A Review on Herbs Used in treatment of Diabetes Mellitus by Sri Lankan Ayurvedic and Traditional Physicians E.R.H.S.S. EDIRIWEERA* W. D. RATNASOORIYA** Institute of Indigenous Medicine, University of Colombo, Rajagiriya, Sri Lanka. ABSTRACT : Diabetes mellitus has no known permanent cure and is highly prevalent worldwide. In traditional medicine and Ayurveda it is correlated with disease called Madhumeha. In Sri Lanka, Traditional and Ayurvedic physicians treat diabetes mellitus very effectively. Information was obtained from traditional and Ayurvedic physicians, Ayurvedic text books and old manuscripts. According to these, various parts of several herbs are used: flowers (Butea monospema), leaves (Adhathoda vasica), fruits (Momordica dioica), seeds (Syzygium cumini), stems (Tinospora cordifolia), stem bark (Ficus religiosa), root bark (Salacia reticulate ) roots (Oryza sativa), aerial roots (Ficus benghalensis), rhizome (Alpinia galanga) bulb (Allium sativum), creeper (Passiflora foetida) and entire plant (Scoparia dulcis). These are prepared in different forms like powders, decoctions, juices and pastes. Decoctions are made using single or multiple herbs. Multiple decoctions usually contain hyperglycaemic herbs such as Cyperus rotundus, Aloe vera to minimize drastic hypoglycaemic complications as usually evident with allopathic drugs. In addition, patients are recommended to consume antidiabetic herbs as food or drinks: as chyme (Osbeckia octandra), curries (Lassia spinos), salads (Centella asiatica), spices (Trigonella foenum- graecu), fresh fruits (Phyllanthus embelica), or as a drink (Camellia sinesis). About one hundred and twenty six plants belonging to fifty one families are used to treat diabetic patients in Sri Lanka. Key words : Diabetes mellitus, Madhumeha, Herbs. * Senior Lecturer, Department of Nidana Chikithsa. E-mail:ayurvedadocsujatha@yahoo.com ** Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science. INTRODUCTION Sri Lanka has a long history of medical tradition and the traditional learning of plant remedies for many diseases including diabetes mellitus, persist until now. Sri Lankan traditional and Ayurvedic physicians cure or successfully control many diseases, including diabetes mellitus, through herbal medicine. The King Ravana who lived before three thousand years, wrote a treatise on herbal medicine called Arka Prakasha, a book which reveals a veryhigh in-depth knowledge and understanding of herbal and natural ingredients and their effects. Sri Lanka, is an island republic in the Indian Ocean, lying off the south eastern tip of the Indian subcontinent and located between 50- 100Nand latitude and 790- 820E longitude. Sri Lanka has a tropical climate with monsoons. The average monthly temperature in the island is 13C to 31C (55F to 87F). The country, receives average precipitation of more than 3,810 mm (150 in) to 1,270 mm(about 50 in) of rain each year. The natural vegetation of Sri Lanka varies according to climatic zone and elevation. Dense evergreen rain forests are found in the south western lowlands. These natural gifts also help to develop the knowledge in treatment by using herbs. The Sri Lankan flora being very rich and diverse, has contributed to the indigenous population accumulating a vast heritage of traditional healing with medicinal plants. Diabetes mellitus is a disease highly prevalent in developed and developing countries. It is a chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism marked by hyperglycaemia and glycosuria; resulting from inadequate production or use of insulin 1 . According to Ayurveda, this is compared with disease called Madhumeha. Aetiological factors, Clinical features, and complications of Diabeters mellitus and Madhumeha are very much similar. Aetiological factors of diabetes mellitus are still uncertain. Genetic factors, viral infections, life style, over eating; especially when combined with obesity and under-activity, are associated with the development of diabetes mellitus. Ayurveda also describes that the aetiological factors of diabetes mellitus are hereditary causes and insalubrious activities. Defective paternal and maternal germinal seeds that cause the disease are considered as hereditary causes. Excessive sleep, use of soft cushions etc. for a long period, consumption of curd, milk, jaggery, sugar, food made out of fresh grains, flesh of domestic and aquatic animals, use of fresh rain water and also stress generated through unsatisfied sexual urges are considered as Insalubrious activities 2,3,4 . Clinical features of diabetes mellitus are polyuria, perhaps nocturia, intense thirst, polyphagia, weight loss, weakness and lassitude, pruritis vulvae and balanitis 1 . According to Ayurveda prodromal symptoms of AYU-VOL. 30, NO. 4 (OCTOBER-DECEMBER) 2009, pp. 373-391 374 diabetes mellitus are accumulation of dirt on the teeth (mouth, eyes, nose, ear etc.), thirst, dryness of mouth, palate and throat, feeling of numbness and burning sensation in the palms and soles, lassitude, matting of hair, stickiness of the skin all over the body, sweet taste in the mouth and crawling of bees and ants on the body and urine. Clinical features of diabetes mellitus are also described in Ayurveda. They are urine become sweet (similar to honey), astringent (Kashaya), rough (Ruksha) and pale in colour and depletion of tissue, whole body become sweet (blood glucose level goes up). When the urine itself becomes sweet and most probably even the