A Summary of Health Physics

Jordan Daniel Ulmer Health Physics Cheat Sheet SP2014 P a g e | 1
Time of print: 8:20 AM 5/8/2014

1. Classical Electromagnetism:
Gauss Law :
Gravity is similar to
field
Gauss Law :
No magnetic monopoles
Faradays Law :

Amperes Law :

2. Fundamental Forces of Nature:
Interaction Strong Nuclear
Electro-Weak
Gravitational
Electromagnetic Weak Nuclear
Equation:

Relative
Magnitude:

Acting on: Quarks Charged particles Quarks, leptons All particles

Action
Descriptor:
Color Electric charge Flavor charge Mass
Exchange
Particle:
Gluons ( ) (massless) Photon ( ) (massless)
+
,
(massive) Graviton( ) (massless)

Fundamental
Theory:
(QCD) Quantum Chromodynamics
(QED) Quantum
Electrodynamics
(QFD) Quantum
FlavorDynamics
General Relativity
Notes:
Nuclear interactions govern the
shape of the periodic table.

Causes radioactive
decay.
Nuclear Physics neglects
gravitational effects

3. Newtons Laws Classical Mechanics:
1. Inertia: A body continues in motion unless acted upon by an outside force.
2. : The acceleration depends on the net external force.
3. ActionRe-action: For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Conservation Laws:
1. Conservation of momentum:

1.1. Collisions
1
are the only way to transfer energy of an incoming radiation.
1.1.1. Fissions create fast moving neutrons
1.1.2. Moderators slow neutrons down.
1.1.3. Two body momentum exchange:

1
However particles do not have to physically touch.


2. Conservation of Energy:
()

2.1. Photons are massless momentum transfer particles and so
their energy is entirely due to their momentum. This is why
the travel at the speed of light.
2.2. Binomial expansion relativistic approximation of gamma:
2.2.1. ( () )

2.2.2.
4. Quantum Probabilistic Mechanics:
Quantum Polar Coordinants(QN):
1. Wave functions describe probabilities in regions of space
2
:
1.1. (, , )

Quantum Numbers
3
(QN):
2. Oscillations in the radial direction () are described by:
2.1. Principal QN:
2.2. ,,, , , ,
3. Oscillations along the polar angle () are described by:
3.1. Azimuthal QN:
3.1.1. ,,,( )
4. Oscillations along the angle () are described by:
4.1.
Magnetic QN:
4.1.1. |
, ( ) ( ),
5. Oscillations intrinsic to the particle are described by:
5.1. Spin QN:
5.1.1. ,,,( )
5.2.
Spin QN:
5.2.1. |
, ( ) ( ),
5.2.2. For fermions(1/2 spin particles),

6. Pauli Exclusion Principle:

2
CAUTION: Math uses (, , ) for Spherical Polar Coordinates
3
(Nuclear Energy Levels for
+
and are described by Magic numbers)

Figure 1: Physics Spherical
Polar Coordinates


6.1. No two electrons in an atom may share the same set of quantum numbers (, ,
, )
7. Hunds Rule to obtain the lowest energy states:
7.1. Electrons spread out in space.
7.2. Electrons tend to orient in spin parallel directions.
Particle wave duality (Max Plank):
1. Massless particle(ie: photons) :
1.1.

2. Energy of an Orbital transition in Hydrogen Atom:
2.1. (
) ( ) (
)
2.2. ie: ( )
( )

2.2.1. ( ) (
)
Heisenberg Uncertainty principle:
1.
1.1. Nuclear interactions are at greater energies than chemical ones:
1.1.1. ()

Angular Momentum:
1. Spin angular momentum:

1.1. Planks constant:

2. Electric Force:

3. Orbital Radius:

3.1. Bohr Radius:

4. Tangential velocity:

5. As the Electric Force increases the orbiting
particles distance from the center increases.
Hence higher orbitals have lower binding
energies.


5. Forms of Radiation:
Alpha Decay (
):
1. Decay transformation Two Daughter Particles:
1.1.

1.2.

