Abbreviation Name

APC Adenomatous Polyposis Coli

AR Androgen receptor
Arc5 ACCUMULATION AND REPLICATION OF CHLOROPLAST 5
ARP Actin-related protein
ATP Adenosine triphosphate
ATPase
Bcl2 B-cell lymphoma 2
BMP Bone morphogenetic protein
bp Base pairs
CaBPs Calcium binding proteins
CAM cell adhesion molecule
CaM Calmodulin
cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate
CapZ Capping protein Z
cdc20 Cell division cycle 20
cdc25 Cell division cycle 25
CDK Cyclin-dependent kinase
c-erbB1 EGF receptor
Cis Cis-acting element
COP Coat proteins
c-ras c-ras
C-src C-sarcoma
DAG diacylglycerol
DAPI 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
DCC Deleted in colon cancer
DHA Dehydro-ascorbate
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNAse DNAase
DsCAM Drosophila cell adhesion molecule
E2F E2F
EBV Epstein Barr virus
ECM Extracellular matrix
EF elongation factors
EGF Epidermal growth factor
eIF eukaryotic initiation factor
EMT Epithelial-mesenchymal transition
ER endoplasmic reticulum
eRF eukaryotic release factor
Erk1 Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1
F0F1 ATP synthase
FGF Fibroblast growth factor
FtsZ Filamentingtemperature-sensitive mutantZ
G0 Gap phase 0
G1 Gap phase 1
G2 Gap phase 2
GAP GTPase-actibavating protein
GEF Guanine nucleotide exchange factor
GFA Glial fibrillary acidic protein
GFP Green fluorecent protein
GLUT-1 Clucose transporter 1
GMP guanine nucleotide monophosphate
GNEF Guanine nucleotide exchange factor
GPI glycosylphosphatidylinositol
GSH Reduced glutathione
GSSG Oxidised glutathione
GTP guanone nucleotide triphosphate
GTPase GTPase
HeLa From Henrietta Lacks
HER2 Human EGF receptor 2
HHV8 Human herpes virus 8
Hsp Heat-shock proteins
HTLV-1 Human T-cell leukaemia virus 1
IF intermediate filaments
Ig Immunoglobulin
IP3 inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate
IP3R inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate receptor
IRES Internal ribsome entry sequence
kDa kilo Dalton
LDL Low-density lipoprotein
LogP Log partition coefficient
LUCA Last universal common ancestor
M Mitotic phase
MAP Microttubule-associated protein
MDHA Monodehydro-ascorbate
MDM2 MDM2
MF Microfilament
MHC Major histocompatibility complex
MP Movement protein
mRNA messenger RNA
MSH2 mutS homologue 2
MT Microtubules
mtDNA mitochondrial DNA
MTOC Microtubule-organising centre
NAD Nicotine adenine dinucleotide
NADP Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NES Nuclear export signal
NF Neurofilament protein
NLS Nuclear localisation signal
NOS Nitric oxide synthase
NPC Nuclear pore complex
NR Nitrate reductase
NSF N-ethylmaleimide sensitive fusion protein
p21 p21
p53 p53
PCD Programmed cell death
PDI Protein disulphide isomerase
PIP2 phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate
PKC Protein kinase C
PLC Phospholipase C
Pol II RNA polymerase II
Poly-A Tail Poly-adenylation tail
pre-mRNA pre-mRNA
PSGL-1 P-selectin glycoprotein ligand
PSI/II Photosystems I and II
PUMA p53 upregulated modulator ofapoptosis
Rab Rab
Ran Ran
Rb Retinoblastoma
RER Rough endoplasmic reticulum
RNA Ribonucleic acid
ROS Reactive oxygen species
rRNA ribosomal RNA
RSV Rous sarcoma virus
RuBisCO Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase
S Synthesis phase
S Svedberg unit
SAVR Surface area to volume ratio
SecA Secretion A
SER Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
SMAD SMAD
SNAPS Synaptosomal-associated protein
SNARES SNAP receptor
snRNA small nuclear RNA
snRNP small nuclear ribonucleoprotein
SRP signal recognition particle
SRP Sarcoplasmic reticulum
SV40 Simian vacuolating virus 40
TATA box Named after DNA sequence
TBP TATA-binding protein
TGFb Transforming growth factor b
TIC translocase of the inner chloroplast membrane
TIM translocase of the inner mitochondrial membrane
TMV tobacco mosaic virus
TOC translocase of the outer chloroplast membrane
TOM translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane
tRNA transfer RNA
TUNEL Terminal uridyl nick end labelling
U1 etc.