sweat will contain sugar, human sense may not be sensitive to that. But insects, with their more acute senses, would gather on the patients body and to places where patient urinates 2,3,4,5 . Diabetes mellitus is a disease well described in Ayurveda and successfully managed by traditional and Ayurvedic physicians in Sri Lanka. The present research was carried out in order to collect and record the most of medical knowledge which is scattered all over the island. MATERIAL & METHODS Method of data collection : Ethnobotanical information was obtained from traditional Physicians, Ayurvedic physicians and patients suffering from Diabetes mellitus in Southern province, Western province and Sabaragamuva province of Sri Lanka. Data was also gathered from Ayurvedic text books and old manuscripts. Method of preparation of decoction : The 60 gm of dried drug or 120 gm of fresh drug are to be boiled in 1920 ml of water until the volume reduce to 240 ml. The 120 ml of the decoction is given twice a day. Method of preparation of Khyme : Khyme is prepared with selected herb is also given for diabetic patients especially before breakfast. A thick gruel is prepared by boiling a handful of red rice with water and it is called Kada or Khyme. For this Khyme or Kada juice of fresh herbs are added, stir well and boiled . It is called Kola Kada and given for diabetic patients. RESULTS Many plants are used byAyurvedic physicians and traditional physicians in treatment of Diabetes mellitus. Some herbs are used only by traditional physicians. The formulae were sorted, so as to showthe medicinal values of various parts of plants as given in table 1. They are listed in alphabetical order with the scientific names in italic, followed by the families, Sinhala name, parts used in medicine and method of preparation. TABLENO. 1: PLANTSUSEINTREATMENTOFDIABETESMELLITUS: Botanical Name Sanskrit Name Source of Part used in Method of preparation and &Family & (Sinhala Name) Information Medicine administration Abrus precatorius Gunja Book 24 Leaves Leaves of A. precatorius are pounded and (Fabaceae) (Olinda wel) juice is extracted. This juice is kept for four to five hours in a vessel to settle and the sediment is collected. The 10gm of this sediment is mixed with Bees honey and given for diabetic patients. Acacia arabica Babbula Book 21 Stem bark Decoction is prepared with 60 gm of dried (Fabaceae) (Seeni Idda) Traditional stem bark of A. arabica and 120 ml. is knowledge given twice a day. Acacia chundra Khadira Book 21 Stem Decoction is prepared with 60 gm of dried (Fabaceae) (Rathkihiriya) stembark of A. chundra and 120 ml is given twice a day. Achyranthes aspera Apamarga Book 23 Entire Decoction is prepared with 60 gm of dried (Amaranthaceae) (Gaskaralhaba) Traditional plant entire plant of A. aspera and 120 ml. is knowledge given twice a day. Review of Srilankan Herbs used in Diabetes Mellitus : Ediriweera E.R.H.S.S. & Ratnasooriya W. D. AYU-VOL. 30, NO. 4 (OCTOBER-DECEMBER) 2009 375 Botanical Name Sanskrit Name Source of Part used in Method of preparation and &Family & (Sinhala Name) Information Medicine administration Adhathoda vasica Vasa Traditional Leaves Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of (Acanthaceae) (Adhathoda) knowledge dried leaves of A. vasica and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Adiantum caudatum Mayurashikha Traditional Leaves Decoction is prepared with 60 gm of dried (Pteridaceae) (ThudaWediya) knowledge leaves of A. caudatum and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Aegle marmelos Bilva Traditional Leaves The 50 gm of fresh leaves of A. marmelos (Rutaceae) (Beli) knowledge are crushed.100 ml of water is added and 120ml of juice is extracted by squeezing and 15 ml to 30 ml of juice is given thrice a day. Root bark Decoction is prepared with 60 gm of dried root of A. marmelos and 120 ml is given twice a day. Allium cepa Palandu Traditional Bulb Bulbs of A. cepa are cooked and eaten (Liliaceae) (Rathu lunu) knowledge as a curry with other foods. Bulbs of A. cepa are pounded and juice is extracted by squeezing. The 120 ml. of this juice is given twice a day. Allium sativum (Liliaceae) Lashuna Traditional Bulb Bulbs of A. sativum are cooked and eaten (Sudu lunu) knowledge as acurry withother foods. Bulbs of A. sativum are boiled in water and drink twice a day. Equal amounts of bulbs of A. sativum, leaves of M. koenigii and rhizome of Z. officinale are ground together to make a paste and this chutney is eaten with other foods. Alpinia Rasna Traditional Rhizome The 2.5 gm of dried rhizome given once galanga (Heen knowledge a day. (Zingiberaceae) Araththa) Alstonia scholaris Saptaparni Traditional Stem Bark Decoction is prepared with 60 gm of dried (Apocynaceae) (Gas knowledge stem bark of A. scholaris and 120 ml is Rukaththana) given twice a day. Alternanthera sessilis Matsyakshi Book 21 Entire Plant Fresh 50 gmof entire plant of A. sessilis are (Amaranthaceae) (Mukunuwenna) cut intosmall pieceandpoundedwell. The100 ml of water is added and juice is extracted. This extracted juice is given to drink. Aerial part of the plant is cut in to very tiny pieces. This is mix with scraped coconut, salt, and tumeric powder. This mixture is heated on a pan till it cooked and eaten with rice. 376 Botanical Name Sanskrit Name Source of Part used in Method of preparation and &Family & (Sinhala Name) Information Medicine administration Anacardium occidentale Kajutaka Traditional Leaves Dried leaves are powdered. 