1.2.1.
1.2.2.
1.3. Example ( ) :
1.3.1.
3

1.3.2. Conservation of Energy Energy released:
1.3.2.1.

( ) ( )
1.3.2.2. (
) (
) 88
1.3.3. Energy of Outgoing and The two daughter particles have momentum in opposite
directions:
1.3.3.1.
((
)
1.3.3.2.
8
1.3.3.3.
88
2. Rules of Thumb:
2.1. Alphas can be absorbed by a sheet of paper.
2.2. Larger mass than Betas and are monoenergetic.
2.3. Do not lose their energy until the end of their range.
2.4. Most harmful when an Alpha emitter is ingested.
3. Very stable due to the Magic Number of both
+
and

3.1. May form in a nucleus and bounce around until it gains enough energy to escape or quantum
tunnels through the binding energy barrier.
Beta Decay (
;
+

+
):
1. Decay transformation Three Daughter particles:
1.1. Neutron Rich Elements:
1.1.1.

1.1.2.

1.2. Proton Rich Elements:
1.2.1.
+

1.2.2.

2. Beta Attenuation:
2.1. ()
()

3. Rules of Thumb:

3.1. Energy Spectrum:
3.1.1. Large energy distributions.
3.1.2.

3.2. Conservation Constituents:
3.2.1.
Neutrino conservation of energy and conservation of momentum.

3.3. Betas are easy to detect because of their charge.
Orbital Electron Capture:
4. Some wavefunctions have overlapping nucleuss and
can be captured, most frequently from the

inner :
4.1.

Internal Conversion:
5. Electrons absorb a gamma from a nucleus and is ejected from the atom.
Gamma Decay ( ):
1. Gammas are due to transitions of the nucleus from an excited state.
2. Gamma Attenuation:
2.1. Photons are not stopped but lose energy by changing their wavelength.
Bremmstrahlung Breaking Radiation:
3. Causes gammas ():
3.1. Acceleration of a charge produces photons to transfer momentum. As the charge approaches
the speed of light, the Bremmstrahlung becomes more intense (ie: more photons are emitted).
3.2. See also Cherenkov radiation.
Neutron Decay ( ):
1. Neutron Attenuation:
1.1. Hydrogenous materials (Comparable masses to neutrons) best absorb the energy of incedent
neutrons.
2. Types of materials for neutron mining:
2.1. Fissile Isotopes:
2.1.1. Absorb thermal(slow enough to interact) neutrons and produces more neutrons and
byproducts.
2.1.2. Can create a sustained reaction for Nuclear Power.
2.2. Fertile Isotopes:
2.2.1. Isotopes that can be transformed into fissile elements.
2.3. Fissionable Isotopes:
2.3.1. Isotopes which can, at least , provide a temporary production of neutrons from an
incident neutron(fast or thermal).
3. Rules of Thumb:
3.1. Free neutrons decay
(


3.2. Gammas are used to study neutron capture via neutron activation analysis, since neutrons are
neutral and do not interact electromagnetically.
Other Decays:
1. Multiple Alpha particles in a single decay.
2. Particles heavier than Alpha
6. Effect of different processes (, , , ) radiation Vs. Energy:
Photoelectric Effect:
1. Energy of a photon is transferred to an electron causing it to be ejected from the atom.
1.1.

1.2. Similar to Internal Conversion
1.3. The Photoelectric effect is the dominating source for Low-Energy (
) Gammas.
Compton Scattering Effect:
2. Where an incident gamma is absorbed and gives enough energy to an electron so that the electron
is ejected AND remaining energy is emitted as a new lower energy.
2.1.

2.2. The Compton Effect is the dominating source for Mid-Energy (
)
Gammas.
Pair Production:
3. The incident photon supplies enough energy to create and electron positron pair.
3.1.

+

3.2. Effectively pair production is reversed Bremmstrahlung.
3.3. Pair production is the dominating source for High-Energy (
) )
Gammas.
Photodisintegration:
4. Where incoming photons are absorbed by a nucleus which is then excited and subsequently decays
emitting a subatomic particle a neutron proton or alpha particle is effectively knocked out of the
nucleus.
4.1.

4.2. Only present for very high energies..
Photofusion:
5. Only present for extremely high energies: solar fusion, supernovae.

7. Radioactive Decay and Equilibria Formulae:
1. Definitions:
1.1. ( )
1.2.
1.3.
()

1.4.
2. Case ( )
Trivial Equilibrium (
):
2.1. Assuming B decays MUCH faster than A thus As activity can be considered constant
2.1.1. If (
) as
(

2.1.2.

