Austrian Standard B-1992!1!1

Page i of 80
Austrian Standard
B 1992-1-1
Edition: 2011-12-01

Euro Code 2 - Design of Reinforced and pre stressed concrete structures
Part 1-1: General rules and rules for building

National specifications concerning Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1
and national comments national supplements

Publisher and printing
Austrian Standards Institute /
Austrian Standards Institute (ON)
Heinestrasse 38, 1020 Vienna

Copyright Austrian Standards Institute
2010. All rights reserved. Reproduction or
copying, recording or in any form or media
without prior permission!
E-mail: publishing@as-plus.at
Internet: www.as-plus.at/rights

ICS 91.010.30; 91.080.40

Replacement for B 1992-1-1:2007-02

Responsible
Committee of 010
Concrete, reinforced concrete and pre
stressed concrete

Sale of domestic and foreign standards and
Regulations via Austrian Standards plus GmbH
Heinestrasse 38, 1020 Vienna
E-mail: sales@as-plus.at
Internet: www.as-plus.at
Web shop: www.as-plus.at/shop
Tel: +43 1 213 00-444
Fax: +43 1 213 00-818

Content

Page ii of 80

Foreword.............................................................................................................................. 4
1 Area of application................................................................................................. 4
2 Regulations references........................................................................................... 4
3 Terms...................................................................................................................... 5
4 Overview of the sections with national choice......................................................... 5
5 Basics of Structural Design..................................................................................... 12
5.1 Basic variables........................................................................................................ 12
5.2 Detection method with partial safety factors........................................................... 12
6 Building materials.................................................................................................... 13
6.1 Concrete.................................................................................................................. 13
6.2 Reinforcing steel...................................................................................................... 13
6.3 Pre stressing steel................................................................................................... 14
7 Durability and concrete cover - proof method......................................................... 14
8 Determination of internal forces.............................................................................. 17
8.1 General.................................................................................................................... 17
8.2 Imperfection............................................................................................................. 17
8.3 Idealizations and simplifications.............................................................................. 18
8.4 Linear elastic analysis............................................................................................. 19
8.5 Linear elastic analysis with limited rearrangement.................................................. 19
8.6 The method of plasticity theory................................................................................ 19
8.7 Non-linear method.................................................................................................... 19
8.8 Determine the effects of deformation of components under normal force
second order theory.................................................................................................. 19
8.9 Pre stressed concrete structures.............................................................................. 20
9 Evidence in the ultimate limit state (ULS)................................................................. 22
9.1 Bending with or without axial force and normal force only........................................ 22
9.2 Lateral force.............................................................................................................. 22
9.3 Torsion...................................................................................................................... 25
9.4 Punching................................................................................................................... 25
9.5 Truss models............................................................................................................ 25
9.6 Check against fatigue............................................................................................... 29
10 Evidence in the serviceability limit states................................................................. 31
10.1 Stress limits.............................................................................................................. 31
10.2 Limitation of crack widths......................................................................................... 33
10.3 Limiting deformations............................................................................................... 37
11 General Rules reinforcement................................................................................... 38
11.1 General.................................................................................................................... 38
11.2 Bar spacing of reinforcing steel................................................................................ 39
11.3 Bending of reinforcing bars....................................................................................... 39
11.4 Anchorage of longitudinal reinforcement................................................................... 41
11.5 Anchorage of stirrups and shear reinforcement........................................................ 41
11.6 Anchoring means bars welded.................................................................................. 41
11.7 Shocks and mechanical connections........................................................................ 41
11.8 Additional rules for large bar diameters.................................................................... 42
11.9 Tendons.................................................................................................................... 42
12 Construction rule....................................................................................................... 42
12.1 General..................................................................................................................... 42
12.2 Longitudinal reinforcement....................................................................................... 42
12.3 Full plates................................................................................................................. 43
12.4 Flat slabs.................................................................................................................. 44
12.5 Support..................................................................................................................... 46

Page iii of 80

12.6 Walls......................................................................................................................... 47
12.7 Wall-like carrier......................................................................................................... 48
12.8 Foundations.............................................................................................................. 51
12.9 Mitigations for unusual events.................................................................................. 51
13 Additional rules for components and pre fabricated structures................................ 52
14 Additional rules for components and structures made of light
concrete.................................................................................................................... 52
14.1 Materials................................................................................................................... 52
14.2 Checks in the ultimate limit state (ULS).................................................................... 53
15 Structures made of unreinforced or reinforced concrete low.................................... 53
15.1 Materials................................................................................................................... 53
15.2 Checks in the ultimate limit state (ULS).................................................................... 53
16 Modification of partial factors for materials................................................................ 54
16.1 General...................................................................................................................... 54
16.2 Situ concrete structures............................................................................................. 54
16.3 Precast concrete products and precast..................................................................... 54
17 Creep and shrinkage................................................................................................. 54
18 Properties of the concrete reinforcing steel............................................................... 54
19 For more detailed method of calculating pre stressing losses from
relaxation................................................................................................................... 55
20 Indicative minimum strength classes to ensure the durability................................... 56
21 Equations for tensile reinforcement for the plane stress state.................................. 57
22 Soil-structure interaction............................................................................................ 57
23 Documents on the overall structure of the second-order........................................... 57
24 Determination of internal forces in flat slabs and shear walls.................................... 57
25 Design rules for selected examples........................................................................... 57
25.1 General...................................................................................................................... 57
25.2 Surface reinforcement................................................................................................ 57
25.3 Frame corners............................................................................................................ 58
25.4 Consoles.................................................................................................................... 60
25.5 Recording of deflection forces................................................................................... 65
Bibliography............................................................................................................................. 69

Page 1 of 80

Austrian Standard B 1992-1-1:2011

Foreword

In the euro code Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1 details were left open to parameters for national
decision. This Nationally Determined Parameters apply to the design and construction of
reinforced concrete and pre stressed concrete structures respectively in the respective country in
which they are built.

Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1 is a choice for national provisions in those sections, the are listed
in the present Austrian Standard. These national provisions which, according to Guidance Paper
L
1
) the European Commission should be published as National Annex, together with national
explanatory notes and additions to the present Austrian Standard made.

This edition replaces the issue Austrian Standard B 1992-1-1:2007, which has been technically
revised. The main changes are listed below, this compilation is not entitled stands for
completeness:

Changes were made suitable especially at the information the punching in the use of evidence
ties concerning the limitation of crack widths and the stress analyzes. In addition, additional
national additions and explanations are added to facilitate the application. Thus, inter alia
Design rules selected examples re-recorded.

In contrast to the last issue of the application of this Austrian Standard were to facilitate belong
together national provisions, additions and explanations no longer independent of each other
sections, but ranked according to their factual connection.

1 Area of application

This Austrian Standard applies to the design, calculation and design of building and civil
engineering from concrete, reinforced concrete and pre stressed concrete. It specifies national
parameters, national explanations and national supplements to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1
and shall be used together with proof of this for Austria.

2 Regulations references

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For
dated references applies only the edition cited. For undated references, the latest edition of the
referenced document (including any amendments). Laws are always in as amended apply.

Austrian Standard B 3328
2
) Precast concrete products - Requirements, tests and procedures for
the detection of conformity of finished parts made of concrete, reinforced concrete and pre
stressed concrete

Austrian Standard B 4707, Steel for the reinforcement of concrete - Weldable reinforcing steel -
General National Specifications concerning Austrian Standard EN 10080

Austrian Standard B 4710-1, Concrete - Part 1: Specification, production, use and proof of
conformity (Rules the implementation of Austrian Standard EN 206-1)

Austrian Standard EN 197-1, cement - Part 1: Composition, requirements and compliance criteria
of normal cement

Page 2 of 80


Austrian Standard EN 1536 Execution of special geotechnical work - Bored piles

1
) Guidance Paper L, concerning the Construction Product Directive 89/106/EEC, Application and Use of
Eurocodes, European Commission, Enterprise Directorate General

2
) In preparation

Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1, Euro Code 2: Design of reinforced concrete and pre stressed
concrete structures- Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings

Austrian Standard EN 13369: Common rules for precast concrete products

Austrian Standard EN 13747, Precast concrete products - Floor plates for floor

Austrian Standard EN 13670, execution of concrete structures

Gazette No. 340/1994, Regulation of the Federal Minister of Labour and Social protection rules of
life, health, or morals of employees in the execution of civil works (construction worker protection
regulation - Construction of V)

3 Terms

For the purposes of this Austrian Standard the terms according to EN 1992-1-1 and the following
definitions apply:

3.1
Duct diameter
Outer diameter of the cladding tube without regard to the ribs

3.2
Strand diameter
Diameter of the enveloping circle of the strand cross-section

3.3
Bar diameter or nominal diameter
Diameter of a circular smooth rod, having the same mass as the given per meter rebar

Page 3 of 80


4 Overview of the sections with national choice

Section according to
Austrian Standard
EN 1992-1-1 with
choice, explanation
or addition
National
Decision
Comments National
explanation
and
Addition
Or imply section in Austrian Standard B 1992-1-1
2.3.3(3) 5.1.1 The recommended value is accepted.
2.3.4.2(2) 5.1.2
2.4.2.1(1) 5.2.1 The recommended value is accepted.
2.4.2.4(1) 5.2.6 The recommended values are accepted.
2.4.2.5(2) 5.2.8
3.1.2 6.1.1
3.1.2(2)P 6.1.2 The recommended value is accepted.
3.2.1(3)P 6.2.1
3.2.1(5) 6.2.2
3.2.2(3)P 6.2.3
3.3.6(7) 6.3.2 The recommended values are accepted.
4.4.1.2(3) 7.1
4.4.1.2(5) 7.2
4.4.1.2(6) 7.3 The recommended value is accepted.
4.4.1.2(7) 7.4
4.4.1.2(8) 7.5
4.4.1.2(13) 7.6 The recommended values are accepted.
4.4.1.3(1)P 7.7
4.4.1.3(3) 7.8
4.4.1.3(4) 7.9 The recommended values are accepted.
5.1.3.(1)P 8.1 The recommendations are adopted.
5.2(5) 8.2.1 The recommended value is accepted.
5.2.(7) 8.2.2
5.3.2.2(3) 8.3
5.3.2.2(4) 8.3
5.4 8.4.1
5.4(3) 8.4.2
5.5(5) 8.5.2

Page 4 of 80


Austrian Standard
EN 1992-1-1 with
choice, explanation
or addition
National
Decision
Comments National
explanation
and
Addition
5.6.1(3)P 8.6.1 There are no additional information
given.