50 ml. of hot (Anacardiaceae) (Kaju) knowledge will be added to 5 gm of afore said powder and keep about five minutes. Then strain and drink. Andrographis paniculata Bhunimba Traditional Entire Decoction is prepared with 60 gm of dried (Acanthaceae) (Heen- knowledge plant entire plant of A. paniculata and 120 ml. is binkohomba) given twice a day. Anethum graveolens Satapushpa Book 29 Seeds Dried seeds of A. graveolans are powdered (Apiaceae) (Sathakuppa) and 10 gm. of this powder is given twice a day. Annona squamosa Sitaphala Traditional Leaves Decoction is prepared with 120 gm. of (Annonaceae) (Anoda) knowledge fresh matured leaves of A. squamosa and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Aporosa lanceolata Not known Traditional Leaves Tender leaves are eaten as a vegetable. (Euphorbiaceae) (Heen Kebella) knowledge Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of dried matured leaves of A. lanceolata and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Aporosa lindleyana Not known Traditional Leaves Tender leaves are eaten as a vegetable. (Euphorbiaceae) (Kebella) knowledge Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of dried matured leaves of A. lindleyana and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Aquilaria agallocha Agaru Traditional Stem Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of dried (Thymelaeacece) (Agil) knowledge stem bark of A. agallocha and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Artocarpus heterophyllus Panasa Book 21,23 Fresh Decoction is prepared with 120 gm. of (Moraceae) (Kos (Waraka) ) Traditional matured fresh matured leaves of A. heterophyllus knowledge Leaves and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Averrhoa bilimbi Brihaddala Book 22 Fruits Fresh fruits as eaten. (Oxadaceae) (Bilin) Leaves Fresh leaves of A. bilimbi are pounded and juice is extracted by squeezing and 50-100 ml. of juice is given once a day. Review of Srilankan Herbs used in Diabetes Mellitus : Ediriweera E.R.H.S.S. & Ratnasooriya W. D. AYU-VOL. 30, NO. 4 (OCTOBER-DECEMBER) 2009 377 Botanical Name Sanskrit Name Source of Part used in Method of preparation and &Family & (Sinhala Name) Information Medicine administration Azadirachta indica Nimba Traditional Stem Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of dried (Meliaceae) (Kohomba) knowledge stem bark of A. indica and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Bambusa vulgaris Venu Traditional Tender Decoction is prepared with 120 gm. of (Bambusaceae) (Una, Kaha Una) knowledge Leaves tender leaves of B. vulgaris and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Barringtonia acutangula Hijjala Book 29 Stem bark Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of dried (Lecythidaceae) (Ela Midella) stem bark of B. acutangula and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Bauhinia variegata Kanchanara Traditional Flowers Dried flowers of B. variegate boiled in (Caesalpiniaceae) (Koboleela) knowledge water and given twice a day. Benincasa hispida Kushmanda Book 25 Fruit Fruits are eaten as a vegetable. Plup of fruit (Cucurbitaceae) (Alu Puhul) of B. hispida is chopped in to small pieces and juice is extracted by squeezing. 60 - 120 ml. is given twice a day. Brassica oleraceae Patta Gobhi Book 29 Leaves Fresh leaves of B. oleraceae are eaten (Burseraceae) (Gova) as a vegetable. Butea monosperma Palasha Book 21 Flowers Dry flowers of B. monospema are pounded (Fabaceae) (Kela; Gas Kela) and 12 gm. of this powder is given twice a day. Caesalpinia crista Kantaki Traditional Seeds Seeds of C. crista are powdered and 1-3 (Fabaceae) (Diya Vavulatiya) knowledge gm. of this is given twice a day. 378 Botanical Name Sanskrit Name Source of Part used in Method of preparation and &Family & (Sinhala Name) Information Medicine administration Caesalpinia digyna Bakeri Traditional Root Decoction is prepared with 120 gm. of (Fabaceae) (Vakirimul) knowledge dried stem bark of C. digyna and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Caesalpinia sappan Patranga Traditional Stem Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of (Fabaceae) (Pathagi ) knowledge dried stem bark of C. sappan and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Camellia sinesis Caha Traditional Tender Dried tender leaves of C. sinesis are (Theaceae) (The) knowledge Leaves poured with boiling water and drink. It is considered as a delicious drink all over the world called Tea. Canarium zeylanicum Not known Book 21 Bark Decoction is prepared with 120 gm. of (Burseraceae) Kekuna Dik Traditional fresh stem bark or 60 gm. of dried bark Kekuna knowledge of C. zeylanicum and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Carmona retusa Not known Traditional Leaves The 50 gm. of Fresh leaves or roots of C. (Boraginaceae) (Heen-tambala) knowledge roots retusa are chopped into small pieces and pounded. 