2.1.3. Activity Derivation:
2.1.3.1.

2.1.3.2.

2.1.3.3.

2.1.3.4.

Transient Equilibrium (
):
2.2. Assuming (
and
() )
2.2.1. If B and A decay at a similar rates (
)
2.2.2. Then
)
2.2.3. Activity Derivation:
2.2.3.1.

2.2.3.2.

2.2.3.3.

2.2.3.4.
)
2.2.3.5.
)

2.2.3.6.
)

2.2.3.7.
)

2.2.3.8. if
()
2.2.3.8.1.

2.2.3.9.
(
(
)
)
2.2.3.10.
)

2.2.3.11.
)
2.2.3.12. if (
) ;

2.2.3.12.1.

2.2.3.12.2.

2.2.4. Maximum Activity:
2.2.4.1.
)
8. Radioactive Dose:
Definitions and Formulae:
1.

2. ( )( )
( ) ( ) () (
) (
) (
) (
3
)
(
)
3. ( )
4.
( ) ( )
5. ( )
6.
]
(
3

)
[] (
)(
](
)(
)
3

7.
(

)
3

(
)
(
]
8.
]
()(
)
()

Units:
1. Dose:
1.1. Physical quantity:
1.1.1.

()
( )
1.2. Biological Effect:
1.2.1. ()
2. Exposure:
2.1. [ ( )] 88
2.2. [ ( )]
3. Quality Factor:
3.1. Signal processing concept equal to the center frequency divided by the bandwidth:
3.2.


Effectiveness of Radiation by Type
Form of radiation Energy Quality factor ()
Gamma Low 1
Gamma High 10
Alpha ~ 20
Neutrons 10
9. Radiation and Biology:
Central Dogma of Biology:
{

The Cell Cycle:

Mitosis(Mass production): The cell splits once.
Meiosis(Reproductive): The cell splits four times.
(GAP-1)
"Metabolic changes
prepare cell for
devision"
S (Synthesis)
"DNA synthesis
replicates the genetic
material"
Each chromosome
consists of two sister
chromatids
(GAP-2)
"Material is collected"
Metabolic changes
assemble cytoplasmic
material needed for
mitosis Cytokinesis.
Mitosis /
Cytokinesis (M
Phase)
"The actual splitting
of the cell"
Nuclear division and
cell division
C
e
l
l

D
i
v
i
s
i
o
n

Interphase:
Chromozones become
condensed and
duplicate.
Polyphase:
Chromosomes become
"visable" & fiberous
cnteriolies move to
oposite sides of the cell.
Metaphase:
Chromosomes "line up"
to be "split apart".
Telophase: Membranes
form & the cell begins to
split in two.

Human Biological Systems:

Reproductive:
"Sex organs:"
Male:
Testes
Vas deferens
Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Penis
Female:
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Mammary glands
Digestive:
"Processes food with:"
Salivary glands
Esophagus
Stomach
Liver
Gallbladder
pancreas
intestines
rectum
anus
Respiratory:
"Breathing:"
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Diaphragm
Immune:
"Systems that fight
disease:"
Leukocytes
Eat bacteria and fungi
Tonsils
Adenoids
Thymus
Spleen
Musculoskeletal:
"Movement and
structure:"
Muscles:
Ligaments
Tendons
Skeleton:
Bones
Cartilage
Urinary:
"Fluid and electrolyte
balance and excretion:"
Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
Endocannabinoid:
"Lipids and receptors
that control:"
Appetite
Mood
Motor learning
Memory
Synaptic plasticity
"Speed of neural
communication"
Endocrine:
"Secretion of hormones
made by:"
Endocrine glands:
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Pineal body/gland
Thyroid
Parathyroids
Adrenals
Adrenal glands...
Lymphatic:
"Systems that transfer of
lymph(blood clotting fluid)
through the body:"
Lymph
Nodes
Source of lymph in
lymphocytes
Transfer vessels
Circulatory:
"Pumps blood through the
body with:"
Heart
Blood vessels
Vestibular:
"Balance and orientation:"
Inner ear:
Cupula
"Directional antenna"
Otoliths
"Accelerometer"

Effect of Radiation on Biological Systems:
Human Low-Dose Radiobiology Effect Process (Dr. Gary Yarrow):

