(1) = 1 5 + 2 = 2
f(2) = 4 10 + 2 = 4
f(3) = 9 15 + 2 = 4
f(4) = 16 20 + 2 = 2

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10

11

12

13

f(5) = 25 25 + 2 = 2
0 < <1 and 4 < < 5
Either range is accepted as an answer
f(x) = x4 x 1
f(0) = 1
f(1) = 1 1 1 = 1
f(2) = 16 2 1 = 13
1<<2
f(x) = x3 +2x 4
f(0) = 4
f(1) = 1 + 2 4 = 1
f(2) = 8 + 4 4 = 8
1<<2
f(x) = x4 20
f(2) = 16 20 = 4
f(3) = 81 20 = 61
2<<3
f(x) = tan2 x + x2 1
f(0) = 1
f(1) = tan2 1 + 1 1 = 2.426
0<<1
x2 = 1000
f(x) = x2 1000
f ( x) = 2x
By N-R:
xn2 1000
f ( xn )
x
=

xn +=
x
1
n
n
2 xn
f ( xn )

x n +1 =

2 xn2 xn2 + 1000 xn2 + 1000

=
2 xn
2 xn

1 xn2 1000 1
1000
xn +
+ =

xn 2
xn
2 xn
A root lies between 31 and 32
f(31) = 961 1000
f(32) = 1024 1000
Using 31.5 as x1
1
1000
=
x2
31.5 +

2
31.5
= 31.62301587
x3 = 31.62277660
x4 = 31.62277660
1000 = 31.622777
14 f(x) = 2x3 6x2 + 3x + 1
f(2) = 16 24 + 6 + 1 = 1
f(3) = 54 54 + 9 + 1 = 10
Since f(2) f(3) < 0, by the IMVT there exists x = in the interval [2, 3] such that f() = 0
2<<3
f ( x) = 6x2 12x + 3
x n +1
=

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2 x 3 6 x 2 + 3 xn + 1
f ( xn )
= xn n 2 n
f ( xn )
6 xn 12 xn + 3
Using x1 = 2.5
xn +=
xn
1

2(2.5)3 6(2.5) 2 + 3(2.5) + 1

2.25
=2.5
=2.28571429
2
10.5
6(2.5) 12(2.5) + 3
x3 = 2.28571429 0.05689002 = 2.22882427
x4 = 2.22476510
x5 = 2.22474487
x6 = 2.22474487
An approximation to the root is 2.224745 (6 dp)
f (=
x ) 2ln x + x 2
(a)
f (1) =2 ln 1 + 1 2 = 1
f (2)
= 2 ln 2 + 2 =
2 1.386294
Since f(1) f(2) < 0 a root lies between 1 and 2
f ( xn )
(b)
xn +=
1 xn
f ( xn )
2
f ( x=
)
+1
x
2 ln xn + xn 2
xn +=
1 xn
2
+1
xn
(2 ln xn + xn 2) xn
= xn
2 + xn
=
x2 2.5

15

xn (2 + xn ) 2 xn ln xn xn2 + 2 xn
2 + xn

2 xn + xn2 2 xn ln x xn2 + 2 xn
2 + xn
4 xn 2 xn ln x
=
2 + xn
4 x 2 xn ln xn
xn + 1 = n
2 + xn
4(1.5) 2(1.5) ln 1.5
When
=
x1 1.5,
=
x2
2 + 1.5
= 1.366744
4(1.366744) 2(1.366744) ln 1.366744
x3 =
2 + 1.366744
= 1.370151
x4 = 1.370154
= 1.3702
f (t ) = t + sin t 3
f (1) = 0.794
f (2) = 1.862
f (0) = 1.047
0<<1
=

(c)

16

(a)

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(b)

f (t ) = t + sin t 3

f (t )= 1 + cos t
tn + =
1 tn

17

tn + sin tn

(a)

1 + cos tn
t (1 + cos tn ) tn sin tn + 3
= n
1 + cos tn
t cos tn sin tn + 3
= n
1 + cos tn
Using t1 = 0.5
0.5 cos 0.5 sin 0.5 + 3
t2 =
1 + cos 0.5
= 0.536095
t2 = 0.5361 (4 dp)
t3 = 0.536267 = 0.5363 (4 dp)

(b)