UTR Untranslated region
v-erbB Avian erythroblastosis vir
Vmax Maximum velocity
v-ras Rat sarcoma virus
V-src V-sarcoma
WASP WiskottAldrich syndrome protein
Wee1 Named after size effect of mutant
Function
Signalling molecule mutations in which greatly increase the risk of bowel cancer
Receptor for testosterone - example of a nuclear receptor
Dynamin-related protein involved in plastid division
Proteins which bind to and regulate actin assesmbly and microfilament structure
Major biological energy store
Enzyme which hydrolyses ATP to ADP liberating energy
Protein which suppresses PCD
A major group of developmentally important signals
measure of DNA size
Calcium-binding proteins
Ig superfamily proteins involved in cell-cell interactions
A ubiquitous calcium binding protein which regulates many cell processes in response to calcium rises
Produced by adenylyl cyclase - the first 2nd messenger discovered
Protein which binds to end of microfilaments and prevents further elongation
Protein which regulates anaphase
Phosphatase regulating G2:M transition
Group of kinases responsible for regulating cell cycle
A receptor for EGF and an example of a proto-oncogene
A regulatory sequence or structure in DNA bound by trans-acting protein factors
Proteins that regulate vesicle formation
Small GTP-binding protein regulating many mitogenic pathways
Normal cellular variant of v-src; not oncogenic
3rd messenger formed from PIP2 by action of PLC
Member of N-Dubz
An adhesion molecule loss of which is linked to cancer progression
Component of Halliwell-Asada antioxidant pathway
Nucleic acid - double-stranded repository of genetic information
Enzyme which hydrolyses DNA into fragments
Involved in cell-cell binding - an example of a protein with 1000s of splice variants
Rb-regulated transcription factor involved in regulating genes required for S phase
Responsible for a variety of cancers including Hodgkin's disease
Matrix in which many animal cells are embedded. Includes connective tissue, cartilage and bone
Proteins which regulate the stepwise synthesis of proteins
A mitogenic polypeptide growth factor
Large group of proteins regulating start of protein translation
Changes epithelial cells undergo to become migratory mesenchymal cells
Extensive membrane bound spaces within cell associated with many metabolic and biosynthetic functions
Proteins regulating the termination of translation
A kinase which operates part of the EGF signalling pathway
Protein complex responsible for using H+ gradients to synthesise ATP in chloroplasts and mitochondria.
An important developmental and mitogenic signal
Protein forming a ring structure involved in mitochondrial division
Quiescent stage in life cycle
First stage in progression through cell cycle - preceded restriction point
Phase between S and M phases
Protein responsible for inactivating small GTP-binding proteins
Protein which triggers GTP binding in GTP-binding proteins
One of a number of proteins capable of forming Ifs
Jellyfish protein which can be introduced into cells as a marker
Allosteric protein which allows glucose to diffuse into cells
Part of the cap added to mRNA during transcription
Protein which triggers GTP binding in GTP-binding proteins
A type of lipid linkage used to couple proteins to membranes
Component of Halliwell-Asada antioxidant pathway
Component of Halliwell-Asada antioxidant pathway
Often used as a molecular switch in situations where there are two alternative states
Enzyme hydrolysing GTP to GDP - feature of many GTP-binding proteins
Cervical cancer cell line - the 1st immortalised human cell culture
Also known as neu it is a receptor often upregulated in breast cancer
Responsible for Kaposi's sarcoma
Chaperone proteins which regulate folding of newly synthesised polypeptides
Responsible for adult T cell leukaemia
Part of cytoskeleton, formed from a wide variety of proteins e.g. keratin or lamin
Antigen-binding proteins of the immune system with a binding site which is found in a wide range of other proteins
2nd messenger formed from PIP2 by action of PLC
ER localised receptor for IP3 and IP3-stimulated calcium channel
Docking point for ribosome in mRNAs which lack a cap
Measure of molecular weight - 1 Da = 1 atomic mass unit
Transports cholesterol to tissues
Measure of how soluble a substance is in lipid
Hypothetical organism from which all other organisms evolved
Phase during which cell undergoes mitosis and cytokinesis
Any of a variety of proteins which bind to microtubules
Component of Halliwell-Asada antioxidant pathway
Protein which negatively regulates p53 - protooncogene
Cytoskeleton compenent composed of actin
Cell surface proteins which present antigen to immune cells