100 ml. of water is added and 120 ml. of juice is extracted by squeezing and given once or twice a day. Caseria zeylanica Not known Traditional Stem bark Decoction is prepared with 60 gm of dried (Flacourtiaceae) (Wal-Waraka) knowledge Root bark stem bark or root bark of C. zeylanica and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Cassia alata Dadrughna Book 29 Leaves Decoction is prepared with 120 gm. of (Fabaceae) (Rata thora) fresh leaves or entire creeper of C. alata and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Cassia auriculata Akuli Traditional Root bark, Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of (Fabaceae) (Ranawara) knowledge Stem bark Root bark, Stem bark, Leaves, Flowers Leaves, and Pods of C. auriculata and 120 ml. Pods is given twice a day. Flowers Cassia fistula Aragvadha Traditional Stem bark Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of (Fabaceae) (Ehala) knowledge dried stem bark of C. fistula and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Cassia sophera Kasamarda Traditional Bark Seed Decoction is prepared with 120 gm. of (Fabaceae) (Uru thora) knowledge fresh bark of C. sophera and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Seeds of C. sophera are powdered and 5-10 gm. of this is given twice a day. Review of Srilankan Herbs used in Diabetes Mellitus : Ediriweera E.R.H.S.S. & Ratnasooriya W. D. AYU-VOL. 30, NO. 4 (OCTOBER-DECEMBER) 2009 379 Botanical Name Sanskrit Name Source of Part used in Method of preparation and &Family & (Sinhala Name) Information Medicine administration Catharanthus rosea Nityakalyani Traditional Root Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of (Apocyna- (Mini-mal) knowledge dried roots of C. rosea and 120 ml. is ceae) given twice a day. Centella asiatica Manduka Parni Traditional Entire Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of (Apiaceae) (Gotukola) knowledge plant dried entire plant or 120 gm. of fresh entire plant of C. asiatica and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Fresh entire plant of C. asiatica is pounded and juice is extracted by squeezing. The 120 ml. of this juice is given twice a day. Khyme or Kada is prepared with C. asiatica is also given for diabetic patients especially before breakfast. Salads are prepared with fresh leaves and eaten with other foods. Citrullus colocynthis Indravaruni Traditional Fruit Dried roots or fruits of C. colocynthis are (Cucurbitaceae) (Yakkomadu) knowledge Root made into powder. 500mg. of powder of fruits or 1 -3 gm. of powder of roots are given to diabetic patients. Citrullus lanatus Mansaphala Traditional Pulp Pulp of fruit of C. lanatus is eaten as a (Cucurbi- (Komadu) knowledge fruit. taceae) Citrus aurantium Jambira Book 29 Rind Juice is extracted by squeezing the pulp (Rutaceae) (Ambul Dodam) Pulp of the fresh fruit of C. aurantium and 50- 100 ml. of juice is given daily. Coccinia grandis Bimbi Traditional Roots, Decoction is prepared with 120 gm. of (Cucurbitaceae) (Kowakka) knowledge Entire fresh leaves or entire creeper of C. plant grandis and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Cordia dichotoma Shleshmataka Traditional Stem Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of dried (Boraginaceae) (Lolu) knowledge bark stem bark of C. dichotoma and 120 ml. is given twice a day. 380 Botanical Name Sanskrit Name Source of Part used in Method of preparation and &Family & (Sinhala Name) Information Medicine administration Cordia myxa Not known Traditional Stem Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of (Boragina- (Lolu) knowledge bark dried stem bark of C. myxa and 120 ml. ceae) is given twice a day. Coriandrum sativum Dhanyaka Traditional Entire Fresh leaves are eaten as salads. (Apiaceae) (Koththamalli) knowledge Plant Decoction is prepared with 120 gm. of of entire plant or 60 gm. of seeds of C. sativum and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Costus specious Kebuka Traditional Leaves Leaves of C. specious are cut into thin (Zingiberaceae) (Thebu) knowledge slices scraped. Coconut, salt and very little amount tumeric powder is added and mixed well. The mixture is heated on a pan and lightly cooked. This is called Mallum and eaten with rice. Kada or Khyme is prepared with fresh leaves of C. specious and given for diabetic patients. Cucumis callosus Indravaruni Traditional Seeds Seeds are powdered and 10 gm. is given (Cucurbitaceae) (Gon Kekiri) knowledge twice a day. Cucumis sativus Trapusha Traditional Fruit Fresh fruits of C. sativus are chopped. (Cucurbitaceae) (Pipiknkna; knowledge Juice is extracted by squeezing and 120 Rata Kekiri) ml. of juice is given once a day. Cuminum cyminum Jiraka Traditional Seeds The 30 gm. of dried seeds of C. cyminum (Apiaceae) (Suduru) knowledge are powdered. 120 ml. of boiling water is added to the powder and kept about ten minutes and given for diabetic patients. Curcuma longa Rajani Book 21 Rhizome Dried rhizome of C. longa is pounded in (Zingiberaceae) (Ath-Kaha) Traditional to a fine powder. Half a teaspoonful of knowledge powder is given twice a day. Fresh rhizome of C. longa is pounded and juice is extracted by adding water.15 ml. to 30 ml. of juice given thrice a day. Desmodium gangeticum Shalaparni Traditional Entire Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of (Fabaceae) (Undupiyaliya) knowledge plant dried entire plant or 120 gm. of fresh entire plant of D. gangeticum and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Kada or Khyme is prepared with D. gangeticum is given for diabetic patients. Review of Srilankan Herbs used in Diabetes Mellitus : Ediriweera E.R.H.S.S. & Ratnasooriya W. D. AYU-VOL. 30, NO. 4 (OCTOBER-DECEMBER) 2009 381 Botanical Name Sanskrit Name Source of Part used in Method of preparation and &Family & (Sinhala Name) Information Medicine administration Elaeocarpus serratus Aravata Book 22 Fruit Eaten as a fruit. (Elaeocarpaceae) (Weralu) Elephantopus scaber Gojihva Book 21 Entire Arka, a special method of preparing (Asteraceae) (Et-adi) plant medicine