5.7(5) 8.7
5.8.3.2(3) 8.8.2
5.8.4(2) 8.8.5
5.8.5(1) 8.8.6 There are no restrictions specified.
5.8.6(3) 8.8.7 The recommended value is accepted. 8.8.8
5.10.1(6) 8.9.1
5.10.2.1(1)P 8.9.2 The recommended values are accepted.
5.10.2.1(2) 8.9.3
5.10.3(2) 8.9.6
5.10.8(2) 8.9.7
5.10.9(1)P 8.9.9
6.1 9.1.1
6.1(4) 9.1.2
6.2.1(8) 9.2.1
6.2.3(2) 9.2.4
6.2.3(3), Note 1 and
Note 2
9.2.5

6.2.3(3), Note 3 9.2.6
6.2.4(5) 9.2.8
6.2.5 9.2.10
6.3.2(1) 9.3.1
6.3.2(4) 9.3.2
6.4.1(2)P 9.4.1
6.4.2(2) 9.4.2
6.4.2(11) 9.4.3
6.4.3(3) 9.4.4
6.4.3(4) 9.4.5
6.4.3(5) 9.4.5
6.4.3(6) 9.4.6
6.4.4(1) 9.4.7 The recommended values are accepted. 9.4.8

Page 5 of 80


Austrian Standard
EN 1992-1-1 with
choice, explanation
or addition
National
Decision
Comments National
explanation
and
Addition
6.4.4(2) 9.4.9
6.4.5 9.4.10
6.4.5(1) 9.4.11
6.4.5(3) 9.4.12
6.5.4(4) 9.5.2
6.8.1(2) 9.6.1
6.8.4(1) 9.6.2
6.8.4(1), Note 2 9.6.3 Tables 6.3N and 6.4N be changed.
6.8.5(3) 9.6.2
6.8.7(1) 9.6.7
6.8.7(2) 9.6.8
7.2 10.1.1
7.2(5) 10.1.4 The recommended values are accepted.
7.3.1(5) 10.2.1
7.3.2(2) 10.2.2
7.3.2(3) 10.2.3
7.3.2(4) 10.2.4
7.3.3(2) 10.2.5
7.3.4 10.2.6
7.3.4(3) 10.2.7
7.3.4(5) 10.2.8
7.4.2(2) 10.3
8 11.1
8.2(2) 11.2.1 11.2.2
8.3 11.3.1, 11.3.2
8.3(2) 11.3.3 The recommended values are accepted.
8.4.4(1) 11.4
8.5(2) 11.5
8.6(2) 11.6 The recommended value is accepted.
8.7.2 11.7.1
8.7.2(3) 11.7.2
8.7.2(4) 11.7.3
8.7.3(1) 11.7.4
8.8(2) 11.8.2

Page 6 of 80


Austrian Standard
EN 1992-1-1 with
choice, explanation
or addition
National
Decision
Comments National
explanation
and
Addition
8.10.1.3(1) 11.9.1
8.10.1.3(3) 11.9.2
8.10.2.3(1) 11.9.3
9.1 12.1
9.2.1.1(1) 12.2.1 The recommended values and the
recommended Equation can be applied.

9.2.2(5) 12.2.6
9.2.2(6) 12.2.7
9.2.2(7) 12.2.8
9.2.2(8) 12.2.9
9.2.3 12.2.10
9.2.4(1) 12.2.11
9.3.1.1(3) 12.3.1
9.3.2(2) 12.3.2
9.4 12.4.1
9.4.1(3) 12.4.2
9.4.3(1) 12.4.3
9.4.3(4) 12.4.4
9.5.1 12.5.1
9.5.2(1) 12.5.2
9.5.2(2) 12.5.3
9.5.2(3) 12.5.4
9.5.2(4) 12.5.5
9.5.3(3) 12.5.6
9.5.3(6) 12.5.7
9.6 12.6.1
9.6.3(1) 12.6.3
9.6.4(2) 12.6.4
9.7 12.7.1
9.8.1(3) 12.8.1
9.8.2.1(1) 12.8.2
9.8.3(1) 12.8.3
9.8.3(2) 12.8.4
9.8.5(3) 12.8.6

Page 7 of 80


Austrian Standard
EN 1992-1-1 with
choice, explanation
or addition
National
Decision
Comments National
explanation
and
Addition
10 13
12.3.1(2) 15.1.2
12.6.2(1)P 15.2.1
Annex A 16.1 The Annex A is informative.
A.2 16.2.1
A.2.1(1) 16.2.2
A.2.1(2) 16.2.3 The recommended value is accepted.
A.2.2(1) 16.2.4 The recommended values are accepted.
A.2.2(2) 16.2.5 The recommended value is accepted.
A.2.3(1) 16.2.6 The recommended values are accepted.
A.3 16.3
A.4 16.3
Annex B 17 Annex B is normative.
Annex C 18.1 Appendix C is normative.
C.1 18.2
C.1(1) 18.3
C.1(3) 18.4
Annex D 19 Annex D is informative.
Annex E 20.1 Annex E is informative.
E.1(2) 20.2 E.1N table is changed.
Annex F 21 Annex F is informative.
Annex G 22 Annex G is informative.
Annex H 23 Annex H is informative.
Annex I 24 Annex I is informative.
Annex J 25.1 Annex J is informative.
J.1 25.2.1
J.1(2) 25.2.2
J.2 25.3.1
J.2.2(2) 25.3.2 The recommended values are accepted.

Page 8 of 80


Austrian Standard
EN 1992-1-1 with
choice, explanation
or addition
National
Decision
Comments National
explanation
and
Addition
J.3(2) 25.4
J.3(3) 25.4
25.5

5 Basics of Structural Design

5.1 Basic Variables

5.1.1 Down to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 2.3.3 (3)

The recommended value is accepted.

5.1.2 Explanation of Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 2.3.4.2 (2)

The rules according to EN 1536 are to be understood as further information in this section.
Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 2.3.4.2 (2) is not in manufacturing the piles
according to EN 1536 apply.

5.2 Detection method with partial safety factors

5.2.1 Down to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 2.4.2.1 (1)











The recommended values for partial factors are applied.

Page 9 of 80



The recommended values are accepted.


In preparing the piles according to Austrian Standard EN 1536 may be assumed k
f
= 1.0. In all
other cases
is k
f
= 1.1.

The scheme for bored piles with reclaimed before blowing pipe applies mutatis mutandis to other
methods the production of in-situ concrete piles without remaining in the soil piping.

6 Building Materials

6.1 Concrete

6.1.1 Supplement to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, section 3.1.2

The tensile strength of the concrete and its development over time have a significant impact on the
size the minimum reinforcement and the reinforcement to limit the crack widths. It is according to
Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Table 3.1, depending on the strength class of the concrete
and, depending by cement type (N, S, R) according to NORM EN 1992-1-1:2011, 3.1.2 (6) a
calculation based on place. If, for reasons of manufacture the construction of a concrete
composition is applied, a higher strength class or a faster strength development results, as from
the specifications of the structural engineer results, is to keep up with this consultation.

The assignment of classes according to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1 to classes according to
Austrian Standard B 4710-1 is specified in Table 1 (also in accordance with 10.2.2) ..

Table 1 - Strength development of concrete
Classes
a
according to
Austrian Standard
EN 1992-1-1
Classes according to
Austrian Standard
B 4710-1
Strength Development
R ES Fast
N EM Medium
S EL Slow
S EO Very Slow
a
This classification applies regardless of the type of cement used and is independent
of the designation of strength development of cement according to Austrian Standard EN 197-1.

6.1.2 Down to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 3.1.2 (2)P




Page 10 of 80






6.2 Reinforcing Steel

6.2.1 Supplement to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 3.2.1 (3) P

When using other reinforcement bars that do not comply with Austrian Standard B 4707, approvals
are required.

6.2.2 Supplement to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 3.2.1 (5)

The reinforcement of the girders must comply with Austrian Standard B 4707th

6.2.3 Supplement to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 3.2.2 (3)P

The upper limit of f
yk
= 600 N/mm
2
for the yield point is taken.



6.3 Pre stressing steel





7 Durability and concrete cover - proof method

7.1 Supplement to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 4.4.1.2 (3)

The values of c
min,b
for round and rectangular ducts for tendons with subsequent bond and
Tendons in immediate bond are:

Round Ducts: half in diameter;

Page 11 of 80


Rectangular ducts: the half of the size of the considered parallel to the concrete surface side
the cladding tube.

A concrete cover of more than 80 mm is required for neither round nor rectangular duct.

The values of c
min,b
are for tendons with immediate bond:

1.5 X diameter of the wire or wire drawing;

2.5 X diameter of the ribbed wire.

7.2 Supplement to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 4.4.1.2 (5)

The minimum excess c
min,major
are shown in Table 2 and Table 3, taking account of a useful life
of 50 years is assumed.

Table 2 - Requirements for minimum concrete cover C
min,major
in the framework of the
durability of concrete reinforcing bars
Exposure class according to Austrian Standard B 4710-1
Criterion XC1 XC2/XC3/XC4 XD1/XD2 XD3
c
min,major
mm 15 25 30 40

Table 3 - Minimum requirements for concrete cover C
min,major
in the
Durability for pre stressing tendons
Exposure class according to Austrian Standard B 4710-1
Criterion XC1 XC2/XC3/XC4 XD1/XD2 XD3
c
min,major
mm 25 35 40 50
NOTE The values are for tendons with subsequent bonding to the concrete cover
the sheaths and tendons with an immediate bond to the concrete cover of the pre stressing steel.

For a planned service life of 100 years (e.g. bridges), the values from Table 2 and must
Table 3 are increased by 5 mm.

In precast concrete products factory product may in the presence of specific quality control in
accordance with standard EN 13369 in conjunction with the respective European product
standards or if there is no European norm - Standard B 3328 in accordance with the values of
Table 2 and Table 3 to 5 mm and it is a further reduces to 5 mm may be permitted, mitigation of
disruptions if the grade of the concrete to at least two classes on the indicative grade in
accordance with Table 17. At any rate, there is a minimum of 15 mm.