Cellular lifetimes:
Cellular Structure Lifetime
White Blood Cells 13 days
Red Blood Cells 120 days
Liver Cells 500 days
Nerve Cells 100 years (May develop but do not reproduce)
Prompt Effects:
1. Acute Damage: high dose in short period of time
1.1. Kills cells:
1.1.1. (-): May kill too many cells for the body to bounce back
1.1.2. (+): Dead cells cannot create cancerous mutations
Prompt Effect of the Absorbed Radiation Dose Acute Dose (rem)
Blood count changes
Vomiting (threshold)
Energy Deposition in Tissues (E
a
) Local Biochemical Change(s)
Genetic Aberrations

Delayed Physical Effects

Mutagenesis
Mutation
(Hereditary
effects)
Carcinogenesis
(Carcinogens cancer causing)
Teratogenesis
Embryonic Defects
(in utero effects)

Cellular Damages

Early physical effects-
difficult/impossible
To measure at low doses

Morality (threshold)
(Lethal Dose
4
with minimal supportive medical care)
(Lethal Dose with supportive medical care) 8

mortality (Lethal Dose with best medical care) 8
Delayed Effects:
1. Chronic Damage: low dose over an extended period of time
1.1. Effects not immediately seen.

Radiosensitivity of Biological Systems Bergonie and Tribondeau Law:

4
Lethal Dose
means , that there is an average mortality rate within of the dose reception.
Delayed
Effects of
Radiation
Cataracts
Dose:
Target: Lense of Eye
Realization Timeline:

Cancer
Dose/Risk Correspondence:
risk of death from cancer
,,
Realization Timeline:
Radiation Induced Cancers: Leukemia,
Multiple Myeloma, Brest Cancer, Lung
Cancer, and Skin Cancer


10. Table of Contents:
1. Classical Electromagnetism: ................................................................................................ 1
2. Fundamental Forces of Nature: ........................................................................................... 1
3. Newtons Laws Classical Mechanics : ............................................................................... 1
4. Quantum Probabilistic Mechanics: ................................................................................... 2
Quantum Polar Coordinants(QN): .............................................................................................. 2
Quantum Numbers (QN): ............................................................................................................ 2
Particle wave duality (Max Plank): .............................................................................................. 3
Heisenberg Uncertainty principle: .............................................................................................. 3
Angular Momentum: .................................................................................................................. 3
5. Forms of Radiation: .............................................................................................................. 4
Alpha Decay ( ): .......................................................................................................... 4
Beta Decay ( ; ): ............................................................................................ 4
Orbital Electron Capture: ...................................................................................................................... 5
Internal Conversion: .............................................................................................................................. 5
Gamma Decay ( ): ................................................................................................. 5
Bremmstrahlung Breaking Radiation: ................................................................................................ 5
Neutron Decay ( ): .............................................................................................. 5
Most
Sensitive
Least
Sensitive

Other Decays: .............................................................................................................................. 6
Effect of (, , , ) radiation Vs. Energy: ......................................................................... 6
Radioactive Decay and Equilibria Formulae: .................................................................................. 7
6. Radiation and Biology: ......................................................................................................... 8
Central dogma of biology: ........................................................................................................... 9
The Cell Cycle: ............................................................................................................................. 9
Human Biological Systems: ....................................................................................................... 10
Effect of Radiation on Biological Systems: ................................................................................ 11
Human Low-Dose Radiobiology Effect Process (Dr. Gary Yarrow): .................................................... 11
Cellular lifetimes: ................................................................................................................................ 11
Prompt Effects: ................................................................................................................................... 11
Delayed Effects: .................................................................................................................................. 12
Radiosensitivity of Biological Systems Bergonie and Tribondeau Law: ........................................ 12
7. Table of Contents: .............................................................................................................. 13
A. Figures: ........................................................................................................................... 14
B. Tables: ............................................................................................................................ 14

A. Figures:
Figure 1: Physics Spherical Polar Coordinates 2

B. Tables:

No table of figures entries found.

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Jordan Daniel Ulmer Health Physics Cheat Sheet SP2014 P a g e | 1

Time of print: 8:20 AM 5/8/2014

Acting on: Quarks Charged particles Quarks, leptons All particles

(massive) Graviton( ) (massless)

Neutrino conservation of energy and conservation of momentum.

can be captured, most frequently from the

(Lethal Dose with supportive medical care) 8

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