is prepared with E. scaber and given to diabetic patient 15 to 30 ml. for a day. (To prepare Arka drug is soaked in water over a night and distilled with water). Eleusine coracana Ragi Book 22 Seeds Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of (Poaceae) (Kurakkan) Traditional seeds of E. coracana and 120 ml. is knowledge given twice a day. Evolvulus alsinoides Visnukranta Book 21 Entire Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of (Convolvulaceae) (Vishnu plant dried entire plant of E. alsinoides and Kranthi) 120 ml. is given twice a day. Ficus benghalensis Nyagrodha Traditional Stem bark Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of (Moraceae) (Maha Nuga) knowledge Root bark dried stem bark or root bark of F. benghalensis and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Ficus racemosa Udumbara Book 22 Stem bark Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of (Moraceae) (Attikka) Traditional Root bark dried stem bark or root bark of F. knowledge racemosa and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Ficus religiosa Ashvatta Traditional Stem bark Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of (Moraceae) (Bo gaha) knowledge Root bark dried stem bark or root bark or aerial Aerial roots roots of F. religiosa and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Glycine max Raja shimbi Book 29 Seeds Seeds of G. max are boiled and eaten (Papillionaceae) (Soya Bonchi) for breakfast or as a curry with rice. 382 Botanical Name Sanskrit Name Source of Part used in Method of preparation and &Family & (Sinhala Name) Information Medicine administration Gmelina arborea Gambhari Traditional Stem and Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of (Verbenaceae) (Eth Demata) knowledge Root bark dried stem bark or root bark of G. arborea and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Gossypium arboretum Karpasi Book 23 Seeds Seeds are powdered and 10 gm. of G. (Malvaceae) (Kapu) arboretum is given twice a day with whey water or Bees honey. Gymnema sylvetre Meshashrungi Book 29 Fresh Decoction is prepared with 120 gm. of (Asclepiadacece) (Bin nuga) leaves of fresh leaves of G. sylvetre and 120 ml. the climber is given twice a day. Hibiscus rosa-sinesis Japa Book25 Flowers Fresh flowers of H. rosa - sinesis are (Malvaceae) ( Pokuru put into boiling water and kept for some Vadamal) time to cool. This is used as a drink. 5-10 gm. of fresh flowers are given twice a day. Hygrophylla longifolia Ikshura Traditional Entire Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of (Acanthaceae) Kokilaksha knowledge plant dried entire plant of H. longifolia and (Katu - ikiriya; 120 ml. is given twice a day. Neeramulliya) Ipomoea aquatica Kalambi Traditional Leaves Fresh leaves are cooked and eaten as (Convolvulaceae) (Kankun) knowledge a curry. Ipomoea batatas Sthulakanda Traditional Leaves Fresh 50 gm. of leaves of I. batatas (Convolvu- (Batala) knowledge are cut in to small piece and pounded laceae) well. 100 ml. of water is added and juice is extracted. This extracted juice is given to drink. Kokoona ceylanica Not known Traditional Inner Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of (Celastraceae) (Kokun; knowledge bark dried inner bark of K. ceylanica and Wana-potu) 120 ml. is given twice a day. Lagerstroemia speciosa Not known Traditional Mature Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of (Lythraceae) (Murutha) knowledge leaves dried mature leaves or ripen fruits of Ripe fruits L. speciosa and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Review of Srilankan Herbs used in Diabetes Mellitus : Ediriweera E.R.H.S.S. & Ratnasooriya W. D. AYU-VOL. 30, NO. 4 (OCTOBER-DECEMBER) 2009 383 Botanical Name Sanskrit Name Source of Part used in Method of preparation and &Family & (Sinhala Name) Information Medicine administration Lasia spinosa Not known Book 21 Fresh A salad prepared with fresh rhizome of (Araceae) (Kohila) Rhizome L. spinosa are given to diabetic patients to take with other foods. Fresh rhizome is cooked with coconut milk and given to diabetic patients to take with other foods. Khyme prepared with L. spinosa is given for diabetic patients. Luffa cylindrica Dhamargava Book 29 Seeds Seeds of L. cylindrical are powdered and (Cucurbi- (Niyan Leaves, given 5mg per day. taceae) Watakolu) Flowers Lycopersicon esculentum Tamatar Book 29 Fruits Fresh fruits are eaten as vegetable or (Solanaceae) (Thakkali) Seeds salads. Juice is extracted from chopped fresh fruits of L. esculentum by squeezing and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Melia azedarch Mahanimba Traditional Stem Decoction is prepared with 120 gm. of (Meliaceae) (Lunu Midella) knowledge bark fresh stem bark of M. azedarch or 60 gm. of dried stem bark 120 ml. is given twice a day. Memecylon umbellatum Anjani Book 29 Leaves Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of (Melastomaceae) (Kora kaha) dried leaves of M. umbellatum and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Merremia emarginata Akukarni Traditional Entire Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of (Convolvulaceae) (Meekanpala) knowledge plant dried entire plant or 120 gm. of fresh entire plant of M. emarginata and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Mimosa pudica Lajjalu Traditional Entire Decoction is prepared with 120 gm. of (Fabaceae) (Nidikumba) knowledge plant fresh entire plant of M. pudica and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Momordica charantia Karawellaka Book 21 Fresh fruit 50 gm. of fresh fruits of M. charantia (Cucurbitaceae) (Karavila) Traditional are chopped into small pieces and knowledge pounded. 