7.3 Down to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 4.4.1.2 (6)



Page 12 of 80


If reinforcing steel is used for the present for the exposure class and the planned useful life
an adequate corrosion protection is detected (e.g. stainless steel, galvanized steel, epoxy coated
Steel) may, Ac
major,st
be set depending on the corrosion protection used.

Without this proof is Ac
major,st
= 0


For repair, it is the selected reduction Ac
major,add
the concrete cover by the technical specifications
of the find coating products that can be demonstrated. For the planning of buildings applies
Ac
major,add
= 0.



7.7 Down to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 4.4.1.3 (1)P

The value c
dev
is 5 mm, the data for the spacers of the table must be complied fourth

Table 4 - spacer; (continued) Reference values for the number and arrangement
Plates

Nominal diameter for bar bracket
Stand bracket
on the lower Standing on
reinforcement wooden
on standing block

Wooden block

Support basket
Or distance strip

Wooden block Corrosion
Protection
Plate Thickness h Nominal Diameter
Up to 15 cm 8 mm
About 15 to 30 cm 12 mm
About 30 to 50 cm 14 mm
About 50 cm Special Solution

Nominal diameter
the support rods
Point-type spacers Linear spacer
S
1,max
Item/m
2
S
2,max
m/m
2

Up to 6 mm 50 cm 4 50 cm 2
8 mm by 14 mm 50 cm 4 70 cm 1.42
About 14 mm 70 cm 2 100 cm 1

Page 13 of 80


Table 4 (Continued)
Beams and Columns

Blocks in the longitudinal direction

Wooden block
With support

Wooden block
Longitudinal bar S
1,max

Up to 10 mm 50 cm
12 mm by 20 mm 100 cm
About 20 mm 125 cm

Wooden block in transverse direction
b or h Number
Up to 100 cm 2 wooden block
About 100 mm
3 and more wooden
blocks
s
q,max
=75 cm
Walls
(Parallel bars
the pressure
force)
Wooden block Hook
a

s
K,max

Item
per m
2

wall
s
H,max

Item
per m
2

wall
Up to 8 mm 70 cm 4 50 cm 4
About 8 mm 100 cm 2 50 cm 4
conditions in accordance with
12.6.4 (2)
100 cm 1
Explanations
c Concrete cover of reinforcement
schedule
(c
nom
, according to Austrian
Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011,
Section 4.1)
Point-type spacers

Wooden Blocks

Stand Bracket

Hooks

Linear spacer
b

Underlay strip from
Fiber-reinforced
concrete, plastic
or similar

Support Basket

Spacer Strips
a
That to be observed for wall reinforcement concrete cover c
nom
may be less selective about 10 mm by hooks
concrete cover c
nom
but the hook must be at least 15 mm.

b
With the use of reinforcing rods as spacers which line-shaped concrete cover for these rods must c
nom
are met, as
long as they have no corresponding corrosion protection (according to 7.4)

Page 14 of 80



A further mitigation of disruptions of the c
dev
value = 5 mm (in accordance with Austrian Standard
EN 1992-1-1:2011, section 4.4.1.3 (1)P) is not allowed.



8 Determination of internal forces

8.1 General

Down to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, 5.1.3 (1) P

The recommendations are adopted.

8.2 Imperfection

8.2.1 Down to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, section 5.2 (5)


8.2.2 Explanation of Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 5.2 (7)

Imperfections in accordance with Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Figure 5.1, a.2) are
braced at systems also apply the individual supports. For un stiffened systems, they are in addition
to skewing locally applying the overall system to those supports which are not essential in the
removal of the horizontal forces are involved (as shown in Figure 1).

The imperfection is in addition to put on the schedule, which eccentricities. In Figure 1, only
imperfection is shown.

Page 15 of 80


Image 1 - Explanation of Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, figure 5.1, a2)
on the left-hand figure

8.3 Idealizations and Simplification

Explanation of the Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, section 5.3.2.2 (3) and (4)

For the determination of the reduced dimensioning of moments is picture 2 observed.

Figure 2a-radius of the moments in Figure 2b-radius of the moments
monolithic connection line between line consecutive bars or plates on
bar or plate and support decks shall be considered as freely
rotatable

It means:

M
ad,li
or M
ad,re
Critical moment, at the finished design to be bearing edge clamping

Other names are in Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, section 5.3.2.2 (4).

Picture 2 - Radius of the moments on line support

Page 16 of 80


8.4 Linear Elastic Analysis

8.4.1 Explanation of Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 5.4

If the torsional stiffness taken into account, it should be noted that the transition from state I to
state II the torsional stiffness can be significantly greater than the flexural rigidity decrease.

Linear-elastic calculations for discs not only provide valuable information for the usability, but
provide the direction field for the principal stresses also a good orientation for the truss model
according to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, section 6.5.

8.4.2 Explanation of Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 5.4(3)

Allowed when determining the forces from forced deformations in the ultimate limit state the
reduced stiffness are taken into account due to cracked sections. Instead of a more accurate
allowed the determination of a linear elastic calculation (state I) determined coercive forces
be reduced by 40% without specific proof.

The statically indeterminate proportion of the average sizes of bias is not a result of a drop in
stiffness be mitigated in state II.

8.5 Linear Elastic Analysis with Limited Rearrangement

8.5.1 Down to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 5.5 (4)


8.5.2 Explanation of Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, section 5.5 (5)

If no confirmation of stability of the overall system is run, wherein the displaceable frame is not
Rearrangement allowed.

8.6 The Method of Plasticity Theory

8.6.1 Fixing to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 5.6.1 (3) P

Are given no additional information.



8.7 Non-linear Method

Explanation of Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, section 5.7 (5)

Page 17 of 80


With thin structures, where the impact is not second order are neglected may, in accordance with
the provisions of section 8.8.8 and Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, section 5.8.6 are (3)
apply.

8.8 Determine the effects of deformation of components under normal force second
order theory




In consideration of an elastic restraint according to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011,
equation (5.15) and Equation (5.16) is at least k
1
= k
2
= 0.2 to be set.

For horizontally braced multi-storey buildings is recommended to set the effective length of
the floor height.

8.8.3 Down to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 5.8.3.3 (1).


8.8.4 Determination to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 5.8.3.3 (2)


8.8.5 Supplement to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, section 5.8.4 (2)

The bending moments M
OEqp
and M
OEd
in Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, equation (5.19)
contain the imperfections, the evidence at second order are taken into account.

8.8.6 Fixing to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, section 5.8.5 (1)

There are no restrictions on the use of the approximation method (a) and (b) indicated.

8.8.7 Determination to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 5.8.6 (3)


8.8.8 Explanation of Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 5.8.6 (3)

The nonlinear calculation is determined on the basis of the rated values of stress-strain
diagrams perform.

For
cE
the recommended value is 1.2 taken.

8.9 Pre stressed concrete structures

8.9.1 Fixing to NORM EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 5.10.1 (6)

Page 18 of 80


The following method for preventing a failure without warning can be defined:

1) It is the method A is recommended. Alternatively, the process B, C and E are allowed.

2) When using the method C, the tendons with proven measurement and testing methods
must be controlled, and be replaceable.

3) The proof goes by method E from a fall from that in the considered cross section, the pre
stressing force is notionally reduced the extent to under the frequent load combination
forces occur leading to flexural cracks (crack moment M
r, Pred
).

The reduced preload may P
red
determined for primarily bending according to the following
relationship are:

It means:

P
red
reduced preload

M Bending moment limit state of serviceability of the frequent combination of actions
without biasing force

N Normal force at the serviceability limit state of the frequent combination of actions
(Train N> 0) without preload

f
ctm
average tensile strength of concrete in accordance with Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-
1:2011, Table 3.1

k
1
Core length, based on the flexural strength Flexural 1

It means:

W
c1
Flexural modulus with respect to the outer fiber 1 (net)

A
c
Cross-sectional area (net)

e
p
Eccentricity of the pre-tensioning force; for statically indeterminate systems according
to the eccentricity of the EP also contains moments of the restraint force

Page 19 of 80


A corresponding robustness of the structure is achieved when in any cross section of the
structure sagging is a longitudinal reinforcement is provided which can accommodate those
tensile force according to the biasing force P
red
and the frequent combination of actions occurs.

8.9.2 Determination to Austrian Standard 1992-1-1:2011, Section 5.10.2.1 (1) P


8.9.3 Fixing to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 5.10.2.1 (2)

The value for k
3
is 0.92.

8.9.4 Determination to Austrian Standard 1992-1-1:2011, Section 5.10.2.2 (4)


8.9.5 Determination to Austrian Standard 1992-1-1:2011, Section 5.10.2.2 (5)


8.9.6 Fixing to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 5.10.3 (2)

Then the values for k
7
= 0.70 and k
8
= 0.80.


For single-span structures have
p,ULS
= 100 N/mm
2
. For continuous structures, this value is
reduced relative field length to tendon length.

8.9.8 Determination to Austrian Standard 1992-1-1:2011, Section 5.10.8 (3)


8.9.9 Fixing to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, section 5.10.9 (1)P

The specified values are

for tendons with or without immediate bond composite: r
sup
= r
inf
= 1.00;

for tendons with subsequent bond: r
sup
= 1.05 and r
inf
= 0.95.

9 Evidence in the Ultimate Limit State (ULS)

9.1 Bending with or without axial force and normal force only

9.1.1 Supplement to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 6.1

Page 20 of 80


When determining predominant bending (M / N 2 h) should be relevant cross-sections of steel
(A
s,rqd
) come into the flow (c
s
f
yd
/ E
s
). If this is not the case, a confinement of bending pressure
zone be provided. When hooping apply e.g. loops with a diameter of at least 10 mm and a
maximum distance of 20 cm.


The minimum eccentricity (h/30, but at least 2 cm) is comparable to the total eccentricity, which
the imperfection and the influences second order theory involves. For the cross-sectional
dimension is the greater shall prevail.

9.2 Lateral Force

9.2.1 Supplement to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 6.2.1(8)

The provisions of this section may only be used for direct storage. In indirect Storage, the
evidence to lead to the bearing axis.






At a voltage of the flexural reinforcement
sd
= f
yd
is the inclination of the concrete diagonal struts
in the area

0.6 tan 1.0 (3)

to choose.

When the cross section is suppressed (
sd
0), the inclination of the strut in the concrete may
range

0.4 tan 1.0 (4)

be selected.

For intermediate values of 0 <
sd
< f
yd
may between equation (3) and equation (4) to be linear
interpolated.