Product of TMV genome responsible for manipulating size of plasmodesmata pore
Template for protein synthesis
DNA repair protein
Part of the cytoskeleton formed from tubulin dimers
circular DNA - mitochondrial genome
A structure (e.g. a centrosome) which organises microtubules
Co-factor and e- acceptor involved in Redox reactions
Electron acceptor (e.g. in photosynthesis)
Amino acid sequence which targets a protein for transport out of the nucleus
One of a number of proteins capable of forming Ifs
Amino acid sequence which targets a protein for transport into the nucleus
Synthesises NO
Large protein complex regulating movement across nuclear membrane
Enzyme involved in nitrate assimilation
Protein involved in fusion of vesicles with target membrane
Target of p53 - responsible for cell cycle halt
Tumour suppressor involved in halting cell cycle in response to DNA damage
Deliberate cell 'suicide' = often called apoptosis
Responsible for forming disulphide bonds in proteins (also a chaperone)
Membrane phospholipid source of 2nd messengers IP3 and DAG
Kinase activated by DAG
Generates the 2nd messengers IP3 and DAG
Synthesises pre-mRNA using DNA as a template - part of a large complex of proteins (the Pol ll complex)
Run of As added to 3' end of mRNA
The complete transcript of the DNA sequence before processes such as splicing
Cell surface receptor for the P-selectin adhesion molecule
Complexes involved in light harvesting and e- transport in chloroplasts
Blocks Bcl2 and allows PCD to occur
GTP-binding protein regulating vesicle docking
GTP-binding protein involved in detecting whether transported proteins are in nucleus or cytosol
Tumour suppressor regulating passage through the restriction point
Dotted with ribosomes on cytosolic side - site of membranes and secreted protein synthesis
Nucleic acid - typically single stranded - many functions
Damaging products of electron transfer to oxygen
Scaffold for ribosome structure - also is the enzyme catalysing protein synthesis
First agent identified capable of transmitting a tumour
Enzyme catalysing first step in carbon fixation - the most abundant protein
After restriction point - phase during which DNA is replicated
Relative measure of molecular size estimated by centrifugation
ATPase involved in transfer of proteins across the thylakoid membrane
ER involved in many metabolic processes e.g. lipid synthesis and detoxification
Signalling molecules stimulated by BMP or TGFb
Protein involved in fusion of vesicles with target membrane
t-SNARES and v-SNARES are proteins involved in targetting and docking of transport vesicles
RNA forming scaffold (and in some cases enzymatic activity) of snRNPs
RNA/protein complexes involved in splicing of pre-mRNA
Complex which binds to amino acid sequences and targets the protein to specific subcellular locations
ER found in muscle cells
A polyoma virus found in monkeys
Sequence which serves to locate Pol II complex
Part of Pol II complex involved in positioning at TATA box
A major group of developmentally important signals
With TOC responsible for transporting cytosolic proteins into the interior of the chloroplast
With TOM responsible for transporting cytosolic proteins into the interior of the mitochondria
Plant pathogen able to traffic through plasmodesmata
With TIC responsible for transporting cytosolic proteins into the interior of the chloroplast
With TIM responsible for transporting cytosolic proteins into the interior of the mitochondria
Brings individual amino acids to ribsome during protein synthesis
A method for detecting cut DNA ends created during PCD
Specific snRNPs involved in splicing
Part of the mRNA molecule not translated - often contains regulatory elements
Retroviral oncogene encoding part of the EGF receptor
The maximum rate of solute transport in facilitated diffusion (due to saturation effect)
Retroviral oncogene encoding small GTP-binding protein
First tyrosine kinase identified. Protein responsible for oncogenic capability of RSV
Protein involved in microfilament branching
Kinase regulating G2:M transition
A ubiquitous calcium binding protein which regulates many cell processes in response to calcium rises
Extensive membrane bound spaces within cell associated with many metabolic and biosynthetic functions
Protein complex responsible for using H+ gradients to synthesise ATP in chloroplasts and mitochondria.
Antigen-binding proteins of the immune system with a binding site which is found in a wide range of other proteins
Synthesises pre-mRNA using DNA as a template - part of a large complex of proteins (the Pol ll complex)
Complex which binds to amino acid sequences and targets the protein to specific subcellular locations