100 ml. of water is added and 120 ml. of juice is extracted by squeezing and given once or twice a day. Fresh 50 gm. of fresh leaves are crushed. leaves 100 ml. of water is added and 120 ml. of juice is extracted by squeezing and given once or twice a day. 384 Botanical Name Sanskrit Name Source of Part used in Method of preparation and &Family & (Sinhala Name) Information Medicine administration Momordica dioica Karkotaka Book 21 Fresh The fruits of M. dioica are deseeded (Cucurbitaceae) (TumbaKaravila) fruit and cut in to thin slices. Then these are crushed and juice is extracted by squeezing. 30 ml. of juice is given once or twice a day. Murraya koenigii Kaintarya Traditional Leaves Fresh leaves of M. koenigii are pounded (Rutaceae) (Karapincha) knowledge and juice is extracted by squeezing. 120 ml. of the juice is given early morning to the empty stomach. Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of dried leaves of M. koenigii and 120 ml. is given twice a day. 60 gm. of dried leaves are to be boiled in 1920 ml. of water until the volume reduce to 240 ml. 120 ml. of the decoction is given twice a day. Musa balbisiana Khadali Traditional Flowers Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of (Musaceae) (Ati Kehel ) knowledge dried flowers of M. balbisiana and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Nauclea orientalis Kadamba Traditional Stem Decoction is prepared with 120 gm. of (Rubiaceae) (Bakmi) knowledge bark fresh stem bark of N. orientalis and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Nelumbo nucifera Padma Traditional Seeds Seeds of N. nucifera are powdered and (Nelumbonaceae) (Nelum) knowledge Roots 3-6 gm. given twice a day. Roots are pounded and juice is extracted by squeezing. 10 - 20 ml. of juice is given once a day. Oryza sativa Shali Traditional Roots Decoction is prepared with 120 gm. of (Poaceae) (Goyam; Vi) knowledg fresh roots of O. sativa and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Osbeckia octandra Not Known Traditional Leaves A salad is prepared with fresh leaves (Melastomaceae) (Heenbowitiya) knowledge and taken with both meals for about a week. Decoction is prepared with 120 gm. of fresh leaves of O. octandra and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Review of Srilankan Herbs used in Diabetes Mellitus : Ediriweera E.R.H.S.S. & Ratnasooriya W. D. AYU-VOL. 30, NO. 4 (OCTOBER-DECEMBER) 2009 385 Botanical Name Sanskrit Name Source of Part used in Method of preparation and &Family & (Sinhala Name) Information Medicine administration Passiflora foetida Mukkopeera Book 22 Entire Decoction is prepared with 120 gm. of (Passifloraceae) (Pada wel) creeper fresh entire creeper of P. foetida and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Phaseolus vulgaris Not Known Book 29 Pods Decoction is prepared with 120 gm. of (Fabaceae) (Bonchi) fresh pods of P. vulgaris and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Boiled pods are given to cover the sufficient quantity of the meal. Pongamia pinnata Karanja Book 29 Stem Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of (Fabaceae) (Magul bark dried stem bark of P. pinnata and 120 ml. Karanda) is given twice a day. Psidium guava Not Known Traditional Leaves Decoction is prepared with 120 gm. of (Myrtaceae) (Pera) knowledge fresh leaves of P. guava and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Phyllanthus emblica Amlaki Book 23 Fruit Fresh fruits of P. emblica are pounded (Euphorbiaceae) (Nelli) and juice is extracted. 60 ml. of juice is given twice a day. Fresh fruits are eaten as a food. Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of dried fruits P. embilica and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Phyllanthus urinaria Bhu Dhatri Traditional Entire Decoction is prepared with 120 gm. of (Euphorbiaceae) (Rath knowledge plant fresh entire plant of P. urinaria and Pitawakka) 120 ml. is given twice a day. Piper betle Thambula Traditional Leaves Two or three fresh leaves of P. betle (Piperaceae) (Bulat-wel) knowledge are crushed and pounded. Juice is extracted by sqeezing. Two teaspoonful of juice is given twice a day. Portulaca oleracae Lonika Book 21 Aerial Decoction is prepared with 120 gm. of (Portulaceae) (Gneda kola) part fresh aerial part of the plant P. oleracae and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Eaten as a vegetable. 386 Botanical Name Sanskrit Name Source of Part used in Method of preparation and &Family & (Sinhala Name) Information Medicine administration Pterocarpus marsupium Asana Book 21 Latex One teaspoonful of latex of P. marsupium (Fabaceae) (Gammalu) given daily. Pterocarpus santalinus Rakta Traditional Stem Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of (Fabaceae) Chandana knowledge bark dried stem bark of P. santalinus and (Rath Hadun) Stem 120 ml. is given twice a day. Rauwalfia serpentine Sarpagandha Book 29 Fruits Fruits of R. serpentine are dried and (Apocynaceae) (Ekaveriya) powdered. 