With carriers, whose bending tensile reinforcement in constant size of a support is enough up to
another, always equation (4) may to be used between these supports.

9.2.5 Definition to the Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 6.2.3 (3), Note 1 and
Note 2

Page 21 of 80


The firmness reduction factor for concrete in accordance with Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1, torn
under transverse force: 2011, equation (6.10) are not to be used.

9.2.6 Explanation of Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, 6.2.3 (3), Note 3

The compressive stress
cp
can be determined as follows:

It means:

N
Ed
Design value of the existing pressure force (e.g. Pre-loading) as pressure positively

A
c
Concrete cross section



9.2.8 Explanation of Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, 6.2.4 (5)

Unless a detailed analysis is carried out, may in combined tension and shear forces between
flange and web and transverse bending to proceed in the following manner:

At the edge bending pressure is certainly half of the reinforcement, which according to EN 1992-1-
1:2011, equation (6.21) results to file.

Flexural edge on the reinforcement is an insert whose cross-sectional surface of either half of the
after Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, equation (6:21) resulting reinforcement or to a result of
the tensile reinforcement transverse bending is. The larger of the two values is decisive.



9.2.10 Supplement to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 6.2.5

Additionally the following rules apply (except for products in accordance with Austrian Standard
EN 13747 in predominantly stationary traffic loads) according to 9.2.10.1 to 9.2.10.5.

9.2.10.1 Anchoring of rebar running through the joint (joint reinforcement or connector)
(Supplement to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, 6.2.5 (1))

The joint reinforcement should be anchored according to the rules of Austrian Standard EN 1992-
1-1:2011,section 8.4. when the anchoring length for full use of the reinforcement to the yield
strength cannot be accommodated f
yd
can, in the equation (6.25) in place of the tension f
yd

sd

reinforcement insert, with said anchorage length is demonstrated.

Page 22 of 80


The design anchorage length l
bd
must of distant edge Reinforcement with 2 = 0.7 are determined,
in each case to compliance with the minimum anchorage length (according to Austrian Standard
EN 1992-1-1:2011, equation (8.6)) to look for. If the joint reinforcement later introduced, the
corresponding European-technical product approvals must be observed.

9.2.10.2 Joints minimum reinforcement (supplement to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-
1:2011, 6.2.5 (1))

If according to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, equation (6.25) is computationally no joint
reinforcement is only to look at the edges as explained below in a constructive mount. However, if
a computationally joint reinforcement is required, i.e. the value of the adhesive bond shear
strength (c f
ctd
in equation (6.25)) is exceeded, the minimum reinforcement percentages are
min

= A
s,min
/ A
i
(designations according to EN 1992-1-1:2011; valid for standing perpendicular to the
joint reinforcement and to provide for predominantly static loading):

plate-like components:

bar-like components:

9.2.10.3 Serrated joint training (supplement to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, 6.2.5
(1), Figure 6.9)
For toothed joints in accordance with Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Figure 6.9 is to be
complementary to the fact that the Base length h
1
of the teeth is at least three times the tooth
depth (h
1
so > 3 x d).

9.2.10.4 Joint surfaces (supplement to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, 6.2.5 (2))

The approach of the adhesive shear strength according to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011,
equation (6.25) (c x f
ctd
share) is requires that a very carefully prepared joint surface in the
execution time of concreting is present, this particular should be free from all impurities and dull
damp. Due to the generally higher local stresses and the lack of rearrangement options with
smooth joints are to be avoided in models with beam-like components.

The particular method with the sand surface average roughness must subsequently in rough joints
with the hardened concrete roughened surfaces at least 1.5 mm (3 mm deep soil skeleton
exposed) respectively. If the aggregate is exposed by high-pressure water jets and with the sand
surface method to the apparent lowest roughened surfaces determined average surface
roughness at least 3 mm (soil skeleton uncovered at least 6 mm deep), the joint may be classified
as linked.

Page 23 of 80


9.2.10.5 Additional Comments on the training of border regions (supplement to Austrian
Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, 6.2.5 (2))
Is at the edges of surface components such as ceiling, unless the tearing of the joint constructive
by other measures to prevent, to arrange a joint reinforcement close to the edge, since constraints
According to differential shrinkage or temperature gradient layer, the risk of detachment of the new
concrete there. If no detailed investigations are carried out, the reinforcement cross section a
s,erf

along the edge of each meter (valid for standing perpendicular to the joint reinforcement) to
determine such that of according to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, equation (6.25)
calculated shear resistance under this approach reinforcement cross-section sufficient to initiate
the joint at least crack the tensile strength of the new concrete to the existing component (the
adhesive shear strength (c share fctd in Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, equation (6.25))
should not be exploited because of the tensile stresses in the edge region):

It means:

h
neu
the new concrete layer thickness, in cm

In static shear joints with joint reinforcement required reinforcement may within the existing static
a distance of three times the thickness of the new concrete layer shall be counted from the edge of
the plate.

9.3 Torsion


In addition to the requirements of Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, section 6.3.2 (1) above,
effective writable wall thickness not greater than one-sixth the diameter of the maximum cross-
section of the concrete circle will be accepted but they must not be less than twice the distance
between be the outer surface and the central plane of the longitudinal reinforcement.


For full cross-sections of the favorable effect of the core cross-section must take into account the
interaction equation are. The interaction equation is in this case:

9.4 Punching

9.4.1 Explanation of Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, section 6.4.1 (2) P

A concentrated load occurs when the load application surface satisfies the following conditions:

Page 24 of 80


Circle: Diameter 3.5 x d

Rectangle: Circumference 11 x d
Length / width ratio 2

For arbitrary surface shapes these Conditions shall apply mutatis mutandis. The value of d is in
this case the average static height of the slab.

Does not meet the load-bearing surface, this condition is for the punching check only a part of the
critical round cut (authoritative circumference) considered (e.g. rectangular footprint only the
corner middle areas, as shown in Figure 3). For the lateral force resistance of the other parts
Austrian Standard applies EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 6.2, in which case the total resistance
greater than the design value of action has to be accommodated.

Figure 3 - Critical section for an elongated circular loaded area and
decisive extent


The distance a round of the relevant section must be determined iteratively. For floor slabs and
slender foundations with a foundation of slimming a
/ d 2.0 may to simplify the calculation, a

constant round cut at a distance d is assumed to be 1.0.

The length a
characterizes the shorter distance between the load application surface edge and
foundation (according to Figure 4). For floor panels is a
the smallest distance between the gate

and columns of the zero point radial plate bending moments and may at a regular column grid to
a
= 0.22 l (l = span) be accepted.

Page 25 of 80


Ground pressure and without
proper foundation load

It Means:

u of the section under consideration around

a distance from the edge to the stub looked round cut

a

a shortest distance between nozzle-edge and edge foundation

Figure 4 - Round cut and deduction of the value sole pressure in foundations

9.4.3 Supplement to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, 6.4.2 (11)

With a rectangular head restraints must gain r
cont,ext
also for l
H
2 h
H
according to Austrian
Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, equation (6:34) and equation (6:35) are determined.

The round cut inside the head restraints gain at l
H
2 h
H
as a plate with the effective height
to determine d
H
= d + h
H
.


In the application of Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, equation (6:39) is the moment
considering the to calculate stiffness of the adjacent components. Values less than 1.10 for the
increase in load factor | prohibited.

Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, equation (6:41) and equation (6:42) apply to a closed round
cut u
1
and thus also for edge columns with large ceiling overhang.

In biaxial load eccentricity generally following equation may be used:

Page 26 of 80


Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, equation (6.43) holds, as stated, only for rectangular interior
columns.

9.4.5 Supplement to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, 6.4.3 (4) and (5)

The in Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, 6.4.3 (4) and described (5) Method for detection with
reduced circular sections shall not apply in Austria.

9.4.6 Fixing to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, 6.4.3 (6)

To account for the non-rotationally symmetrical lateral force distribution in the round cut at the
edge, corner and Interior supports shall, under the conditions of Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-
1:2011, Section 6.4.3 (6) recommended values according to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011,
image 6.21N are applied, unless a more accurate Evidence, for example, is considering bending
moments out (as shown in Figure 5). For wall ends and wall corners are for | following
approximate values (as shown in Figure 5).

Figure 5 - Approximate values for the load increment coefficient |

For systems whose stability against lateral deflection of the frame effect between plates and
Support depends (sliding systems) or differences in the lengths of adjacent fields to more than
25%, more detailed studies are generally required (e.g. according to Austrian Standard EN 1992-
1-1:2011, Equation (6:39)).

Page 27 of 80


9.4.7 Determination to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, 6.4.4 (1)



For the determination of v
Rd,c
allowable reinforcement ratio shall not exceed:

For the minimum cross-sections of the flexural reinforcement in support areas to note 12.4.1.


Calculation of the relevant circular section u are the rules of Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011,
Section 6.4.2 (2) to be observed.

In Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, equation (6:51) describes the contents of the square
brackets the increase in load factor |. This may not fall below a minimum value of 1.10.

9.4.10 Explanation of Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, section 6.4.5

The shear reinforcement should be considered only computationally in sheets with a thickness
h 200 mm. The regulations for approved through dance elements are not affected.

9.4.11 Explanation of Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, section 6.4.5(1)

A
SW
is the sum of cross-sectional areas of that pusher elements along a single circular-section are
arranged. In the first two rows, and thus the shear reinforced range of about 1.5 to d support, the
cross-sectional area of the movable members should be increased by 60%.

With foundations in Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, equation (6:52) in the critical round cut
u
1
(a = 2,d) calculated punching shear resistance v
Rd,c
use (even if this fictional round cut out to be
the foundation comes from). Of the punching power but should only those soil pressure in be
deducted, which iteratively found within the Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, section 6.4.2 (2)
and at a = 1.0 d round cut u acts adopted.

In Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, equation (6:53) can in the calculation of u
0
for circular
edge and Corner columns c
1
and c
2
are taken as the side length of a circle of equal area square.


The maximum punching shear resistance v
Rd,max
for slabs or foundations is the smaller of the
following values:

Page 28 of 80


v
Rd,max
= 0.40 x v x f
cd
x u
0
x d (12)

v
Rd,max
= K x v
Rd,c
x u
1
x d (13)

For punching shear reinforcement, at least seen from the concrete surface each second layer of
Include bending reinforcement is to be set for k:

k = 1.40 for d 200 mm

k = 1.65 for d 700 mm

For intermediate values of the effective height d can be interpolated linearly.