Since the graphs intersect at exactly two points,

5 = 5e
has exactly two real roots.
One point of intersection is (0, 5)
Let f () = 5 5e
f (4) = 5 4 5e 4 = 0.9084

f (5) =5 5 5e 5 = 0.0337
Since f (4) f (5) < 0 by the IMVT a root lies between 4 and 5

(c)

f () = 5 5e

f () = 1 + 5e

n +=
1 n
= n

5 n 5e n
1 + 5e n

5e n ( n + 1) 5
1 + 5e n

=
Using 1 = 4.5, 2

5e 4.5 (4.5 + 1) 5
=
4.97059
1 + 5 e 4.5

3 = 4.96511

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18

(a)

(b)

Root is 4.97 to 2 dp
f ( x=
) x 2 4 cos x
f (1) =
1 4 cos1 =
1.1612
f (2) =
4 4 cos 2 =
5.6646
A root lies between 2 and 3
f ( x=
) x 2 4cos x
f ( x=
) 2 x + 4sin x
f ( xn )
xn +=
1 xn
f ( xn )

= xn

xn2 4cos xn
2 xn + 4 sin xn

2 xn2 + 4 xn sin xn xn2 + 4 cos xn

2 xn + 4 sin xn

xn2 + 4 xn sin xn + 4 cos xn

2 xn + 4 sin xn
Using x1 = 1.5
1.52 + 4(1.5) sin(1.5) + 4 cos(1.5)
x2 =
2(1.5) + 4 sin(1.5)
= 1.2186
x3 = 1.2016
x4 = 1.2015
Root is 1.20 to 2 dp
2x 1 = 3 cos x
y = 2x 1
=

19

(a)

(b)

(c)

Since the graphs of y = 2x 1 and y = 3 cos x intersect at one point

2x 1 = 3 cos x
has exactly one real root
f ( x) = 2 x 1 3 cos x
f (1) =2 1 3 cos1 = 0.621
f (2) = 4 1 3 cos 2 = 4.248
the root lies between 1 and 2
f ( x )= 2 x 1 3 cos x
f ( x)= 2 + 3 sin x

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2 xn 1 3 cos xn
2 + 3 sin xn
3xn sin xn + 1 + 3 cos xn
xn +=
1 xn
2 + 3 sin xn
Using x1 = 1.5,
4.5sin1.5 + 1 + 3 cos1.5
x2 =
2 + 3 sin1.5
= 1.14190
x3 = 1.13424
x4 = 1.134237
Root is 1.134 (3 dp)
3
7 x + 34 x 2 =
4 23x
xn +=
1 xn

20

Let f ( x) = 7 x3 + 34 x 2 + 23x 4
f (0) = 4
f (1) =7 + 34 + 23 4 =60
Since f(0) f(1) < 0 by the IMVT there exists x = in the interval [0, 1] such that f() = 0
A root lies between 0 and 1
x = 0, f(0) = 4
x = 1, f(1) = 60
a f (b ) + b f ( a )
x1 =
f ( a ) + f (b )
(0) (60) + (1) (4)
4 + 60
4
1
= =
64 16
=

1
1
1
1
f =7 + 34 + 23 4 = 2.42798
16
16
16
16
1
1
and 1
Since f f (1) < 0, a root lies between
16
16
1
(60) + (1) (2.42798)
16
x2 =
2.42798 + 60
= 0.09896
f (0.09896) = 7(0.09896)3 + 34(0.09896) 2 + 23(0.09896) 4
= 1.38417
Since f (0.09896) f (1) < 0 , a root lies between 0.09896 and 1
(0.09896) (60) + (1) (1.38417)
x3 = 0.11928
1.38417 + 60
f (0.11928) =
7(0.11928)3 + 34(0.11928) 2 + 23(0.11928) 4 = 0.76094
(0.11928) (60) + (1) (0.76094)
x4 = 0.13031
0.76094 + 60
f (0.13031) = 0.41004

(0.13031) (60) + (1) (0.41004)

= 0.13621
0.41004 + 60
f (0.13621) = 0.21867

x5

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(0.13621) (60) + (1) (0.21867)