2.5 gm. of this powder is given twice a day. (This is a drug which is widely used to reduce hypertension). Saccharum officianarum Ikshu Traditional Leaves Decoction is prepared with 120 gm. of (Poaceae) (Uk) knowledge fresh leaves of S. officianarum and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Salacia chinesis Saptachakra Traditional Root Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of (Hippocrateaceae) (Heen Himbutu) knowledge bark dried root bark of S. chinesis and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Salacia reticulata Kundika- Book 21 Root Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of (Hippocrateaceae) kanikawalli bark dried root bark of S. reticulata and 120 (Kothala- ml. is given twice a day. Himbutu) Scoparia dulcis Not Known Traditional Entire Decoction is prepared with 120 gm. of (Scrophulariaceae) (Walkoth- knowledge plant fresh entire plant or 60 gm. of dried thamalli) entire plant of S. dulcis and 120 ml. is given twice a day. 10 gm. of dried powder of entire plant is given twice a day. Sesbania sesban Jayanthi Traditional Leaves 2.5 gm. of dried leaves of S. sesban are (Fabaceae) (Senehe Kola) knowledge powdered and given once a day. Review of Srilankan Herbs used in Diabetes Mellitus : Ediriweera E.R.H.S.S. & Ratnasooriya W. D. AYU-VOL. 30, NO. 4 (OCTOBER-DECEMBER) 2009 387 Botanical Name Sanskrit Name Source of Part used in Method of preparation and &Family & (Sinhala Name) Information Medicine administration Setaria italica Kangu Traditional Seeds Khyme is prepared with handful of seeds (Poaceae) (Tana-hal) knowledge of S. italica by boiling with water and given for diabetic patients. Sphaeranthus indicus Mundi Traditional Entire Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of (Asteraceae) (Mudamahana) knowledge plant dried entire plant or 120 gm. of fresh entire plant of S. indicus and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Kada or Khyme is prepared with fresh entire plant of S. indicus and given for diabetic patients. Spondias dulcis Amrata Book 22 Stem bark Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of (Anacardiaceae) (Amberella) dried stem bark of Spondias dulcis and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Strychnos potatorum Khataka Book 28 Seeds Seeds of S. potatorum are ground with (Loganiaceae) (Ingini) rice washed water and made in to a fine paste. 10 gm. is given twice a day. Swertia chirayita Kiratha Traditional Entire Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of (Gentina- (Kiratha) knowledge plant dried entire plant of S. chirayita and ceae) 120 ml. is given twice a day. Symplococos Lodhrah Traditional Stem Arka of S. cochinchinensis is given to cochinchinensis (Lodra) knowledge bark diabetic patient 15 to 30 ml. f or a day. (Symplocaceae) ( Preparation method of Arka is described under E. scaber). Syzygium caryophyllatum Jambu Traditional Stem Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of (Myrtaceae) (Dan; knowledge bark dried stem bark of S. caryophyllatum Heen dan) and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Syzygium cumini Jambu Book 24 Seeds Seeds of S. cumini are put into a wide (Myrtaceae) (Madan) mouth earthen pot and heated while stirring until roasted. Roasted seeds are pounded well and 2.5 gm. of powder is given twice a day pouring with hot water. Stem Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of dried bark stem bark of S. cumini and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Syzygium malaccense Not Known Book 27 Stem Decoction is prepared with 120 gm. of (Myrtaceae) (Jambu) bark fresh bark of S. malaccense and 120 ml. is given twice a day. 388 Botanical Name Sanskrit Name Source of Part used in Method of preparation and &Family & (Sinhala Name) Information Medicine administration Syzygium samarangens Not Known Book 24 Stem Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of (Myrtaceae) (Pini Jambu) bark dried stem bark of S. samarangense and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Tectona grandis Sthirasara Traditional Stem Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of (Verbenaceae) (Thekka) knowledge bark dried stem bark of T. grandis and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Terminalia arjuna Arjuna Book 21 Stem Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of (Combrta- (Kumbuk) bark dried stem bark of T. arjuna and 120 ml. ceae) is given twice a day. Terminalia bellirica Vibhitaki Traditional Kernel of 2.5 to 5 gm. of pericarp of T. bellirica (Combrta- (Bulu) knowledge the seeds are given twice a day. ceae) Terminalia chebula Abhaya Book 21 Kernel of 2.5 to 5 gm. of pericarp of T. chebula (Combrtaceae) (Aralu) the seeds of are given twice a day. Thespesia populnea Parisha Book 24 Stem Decoction is prepared with 120 gm. of (Malvaceae) (Suriya) bark fresh stem bark of T. populnea and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Tinospora cordifolia Guduchi Book 23 Stem Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of (Menispermaceae) (Rasakinda) dried stem of T. cordifolia and 120 ml. is given twice a day. 60 gm. of Fresh stem of T. cordifolia are chopped into small pieces and pounded. 100 ml. of water is added and 120 ml. of juice is extracted by squeezing and 15 to 30 ml. of juice given thrice a day. Tinospora crispa Not Known Book 26,29 Stem Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of (Menisper- (Titta-kinda) dried stem bark of A. chundra and 120 ml. maceae) is given twice a day. 60 gm. of Fresh stem of T. crispa are chopped into small pieces and pounded. 