For punching shear reinforcement, each comprising the outer layers of the flexural reinforcement,
regardless the effective height of:

k = 1.65

For the calculation of v
Rd,max
concrete compressive normal stress o
cp
may result in bias v
Rd, c
not
be considered.



9.5 Truss Models




The factors are:

k
1
= 1.25

k
2
= 0.9

k
3
= 0.9



Page 29 of 80


9.6 Check against fatigue

9.6.1 Explanation of Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, section 6.8.1 (2)

For structures of conventional building construction unknown to fatigue must be done in general.

9.6.2 Explanation of Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, 6.8.4 (1) and Section 6.8.5 (3)

For the safety factor of the material applies
S,fat
= 1.15 (also according to Austrian Standard EN
1992-1-1:2011, Section 2.4.2.4 (1)).

9.6.3 Fixing to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, 6.8.4 (1), Note 2

Table 6.3N of Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011 is changed with Table 5 as follows:

Table 5 - Parameters of the fatigue curves (SN curves) for reinforcing steel
according to Austrian Standard B 4707

Stress Exponent o
Rsk
at N * Cycles

Type of Reinforcement N* k
1
k
2
N/mm
2

Straight
and
bent bars
a,b

< 20 mm 10
6
5 9 181
20mm < 36 mm 10
6
5 9 146
e

36 mm 10
6
5 9 121
e

Welded Steel Mesh and Bars
c

10
6
5 5 85
Couplings
d

a o
Rsk
values for straight bars. Values for curved bars are usually with the help of the reduction coefficient

= 0.35 + 0.026
m
/ to be determined

It means:

m
Bending Diameter

Bar Diameter

The reduction factor to be considered in shear reinforcement of iron for ironing with | > 20 mm.

b The values for Ao
Rsk
apply to cast-in bars.

c Applies only to mats, their fatigue resistance has been verified according to Austrian Standard B 4707, unless

other arrangements are (e.g. building approval).

d Mechanical connections are generally controlled by licenses.

e The values are for the ductility steels as steels ductility of A are in fatigue stress for | < 20 mm is permitted.

Page 30 of 80


Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011:2011, Table 6.4N is changed with Table 6 as follows.

Table 6 - Parameters of the fatigue curves (SN curves) for pre stressing steel

Fatigue strength curves
(SN curves)
for pre stressing steel

Stress Exponent o
Rsk
at N * Cycles

N* k
1
k
2
N/mm
2

With immediate bond 10
6
5 9 185
With subsequent bond

Individual wires in plastic
sleeve pipes
10
6
5 9 185
Just tendons, curved
Tendons in
plastic ducts
10
6
5 9 150
Curved tendons
pipes in steel cladding
10
6
3 7 120
Couplings
a
Unless other SN curves through an approval or individual approval for the built state can be determined.

b
Values in the installed state.

c
Mechanical connections are generally controlled by licenses.








The recommended value N = 10
6
is applied to the number of load cycles.

The value of k
1
for N = 10
6
is 1.0.


The concrete compressive stresses are to be calculated according to the rules given in 10.1. the
tensions may be charged for the time after the creep.

10 Evidence in the serviceability limit states

10.1 Stress limits

Page 31 of 80


10.1.1 Supplement to Austrian Standard 1992-1-1:2011, Section 7.2

For the detection of the boundary of the tensions following supplements apply:

1) Stress analysis according to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 7.2 may be used
for non-pre stressed Structures that have been measured according to Austrian Standard EN
1992-1-1:2011, section 6, is generally omitted when the average sizes determined by a linear
elastic calculation and limit state capacity have been shifted by more than 15%.

2) If the calculated edge tensile stress on the un cracked cross-section of the concrete at
characteristic Action combination f
ctm
the value does not exceed the stresses of the
reinforcement may determined from the traction wedge of concrete tensile stresses and
compressive stresses on non-cracked concrete cross-sectional calculated.

3) If the calculated edge tensile stress on the un cracked cross-section of the concrete at
characteristic load combination exceeds the value f
ctm
, the stress analyzes are exclusive
of the concrete tensile stresses to lead.

a) In general, for the stress analysis for the concrete work a line according to Austrian
Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, section 3.1.5 or the dotted line according to Austrian Standard
EN 1992-1-1:2011, Figure 3.3 to be set.

b) A linear stress strain-relationship with the young's modulus E
cm
according to Austrian
Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, table 3.1 may be used for edge stresses of concrete up to 0.6
f
ck
.

c) Different behavior of the composite limp and pre stressed reinforcement is analogous to
to Austrian Standard to consider 1992-1-1:2011, section 7.3.4 (2) EN. It is on the increase
F
tp
Traction of the biased, lying in the shear reinforcement according to the strain (y
p
) of
the concrete section y
p
at the location of the subject, pre-stressed reinforcement according
to the following relationship to determine:

F
tp
=
1
2
x Ap x (y
p
) x E
p
(14)

It means:

Ap Cross-sectional area of the pre-stressed reinforcement

E
p
Modulus of elasticity of the pre stressed reinforcement

1

Coefficient according to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, equation (7.5)

y
p
Distance of the clamping member from the zero line of the cross section

d) The occurring up to time t of the recognized stress-relieving effects of creep may be
considered. Here, the expansion of the working line with the concrete the factor
(1 +
eff
( t, t
0
)) to multiply in accordance with

Page 32 of 80


It means:

eff
(t,t
0
) Effective Creep

(t,t
0
) Creep coefficient at time t

M
E0,k
According to the value of bending moment that load combination to which the
voltages are to be calculated

M
qp,k
Value of the bending moment according to the quasi-permanent load
combination

e) Assuming a linear stress-strain relationship for b) to take account of creep instead of using
the modulus of elasticity E
cm
completed the decreased modulus of elasticity:

f) The concrete compressive stresses under the quasi-permanent load combination must not
biased at Structures is always for the time after the conclusion of the final creep creep
( , t
0
) be determined. If not installed pre stressed structures of conventional building
construction

for components in the inner ( , t
0
) = 2.5 and

for components in the outer ( , t
0
) = 2.0

be accepted.

NOTE Typical construction are buildings which for static, evenly distributed loads to
5.0 kN/m
2
, are possibly also measured for concentrated loads up to 7.0 kN and for cars.

g) Instead of limiting the stresses under the characteristic combination of actions according
Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 7.2 (2) to the value k
1
f
ck
in the exposure
classes XD or XF can be bracket provided in 9.1.1, which for a sufficient transverse
reinforcement confinement of the compression zone apply.





Page 33 of 80




10.2 Limitation of crack widths


The national forensic crack width w
k
may limit specified in Table 7 The w
max
, not exceed. However,
the calculated values of the crack width are for reference only to see their occasional minor
overrun in the building cannot be excluded. In accordance with the in Austrian Standard EN 1992-
1-1:2011 specified rules, these are exceptions in the general concerns.

Table 7 - Values of w
max

Exposure class
in accordance
with
Austrian
Standard B
4710-1
Components
made of
reinforced
concrete
and components
pre stressed
concrete with
Tendons without
composite
Components of
pre stressed
concrete
Tendons with
subsequent
composite
Pre stressed concrete
components with
Tendons in the immediate
composite

Action
Combination
Crack width in mm
Almost
Constantly
Often Often Characteristic
X0, XC1 0.4
a
0.2 0.2

XC2, XC3, XC4
0.3 0.2
b

0.2
b

XC1, XD2, XD3
c
Decompression 0.2
a
When the exposure classes X0 and XC1 the crack width has no influence on the durability and this limit
is to maintain an acceptable appearance set. Absence of such requirements on appearance, this may
limit be increased.

b
For these exposure classes decompression under quasi-permanent combination of actions is usually
additionally to check ..

c
In individual cases, special measures for corrosion protection may be required in addition.


If it is proved that the average size constraint does not reach the average crack size, then may the
Minimum reinforcement by a calculation of the cross section for the proven positive average size
of consideration of the requirements shall be determined using the crack width limitation.

When cracking in young concrete (e.g. forced from out flowing heat of hydration) must, unless a
more accurate Proof is, f
ct,eff
under the condition of using a concrete strength development

Page 34 of 80


"Medium" (EM), "Slowly" (EL) or "Very Slow" (EO) shown in Table 1 and an adequate treatment be
adopted for the determination of crack average size of 0.5 f
ctm
.

If a concrete of strength development "Fast" (ES) are used, this is only in consultation with the
structural engineer allowed (also according to 6.1.1).

When tensile stresses induced due to the component itself forced (e.g. forced out of the flow of the
Heat of hydration) may k according to equation (17) and Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011,
equation (7.1) with 0.8 be multiplied. When tensile stresses caused due to forced outside of the
component (e.g. support reduction), k must be accounted for with 1.0.

Are slowly hardening concrete with r 0.3 is used (usually with thicker components), the minimum
reinforcement may according to equation (17) and Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, equation
(7.1) by a factor be reduced by 0.85. The conditions of application requirement for reinforcement
reduction have to be defined in the design documents.

NOTE Characteristic value of strength development of concrete is: r = f
cm2
/f
cm28
.

Similar Reductions of minimum reinforcement shall also apply to use of other force-reducing
measures, such as

design (choice of storage conditions with low deformation disability, such as overlays,
convenient arrangement of expansion joints),

concrete technology (e.g. reduced shrinkage concrete) or

technical execution (e.g. weather-related choice of protective measures and treatment method)

Measures. The reduction of the minimum reinforcement is a function of the measures taken to be
determined.

For more detailed studies (Mason et al [1] and Maurer [2]) shows that for the determination of the
Limiting crack widths for each component to be inserted page at the following minimum
reinforcement centric force Regulation may be applied.

It means:

A
c,eff
= b x h
c,ef
, where h
c,ef
the minimum of [k
2
(h - d) h / 2].

A
ct
Surface tension zone of each component side

For k
2
applies: for h s 5( h d ): k
2
= 2.5

Page 35 of 80


for h s 30( h d ): k
2
= 5.0

For intermediate values of h can be interpolated linearly.

where h
c,ef
, h, d in Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011 image 7.1c are shown.

k according to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, equation (7.1)

If in the determination of the minimum reinforcement Table 8 is used, the specified limit diameter
there is of the reinforcing bars in response to the effective tensile strength of concrete f
ct,eff
analog
Equation (21) to be modified as follows:

Mitf
ct,eff
in N/mm
2


In determining the effective range of the reinforcement, the value (h - x) / 3 required (according to
Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Figure 7.1). It should be noted that the high pressure zone
to condition II to calculate x. Alternatively, may also (h - x) can be used / 2, with x to state I.