0.21867 + 60
= 0.13935
Root is 0.14 to 2 dp
(a)
f ( x) = x5 x + 2
x6 =

21

f ( 1) =( 1)5 ( 1) + 2 =2
f (2) =
( 2)5 (2) + 2 =
32 + 4 =
28
Since f(2) f(1) < 0 by the IMVT there exists x = in the interval [2, 1] such that f()
=0
A root lies in the interval [2, 1]
a f (b ) + b f ( a )
x1 =
f ( a ) + f (b )

(2) (2) + (1) (28)

= 1.06667
2 + 28
f (1.06667) =
1.68584
A root lies between 1.06667 and 2
(2) (1.68581) + (1.06667) (28)
x2 =
= 1.11967
1.68581 + 28
Two approximations are 1.067 and 1.120 (3 dp)
f ( x ) = x 3 3x + 1
f (1) =1 3 + 1 = 1
f (2) = 8 6 + 1 = 3
Since f(1) f(2) < 0 by the IMVT there exists x = in the interval [1, 2] such that f() = 0
A root lies between 1 and 2
a f (b) + b f (a) (1) (3) + (2) (1) 5
x=
=
= = 1.25
1
f ( a ) + f (b )
1+ 3
4
f (1.25) = 0.79688
(1.25) (3) + (2) (0.79688)
Root lies=
between 1.25 and 2, x2 = 1.40741
0.79688 + 3
f (1.40741) = 0.43443
(1.40741) (3) + (2) (0.43443)
Root lies=
between 1.40741 and 2, x3 = 1.48237
0.43443 + 3
f (1.48237) = 0.18972
(1.48237) (3) + 2 (0.18972)
Root lies =
between 1.48237 and 2 x4 = 1.51316
0.18972 + 3
f (1.51316) = 0.074568
(1.51316) (3) + 2(0.074868)
x5 = 1.52501
0.074868 + 3
f (1.52501) = 0.028382
(1.52501) (3) + 2(0.028382)
x6 = 1.52946
0.028382 + 3
f (1.52946) = 0.010594
(1.52946) (3) + 2(0.010594)
x7 = 1.53112
0.010594 + 3
=

22

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f (1.53112) = 0.0039118
1.53112(3) + 2(0.0039118)
x8 = 1.53173
0.0039118 + 3
f (1.53173) = 0.0014500
1.53173 (3) + 2(0.00145)
=
x9 = 1.53196
0.00145 + 3
f (1.53196) = 0.00052087
1.53196 (3) + 2(0.00052087)
x10 = 1.53204
0.00052087 + 3
Root is 1.532 (3 dp)
23
f ( x ) = x 3 3x 2 4 x + 11
f (3) =
27 27 12 + 11 =
1
f (4) = 64 48 16 + 11 = 11
a f (b) + b f (a) (3) (11) + (4) (1) 37
=
= = 3.08333
f ( a ) + f (b )
1 + 11
12
f (3.08333) = 0.54111
(3.08333) (11) + 4(0.54111)
x2 = 3.12631.
0.54111 + 11
f (3.12631) = 0.27071
(3.12631) (11) + 4(0.27071)
x3 = 3.14730
0.27071 + 11
f (3.14730) = 0.13012
(3.14730) (11) + 4(0.13012)
x4 = 3.15727
0.13012 + 11
f (3.15727) = 0.06136
(3.15727) (11) + 4(0.06136)
x5 = 3.1619
0.06136 + 11
Root is 3.16 (2 dp)
f ( x) =
3x + sin x e x
=
x1

24

f (0) =
3(0) + sin 0 e0 =
1

f (1) = 3 + sin1 e = 1.12319

Since f(0) f(1) < 0 by the IMVT there exists x = in the interval [0, 1] such that f() = 0
A root lies between 0 and 1
(0) (1.12319) + (1) (1)
=
x1 = 0.47099
1 + 1.12319
f (0.47099) = 0.26516
Root is between 0 and 0.47099
(0) (0.26516) + (0.47099) (1)
x2 = 0.37228
1 + 0.26516
f (0.37228) = 0.02954
Root is between 0 and 0.37228
(0) (0.02954) + (0.37228) (1)
x3 = 0.36160
1 + 0.02954
f (0.36160) = 0.002947

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(0) (0.002947) + (0.36160) (1)

= 0.36054
1 + 0.002947
Root is 0.36 (2 dp)
x4

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