100 ml. of water is added and 120 ml. of juice is extracted by squeezing and 15 to 30 ml. of juice given thrice a day. Review of Srilankan Herbs used in Diabetes Mellitus : Ediriweera E.R.H.S.S. & Ratnasooriya W. D. AYU-VOL. 30, NO. 4 (OCTOBER-DECEMBER) 2009 389 Botanical Name Sanskrit Name Source of Part used in Method of preparation and &Family & (Sinhala Name) Information Medicine administration Tragia involucrate Duralabha Traditional Entire Decoction is prepared with 120 gm. of (Euphorbiaceae) (Wel- knowledge Creeper fresh entire creeper of T. involucrate and Kahambiliya) 120 ml. is given twice a day. Trichosanthes dioica Patola Traditional Entire Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of (Cucurbitaceae) (Dummella) knowledge Creeper dried creeper of T. dioica and 120 ml. is given twice a day. Trigonella foenum- graecum. Methi Traditional Seeds Seeds of T. foenum - graecum. are put (Fabaceae) (Ulu-hal) knowledge into a wide mouth earthen pot and heated while stirring until roasted. Roasted seeds are pounded well and one teaspoonful of powder is given twice a day with water. Vateria copallifera Ajakarna Traditional Fresh Kernel of the fruit of V. copallifera is (Dipterocarpaceae) (Hal) knowledge fruit scraped. Scraped kernel is tied with a piece of cloth and hang in flowing water or a river over night to remove the bitter taste. Following day this washed scraped kernel is mixed with equal amount of wheat flour by adding little amount of coconut. The mixture is steamed and prepared the food called Pittu. Pittu is a food eaten for breakfast or dinner. It helps to reduce the blood glucose level. Wattakaka volubilis Sarvakshira Traditional Fresh A salad prepared with fresh leaves of (Asclepiadaceae) Hemavalli knowledge Leaves W. volubilis are given to diabetic patients. (Kiri-Anguna; Fresh leaves are cut into very thin slices Thiththa and mix with little scraped coconuts, Anguna) salt, lemon juice, chopped onions and green chillies. Xanthium strumarium Medhya Traditional Roots Decoction is prepared with 60 gm. of (Asteraceae) (Wal Rambutan; knowledge Seeds dried root of X. strumarium and 120 ml. Uru Kossa) is given twice a day. Seeds are dried and powdered. 2.5 gm. to 5 gm. of powder is given twice a day. Zingiber officinale Shunti Traditional Rhizome Fresh rhizome is pounded and juice is (Zingiberaceae) (Inguru) knowledge extracted by squeezing. 5-10 ml. is given once a day. 10 gm. of dried rhizome of Z. officinale is boiled with water and given. Ziziphus mauritiana Badara Book 21 Fruits Ripen fruits are eaten as a fruit. ( Rhamnaceae) (Masan; Leaves Decoction is prepared with 120 gms. of Maha Debara) fresh leaves of Z. mauritiana and 120 ml. is given twice a day. 390 Botanical Name Sanskrit Name Source of Part used in Method of preparation and &Family & (Sinhala Name) Information Medicine administration Ziziphus rugosa Not Known Traditional Fruits Ripen fruits are eaten as a fruit by ( Rhamnaceae) (Maha knowledge Leaves especially by school chidren in rural areas Eraminiya) on their way to school. Decoction is prepared with 120 gm. of fresh leaves of Z. rugosa and 120 ml. is given twice a day. DISCUSSION Ayurvedic physicians, traditional physicians andSri Lankan society especiallywho are suffering fromdiabetes mellitus have a good knowledge on plants which can control diabetes mellitus. Most of the people are able to identify the plants which growin their living areas. Some diabetic patients are used to take these plants to control blood glucose level without an advice of a physician as they are experienced with the effect of these plants because their grand parents, relations are using. Some patients use these plants to prepare salads, curries and as a fruit with normal meals as a preventive measure to control the blood glucose level. Most of the diabetic patients have knowledge on at least two or three plants effective to control blood sugar. The 90 %of the patients have tried these plants as a vegetable or a medicine. Many patients use more than one plant to treat the disease bythemselves fromtime totime. Ayurvedic andtraditional medicinal preparations are available prepared by combining several herbs and metals to cure diabetic mellitus. The hypoglycaemic activity of some plants have been experimentally demonstrated such as Aegle marmelos 13,15 , Anacrdium occidentale 12 , Andrographis paniculata 7 , Artocarpus heterophyllus 8 , Bambusa vulgaris 8 , Cucumis sativus 19 , Cuminum cyminum 19 , Ficus beghalensis 20 , Luffa aegyptiaca 18 , Osbeckia octandra 8 , Memecylon umbellatum 9 , Mormordica charantia 6,15 , Mormordica dioica 11 , Phaseolus vulgaris 19 , Pterocarpus santalinus 17 , Salacia reticulata 15 , Syzygium cumini 14 , Tinospora crispa 10 , Trignonella foenum-graceum 16 . We can conclude that in Sri Lanka, that traditional and Ayurvedic medicines are still used and constitute in fact very rich heritage, which is obligatory to keep. Phytotherapy is a real tool of medicines for all people. CONCLUSION It canbe concludedthat inSri Lanka, that traditional and Ayurvedic medicines are still used and constitute in fact very rich heritage, which is obligatory to keep. 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I., 2001, Medicinal plants and Ayurvedic preparations used in Sri Lanka for the control of Diabetes mellitus, Department of Ayurveda, Sri Lanka p. 35-56. 30. mpcpdb.frlht.org.in/Nomenco_Bot2SK.html <Y^Z] }|_ I ptI Y I *Ltv]|wvA }|}o GB<p*wv< A .G}. ... s>}]} | s>t. s>]. }MA} Loto x I * ]|wvI * I ptI Y < wvMELtvYA] }}o GB<p*wv|LYMI wv< A wv Y$A GB<p*wv<< J , wves>, t~, fv, I , wv>, | | M<Z; J , gvE, }, wvOwv G<Z vI * < wvM Yot @ I * o Y$ ]|wvI * wtv 126 GB<p* wv I ptI Y wvK< wvMI * L wvoY$