The value is o
ct,p
= 0.0 N / mm fixed with.


The calculated critical diameter in concrete steel |*
s
to limit the crack width is given in Table 8 to
found. Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Table 7.2N is replaced by Table 8 below. The values
in Table 8 apply to the individual cracking with f
ct,eff
= 2.9 N/mm
2
.

Table 8 - Calculated limiting diameter in concrete steel |*
s
to limit the crack width

Steel Stress
a
Limit diameter of the bars, in mm
N/mm
2
w
k
= 0.4 mm w
k
= 0.3 mm w
k
= 0.2 mm
160 54 54 27
200 35 26 17
240 24 18 12
280 18 13 9
320 14 10 7
360 11 8 5
400 9 7 4
450 7 5 3
a
Under the governing load combination.

Page 36 of 80


Table 8 is based on the following equation: |

The limiting diameter as shown in Table 8 is to modify the rule as follows.

When subjected to a load is:

When subjected to strain is:

It means:

h
cr
Height of the tensile zone in cross section and partial cross-section before the first crack (at
Centric Train h
cr
= 0.5 h at both ends reinforcement layer)

f
ct,eff
effective tensile strength, in N/mm
2

NOTE The basis of equation (20) and Equation (21) is Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-
1:2011, equation(7.9), the results of simplifications made to provide the safe side. The derivation
is given in [3].

Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, equation (7.6N) and equation (7.7N) are given by equation
(20) and Equation (21) is replaced.

In case of single reinforcement is sufficient instead of a more accurate calculation of compliance in
Table 9 and Table 10 specified maximum distances. Between the diameter of rod | = 8 mm and |
20 mm specified maximum values of the bar spacing should be interpolated linearly. Please do
not use in concrete pavements between c
nom
= 25 mm and c
nom
= 40 mm, the values of the two
tables are interpolated linearly.

Page 37 of 80


Table 9 - Maximum values of the bar spacing on single-ply reinforcement,
concrete cover c
nom
= 25 mm

Steel Stress
a

Maximum values of the bar spacing, in mm
w
k
= 0.4 mm w
k
= 0.3 mm w
k
= 0.2 mm
N/mm
2
| = 8 mm | 20 mm | = 8 mm | 20 mm | = 8 mm | 20 mm
160 300 300 300 300 200 270
200 300 300 250 300 150 180
240 250 300 200 230 100 130
280 200 270 150 170 50 105
320 150 200 100 140 90
360 100 150 50 120 80
The values of the table are for c = 25 mm, k
t
= 0.4, f
ct,eff
= 2.9 N/mm
2
, h
c,ef
= 2.5 (h - d)
a
under the relevant combination of actions

Table 10 - Maximum values of the bar spacing on single-ply reinforcement,
concrete cover c
nom
= 40 mm
Steel Stress
a

Maximum values of the bar spacing, in mm
w
k
= 0.4 mm w
k
= 0.3 mm w
k
= 0.2 mm
N/mm
2
| = 8 mm | 20 mm | = 8 mm | 20 mm | = 8 mm | 20 mm
160 300 300 250 280 150 190
200 250 300 200 220 100 130
240 200 240 150 170 50 90
280 150 190 100 120 75
320 100 140 50 100 60
360 50 120 50 85 55
The values of the table are for c = 40 mm, k
t
= 0.4, f
ct,eff
= 2.9 N/mm
2
, h
c,ef
= 2.5 (h - d)
a
under the relevant combination of actions

10.2.6 Supplement to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 7.3.4

In cases in which the resultant force elongation not exceeding 0.8 , it is generally sufficient to
determine the crack width for the larger value of the load voltage from coercion or stress.


The value is with k
3
= 0 is defined

For ribbed steel is:

k
4
= 1 / (3.6 x k
1
x k
2
)
p,eff
x
s
/ (3.6 x k
1
x k
2
x f
ct,eff
) (22)

Thus, instead of Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, equation (7.11) apply the following
equation (23):

Page 38 of 80


When restraint stresses is o
s
in N/mm
2
in that voltage of the tensile reinforcement, immediately
after the initial crack occurs.


To maintain the serviceability can these walls expansion joints at a distance of s
r,max
arranged to
which are sealed with appropriate moisture sand rank with joint tape.

10.3 Limiting Deformations

Down to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 7.4.2 (2)


If only the requirements according to EN 1992-1-1:2011, section 7.4.1 must be adhered to (4), the
values may Table 11 will be accepted. The table values to consider steel stresses o
s
= 250
N/mm2. This steel stress o
s
is about, if the quasi-permanent action not more than 70% of the
characteristic action is a concrete and steel of grade B 550 (A or B) is used. In addition, was
adopted for the determination of the values in the table, a concrete strength class C for 30/37.

At ratios that differ from the assumptions made for the table 11, a calculation according to Austrian
Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, equation (7.16a), equation (7.16b) and equation (7:17) can be
performed. Slenderness greater than l / d = 35 x K, however, are not to be executed unless a
more accurate detection of the deflection is performed. The coefficient K is given in Austrian
Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Table 7.4n.

The values listed in Table 11 comply with the requirements of Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-
1:2011, section 7.4.1 (4), but not with Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, section 7.4.1 (5).
Thus, they are only for ceilings and beams, where adjacent components (such as partitions) are
not endangered by the deformations.

Page 39 of 80


Table 11 - Bending loss of reinforced concrete members without axial force
according to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 7.4.1 (4).

Static System
Highly stressed concrete
= 1.5 %
Concrete claimed low
= 0.5 %

simply supported single span, simply
supported uniaxially or biaxially stretched
plate
18 25
End span of a continuous beam or a
uniaxial strained continuous plate; final field
of a biaxially strained plate continuously
passes over the longer bearing side
23 32
Midfield of a bar or a uniaxial or
biaxially strained plate
25 35
Plate, which is mounted on supports no
beams (Flat ceiling) (based on the larger
span)
21 30
Cantilever 7 10

11 General Rules Reinforcement

11.1 General

Supplement to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 8

As a protective measure are upward reinforcement bars, rebar connector in particular, to prevent
serious accidents in such a way that the risk of injury ruled out as possible can be.

EXAMPLE Hook or turns between 90 and 180 above or bow-like construction.

If this is not for structural or functional reasons, practical (for example, with thicker rod diameters
heavily reinforced columns, contact bumps, shock collar, and others), site suitable protective
measures are provided for the purposes of construction workers protection regulation (e.g.
covers).

11.2 Bar Spacing of Reinforcing Steel

11.2.1 Fixing to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 8.2 (2)

For the k
1
value is set to 1.4, the value of k
2
for single-layer reinforcement k
2
= 0 mm and for multi
layer reinforcement k
2
= 10 mm.

Page 40 of 80



The value of k
1
= 1.4 takes into account that the space requirement of rebar 1.2 times the nominal
diameter equivalent. This space should also be considered at the intersecting bars. This allows,
for example, reinforcement layers of parallel reinforcing bars, the same diameter as the rods of the
reinforcement layers have to be distanced.

11.3 Bending of Reinforcing Bars

11.3.1 Explanation of Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 8.3

In Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, equation (8.1) in the case of bundles of diameter
compared |
n
instead use the single bar diameter |
n
. The traction F
bt
be calculated for the entire
bundle.

11.3.2 Supplement of Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 8.3

For bending of rebars following additions be made:

1) The minimum value |
m,min
of the bending roller diameter to avoid concrete failure may take
turns of reinforcing bars in place of a calculation according to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-
1:2011, equation (8.1) can be assumed simplistic to Table 12 below.

2) The values in Table 12 are for full use of the reinforcement at the beginning of curvature with
o
s
= f
yd
.

3) The minimum bending diameter according to Table 12, Column 1 and Column 2 shall also
apply hook and turns of ironing and shear reinforcement according to Austrian Standard EN
1992-1-1:2011, section 8.5, where, for this case the evidence on concrete failure according to
Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011 May Equation (8.1) accounts.

Table 12 - Minimum values |
m,min
of bending diameter for
Bending rebars

1 2 3 4 5
Hook, Angle Hooks, Loops, Ironing
Bends of reinforcing bars (rods and oblique
other rods)
| 16 mm | > 16 mm
Strength class
the concrete
min{a
1
, a
2
} 2|

min{a
1
, a
2
} 4|

4| 7|
C 20/25 25| 20|
C 25/30
20| 15|
NOTE The values of a
1
and a
2
are to be measured in accordance with Figure 6 perpendicular to
the plane of curvature. Not bent rods are not included.

Page 41 of 80


Figure 6 - Bends of Reinforcing Bars

4) If the minimum dimensions on concrete cover and the distance between adjacent planes of
curvature in Table 12 cannot be complied with, the bending diameter according to Austrian
Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, equation (8.1) to calculate. Such a calculation is also for concrete
grades larger C 25/30 perform when less bending diameter designed as shown in Table 12
should be. Similarly, a calculation of the bending roller blade for hook, hook angle and perform
loops if the requirements according to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 8.3 (3)
cannot be met.

5) If done in the reinforcement plans no precise information on the individual bending roller
diameters be an indication of the size of the mandrel diameter is sufficient to Table 12 below.

6) However, the construction requires a different size from Table 12 of the mandrel diameter, are
the respective positions of reinforcement to be provided with the dimensions of the mandrel
diameter.

7) Be bent steel inserts, and back when bent cold, then the following conditions apply:

It is the nominal bar diameter | 14 mm.

It is the bending diameter on the outward bend |
m
6 | with predominantly static loading

It is |
m
15 | for non predominantly static loading. The amplitude of the steel stress must
not exceed 50 N/mm
2
.

The bending angle must be 90 .

Multiple back and forth bending is permissible.

The reinforcement may be utilized to a maximum of 80%.

Page 42 of 80


The recalculated bent steel inserts are in a recess or in a custody case in incorporate the
bend portion so that a reverse bending as carried out in the scheduled position can (as
shown in Figure 7).

Figure 7 - Rear Curved rods

Hot reverse bending of steel reinforcement is not permitted.



11.4 Anchorage of Longitudinal Reinforcement

Supplement to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, section 8.4.4 (1)

With direct support may in determining the minimum anchorage length in Austrian Standard EN
1992-1-1:2011 equation (8.6) and equation (8.7) the value of 100 mm is replaced with the value 70
mm, provided that the total anchorage length in the region of the transverse pressure is.

11.5 Anchorage of Stirrups and Shear Reinforcement

Supplement to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, section 8.5 (2)

The bending angle when running ironing according to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011,
Section 8.5 (2), Figure 8.5 a) must be at least 135 .

11.6 Anchoring Means Bars Welded

Down to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 8.6 (2)


11.7 Shocks and Mechanical Connections

11.7.1 Supplement to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, 8.7.2

Page 43 of 80


Lap splices should be staggered as possible (longitudinal displacement) and splices (proportion of
without longitudinal offset overlapping rods to the cross section of a reinforcement layer equal to
100%) is not high stressed areas are.

With lapped joints of pressed steel inserts with | > 20 mm hook or similar bends inadmissible.


Impacts are considered to be longitudinally offset when the distance of the shock the middle at
least 1.3 times the burst length l
0
is.


If the requirements concerning the clear distance between themselves or between cross bars
adjacent rods in accordance with Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, 8.7.2 (3) are satisfied,
then allowed to ply reinforcement and a full shock of the tension bars are executed. With several
layers of reinforcement may without longitudinal offset at most 50% of the reinforcement cross-
section are pushed at one point.

All struts may be encountered in a cross section without longitudinal displacement (full impact).

11.7.4 Supplement to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, section 8.7.3 (1)

The determination of the proportion of the total cross-section rods rammed the reinforcing steel is
in the amendment to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Figure 8.8 recommended as follows:

1
is the percentage of reinforcement with shock, shock their heart, measured within 1.3 x l
0

from the middle of the lap length considered, located.

For compression members may 6 independently rammed on the proportion of the total cross-
section bars of the reinforcing steel always be set at 1.0.

11.8 Additional rules for large bar diameters



11.8.2 Supplement to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 8.8 (2)

When using bar diameters > |
large
crack widths are in accordance with exclusively by calculating
Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 7.3.4 limit.

11.9 Tendons

Page 44 of 80



A sufficient resistance to deflection forces on the cladding tube sections bent ensure the following
applies:

If no exact evidence of the erosion of the deflection forces takes place must be at utilizing the
minimum allowable radius of curvature for the spacing between cladding tubes in the common
plane of curvature be at least twice as large as the minimum permissible value. The minimum
distance must not be exploited to double minimum radius. Intermediate values may be linearly
interpolated.

11.9.2 Supplement to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 8.10.1.3 (3)

To determine the minimum clearance distance between cladding tubes according to Austrian
Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Figure 8.15 is to be used outside diameter for | of 0.8 times duct.

11.9.3 Supplement to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 8.10.2.3 (1)

When taking into account the shear force according to Austrian Standar EN 1992-1-1:2011, 6.2.3
(7) with components without shear reinforcement cot = 3.0 and cot = 0 to put.

12 Construction Rule

12.1 General

Supplement to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 9.1

The minimum thickness of plates is 7 cm, in exceptional cases (roof panels, minor components) 6
cm. The Thickness navigable plates must be at least 12 cm. Plates with dynamic loading must at
least 12 cm if they also have cutouts to be at least 20 cm thick.

12.2 Longitudinal Reinforcement


The recommended values and the recommended equation are adopted.





Page 45 of 80







The shear reinforcement ratio is at least


The largest longitudinal distance between successive shear reinforcement elements is

s
1,max
= 0.75d x (1+ cot ) 250mm, 45 (25)


The largest longitudinal spacing of bent-up bars is:

s
b,max
= 0.8d x (1+ cot ), in which 45 60 (26)


The largest lateral distance of the bracket legs in a series of iron is

s
t,max
= 0.75d 800 mm (27)

12.2.10 Supplement to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 9.2.3, Figure 9.6

The U-shaped in accordance with Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, image 9.6a1 is to cover
torsional not apply. The U-shaped in accordance with Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, image
9.6a3 requires that either the upper slab reinforcement is bent across the web or the bottom slab
reinforcement unusual encounter or is pushed positively guided through the web.


Pre stressed concrete components a surface reinforcement should be mounted according to
25.2.1. In all other Cases subject to the requirements in accordance with Austrian Standard EN
1992-1-1:2011, section 8.8 (1) to (7).

12.3 Full Plates

Page 46 of 80



The largest spacing s
max,slabs
of the reinforcing bars is

for the main reinforcement: 1.5 h s 250 mm,

for the transverse reinforcement: 3.0 h s 350 mm.

It means:

h the total thickness of the plate

For plates with biaxial load effect the values of the main reinforcement apply for both directions.


If no shear reinforcement is required on the basis of the assessment, must the minimum shear
reinforcement be waived. For slabs with shear reinforcement is computationally necessary at least
0.6 times the value of the minimum shear reinforcement of beams provided.

12.4 Flat Slabs


Thus, the punching resistance can be established, given the area of influence may beff (according
Table 13 and Figure 8), depending on the location of the supports the upper or lower flexural
reinforcement in the y-and z-direction the following minimum reinforcement per meter a
s,min
not
less than the average.

with e/b
eff
accordance Table 13 and Figure 8

Page 47 of 80


Table 13 - Related eccentricities e/b
eff
in the support area
Location of the
supports

top
a
below
b
top
a
below
b

Internal Support 0.125 0 0.3 l
z
0.125 0
0.3 l
y

Edge
support
Edge in y-
direction
0.25 0 0.15 l
z
0.125 0.125 0.3 l
y

Edge in z-
direction
0.125 0.125 0.3 l
z
0.25 0 0.15 l
y

Corner post 0.5 0.5 0.15 l
z
0.5 0.5 0.15 l
y

a
"Top" refers to the bending tensile reinforcement in the support area of the plate.
b
"Down" means the flexural compression reinforcement in the support area of the plate.

It must be taken into account only that reinforcement, fully outside the critical section around is
anchored.

In edge and corner with a d has the normal to the plate edge bending reinforcement arranged
(Collar Reinforcement) be formed as a U-bolt.

Figure 8a- Figure 8b-
Top Reinforcement Bottom Reinforcement
(Bending tension of the Plate) (Bending pressure zone of the Plate)

Figure 8 - An area where b
eff
and related Eccentricities e / b
eff


e / b
eff
e / b
eff

Page 48 of 80


This reinforcement should prevent a progressive collapse of the ceiling. The minimum value of the
two orthogonal directions laid total cross sectional area of the reinforcement should not be less
collapse be as

V
ed
must be determined for the accidental design situation.

This reinforcement may collapse with elastic embedded base plates because of the soil-structure
Interaction can be omitted.


If shear reinforcement is required (according to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 6.4)
is this appeal usually between the loaded area / column and kd within the circular section, is no
longer needed on the shear reinforcement. It is generally at least in the form of two insert
concentric rows of hanger arms (according to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Figure 9-10).
The first row of shear reinforcement should be at a distance d between 0.3 d and 0.5 d from the
edge of loaded area are. The spacing between the hanger arms series usually has not more
than 0.75 d to be.

For foundations and floor slabs is due to the opposite flat ceilings, steeper punching cone of lower
limit of the distance between the first row of the punching reinforcement and the edge of from 0.3 d
to strive loaded area.

Around the critical section (2 d from the loaded area) usually has the distance between the bracket
legs not amount to more than 1.5 d. Outside the critical section around this distance has not
usually more than 2 d to be.

The bar diameter of the punching shear reinforcement must be adapted to the existing average
effective depth:

Ironing: | 0.05 d

Angular Deflection: | 0.08 d


Be inclined bars used as shear reinforcement, this should have a slope between 45 60 to
have the plane of the plate.

12.5 Support

12.5.1 Explanation of Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011 to Section 9.5.1

Support for in-situ concrete, the minimum dimensions of Table 14.

Page 49 of 80


Table 14 - Minimum dimensions for columns

Line Cross-sectional shape Situ concrete,
Established standing
cm
1 Full cross-sectional 20
2 Resolved cross section, for example T-or L-form
(Flange and web thickness)
14
3 Hollow cross section (wall thickness) 12

Is the free flange width more than 5 times the smallest flange so the flange as a wall treat
according to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, section 9.6. This applies also to walls of hollow
sections, if the width exceeds 10 times the minimum wall thickness.


The minimum allowable bar diameter of longitudinal reinforcement of the columns are defined in
Table 15.

Table 15 - Minimum diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement of columns

Minimum cross-sectional thickness
Smallest diameter rod
cm mm
h 20 12
12 h 20 10


The total cross-sectional area of the longitudinal reinforcement is at least:


In situ concrete components, the maximum cross section of the longitudinal reinforcement can 8%
of the concrete cross-section not exceed. This also applies to areas of reinforcing impact.

In precast factory made the maximum cross section of the longitudinal reinforcement can 9% of
not exceed the concrete cross-section. This also applies to areas of reinforcing impact.


Page 50 of 80


The spacing of the longitudinal bars cannot be greater than 350 mm. For columns with circular
cross-section are at least to arrange 6 longitudinal bars.


The value of s
c1,tmax
the smallest of the three following intervals:

12 times the diameter of the thinnest, calculated longitudinal rod bearing,

the smallest cross-sectional thickness of the support,

250 mm.


By a bracket in each corner to a corner rod (Corner rod bundle) and adjacent two on each side
Single rods are secured against buckling when the corner rod no more than 15 times the ironing
diameter from each other (as shown in Figure 9). Additional longitudinal rods, and those at a
greater distance from the corner rod must be secured by intermediate brackets, if its diameter is
greater than 14 mm. This intermediate bracket may lie in the double distance of the main bracket
according to 12.5.6.

Figure 9 - Effect of a bracket to secure the area to prevent buckling of the
longitudinal reinforcement

12.6 Walls


For walls following additions be made:

1) Walls, which act as pressure element (load-bearing walls), generally must have a minimum
thickness of having 12 cm. For factory-made walls a minimum thickness of 10 cm applies.

Page 51 of 80


2) For factory-made wall elements shall have a minimum thickness of 7 cm.

3) Walls, which only serve to reinforce the load bearing walls must be at least 8 inches thick.

4) The stability, durability, workability and sound or fire protection, larger require wall thicknesses
than the specified minimum thickness.

12.6.2 Down to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, 9.6.2 (1)



The horizontal reinforcement on each outer surface is 0.001 A
c
.


It notes the following:

1) When the total cross section of the parallel laid direction of reinforcing the pressure of both
sides of the wall less than 0.02 x A
c
is a transverse reinforcement in the form of S-hooks shall
be provided with at least 4 per m
2
. The hooks must include the pressed reinforcement. Instead
of the S-hooks may also bar be used.

2) If welded steel mesh or bars with diameter | 16 mm larger in a concrete cover be used as
2|, the compounds can hook up to the required reinforcement for mounting be limited degree
(also in Table 4).

12.7 Wall-like carrier


12.7.1.1 General

As a wall-like 5.3.1 (3) shall apply in accordance with Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011,
section carriers whose span is smaller than 3 times the total cross-section height h To calculate
models may girder according Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011 be used in Section 6.5.

If no detailed analysis is performed, then any listed below approximations for the calculation and
execution are applied. These approximations are only valid if the reaction force is introduced as a
compressive force (direct storage) or thrust force (indirect storage). Moreover must be secured
against lateral yielding the carrier. For wall-like beams with openings materially affect the carrying
system, more reflection is needed.

Page 52 of 80


12.7.1.2 Rated


1) The bending moments may be determined as for the slender rod. For continuous wall-like
carriers is important to note that because of their large bending stiffness even small differences
in the compliance of subsidies to significant rearrangements of the internal forces and support
reactions may cause.

2) In determining the flexural tensile reinforcement A
s
for holding the can with the following sizes
of internal lever arm z be expected:

1) for single-span beams:

z = 0.60 l 0.75 h (31)

2) at passing vehicles for field and support:

z = 0.40 l 0.75 h (32)

It means:

l Field width.

3) For the failure of the concrete in the wall-like carriers are usually (at constant thickness), the
concrete stresses at the supports and under concentrated loads prevail. If a detailed analysis is
is performed, the reinforcement is to be formed according to the requirements in 12.7.1.3; also
the following conditions are met:

1) in direct support or under concentrated loads that act on the wheel rim:

The nodal areas are to be designed in accordance with Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1,
section 6.5.4.

2) with indirect storage or load introduction by pilasters:

V
Ed
V
Rd
= 0.2b x h x f
cd
(33)

12.7.1.3 Detailing Education


1) Wall-like carriers have made practical construction reasons, in situ production of at least 15 cm
thick.

Page 53 of 80


2) According to EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 9.7 Trainees must always mesh reinforcement in the
due the following provisions required reinforcements are included.

3) The field reinforcement is unimpaired, without upward bends, conduct and in the support of
Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 8.4 to anchor so that they are already on the
inside edge of the support is fully effective. Joints are stressed in the area of intermediate
supporting train as shocks train steel inserts (according to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-
1:2011, section 8.7).

4) The reinforcement to cover the support moments shall be distributed as follows: one-third of
the height range from 0.1 l to 0.3 l and two-thirds of the height range from 0.3 l to 0.7 l. If the
carrier is lower than 0.7 l, then two-thirds of reinforcement to cover the support moments on the
height range to distribute 0,3 l up to the upper edge of carrier. Half of this reinforcement is to
insert that it acts over the entire span, and the rest is on either side of the bearing according to
a length of l / 3 measured from the bearing border, lead, wherein an additional length of the
anchoring is not provided must be (according to Figure 10).

Figure 10 - Wall-type Carrier; Reinforcement

5) For registration of individual loads the local tensile forces (e.g. splitting tensile or rear
suspension forces) are fully incorporated by reinforcement.

6) If loads are listed at the bottom, so a suspension reinforcement is to be provided, the un
attenuated should reach a height = l or to the upper edge of carrier. The smaller value is
prevail. Optionally, in a load-engaging outside the center plane of the disc, an additional
Flexural reinforcement required.

Page 54 of 80


7) Case of indirect support to arrange a suspension reinforcement is preferably made of vertical
bars and be rated for the full load-bearing force of the issuing carrier (panel 1 in Figure 11a).
the stirrups may be distributed in an area according to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011,
Figure 9.7.

It means

h Height of Wall 1

l Height of Wall 1

Image 11a

Image 11b

Figure 11 - Indirect Storage

Page 55 of 80


8) If the power flow in the load transfer zone of the load-carrier not releasing (as shown in Figure
11a) is examined in more detail, a network of vertical and horizontal bars for V
Ed
s 0.5 V
Rd
to
order are to be calculated for each Z
d
= 0.8 V
Ed
. The suspension reinforcement in wall 1 may
be credited are. If V
Ed
> 0.5 V
Rd
is, additional design measures to crack width taken (e.g.
additional Angled brackets).

9) Transmitting power construction joints must approximate to that of their responsibilities
resulting pressure force be perpendicular or be geared accordingly.

10) Unless a detailed analysis is the limitation of crack widths according to Austrian Standard EN
1992-1-1:2011, Section 7 is carried out, the field of reinforcement 3) at a height of about 0.1 l
and 0.1 h distribute, the smaller value is decisive (as shown in Figure 10). Over the beam
length through is also a quarter of the field above the tension flange reinforcement on the
double tension cord height (Figure 3)) insert distributed (according to Figure 10).

11) In the reinforcement to cover the support moments may, instead of a more accurate detection
of limitation of crack widths according to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Table 7.3N are
applied.



12.8 Foundations


The minimum diameter of the main reinforcement is |
min
= 12 mm.


The minimum diameter of the main reinforcement is the use of bar |
min
= 12 mm and
reinforcement mats |
min
= 6 mm.


The minimum diameter of the main reinforcement is |
min
= 12 mm.


The value for q
1
is adapted to the actual circumstances, but shall not be less than 10 kN/m
elected are.

Page 56 of 80





For all the values of in-situ concrete piles according to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011,
Table 9.6N apply. The constructive Rules for the longitudinal reinforcement are taken.

12.9 Mitigations for unusual events









13 Additional rules for components and pre fabricated structures

Supplement to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, section 10

The following additional provisions are recorded for precast concrete products:

1) General

For products that are not regulated by specific product standards, is on the basic performance
criteria and test methods apply to Austrian Standard B 3328.

Is required in Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1 a special quality control, this is for precast
elements given if this a control according to EN 13369 and Austrian Standard B 3328 subject.

The combination of reinforced concrete and concrete elements within a component or product
is only permitted if the concrete elements are exposed to stress, leading to a brittle fracture
could result.

Page 57 of 80


EXAMPLE are permissible steel bearings in unreinforced concrete walls, unreinforced levels cores on reinforced
concrete staircase panels, which are produced in a casting, etc.

For slabs with main reinforcement in one direction without significant stress drill and a concrete
strength class of at least C 25/30 may free a bow-like edging, unprompted plate edges are
omitted.

2) Wall Plates

The provisions of Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 10.9.3 (6) and (12) are also
made for individual components mutatis mutandis apply composite wall panels.

3) Stairs

In precast staircase panels and prefabricated panels podium, which as a static system, a single
span plate is based on and are articulated and unforced, may on the upper reinforcement be
waived. Regarding the manipulation and transport of Austrian Standard EN 13369:2004,
comply with section 4.3.8.1.

The articulated and non rigid needs in the execution (e.g., elastomeric bearings, joints)
ensured are.

14 Additional rules for components and structures made of light concrete

14.1 Materials

14.1.1 Down to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 11.3.5 (1) P


14.1.2 Down to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 11.3.5 (2) P




14.2 Checks in the Ultimate Limit State (ULS)



Page 58 of 80








15 Structures made of unreinforced or reinforced concrete low

15.1 Materials




The design value f
cd,pl
is the compressive strength of unreinforced concrete for components:

f
cd,pl
=
cd,pl
x f
ck
/
c
(34)

15.2 Checks in the Ultimate Limit State (ULS)

15.2.1 Supplement to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 12.6.2 (1) P

To the local failure of a cross-section to avoid train are for the limit state divide the load safety, the
permanent actions in favorable and unfavorable in acting areas and to take into account the
different partial safety factors provided for the purpose of actions. Alternatively, the maximum
eccentricity of the normal force as a function of the slenderness may component with the
following values, depending on the cross-sectional thickness of the component can be limited hw:

35 e
tot
/h
w
= 0.33

35 < 70 e
tot
/h
w
= 0.25

70 < 86 e
tot
/h
w
= 0.15

Page 59 of 80


It means:

e
tot
Eccentricity according to EN 1992-1-1:2011, Equation 12.12

Thinness

h
w
Cross-sectional thickness of the component



16 Modification of partial factors for materials

16.1 General

Down to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Annex A

The Annex A in accordance with Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011 remains informative.

16.2 Situ Concrete structures

16.2.1 Explanation of Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Annex A.2

The application of Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Annex A.2 for evidence of existing
structures thought.

16.2.2 Fixing to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Annex A.2.1 (1)

The recommended regime is, under the condition monitoring of Class 3 according to Austrian
Standard EN 13670, adopted.

16.2.3 Down to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Annex A.2.1 (2)






Page 60 of 80




16.3 Precast Concrete products and precast

Explanation of Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Annex A.3 and A.4

In a nonlinear analysis of slender precast columns as part of a frame construction (except in the
recalculation of existing supports), however, the partial factors may not be mitigated.

17 Creep and Shrinkage

Down to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Annex B

The Annex B in accordance with Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011 is normative.

18 Properties of the concrete reinforcing steel

18.1 Down to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Annex C

Appendix C in accordance with Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011 remains normative.

18.2 Explanation of Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Annex C.1, Table C.1

The bending / reverse bending test to demonstrate the flexibility allowed as bending and / or back
bending test be performed. The values of the bending diameters are specified in Austrian
Standard B 4707

18.3 Down to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Annex C.1 (1)

For the Nationally Determined Parameters following rules apply:

Regarding the fatigue is the value |, the maximum o
max
load and the fatigue stress range in 2o
a
Table 16.

Regarding the composite properties that by has been demonstrated by experiments, Austrian
Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, C.1N equation and equation C.2n set requirements for the bond
stress and bond strength at the intervals stated in Austrian Standard B 4707 size ranges for the
each parameter of the surface geometry can be maintained.

Page 61 of 80


Table 16 - Evidence of fatigue strength

Technical
Class
f
yk
o
max

2
a

| < 20 mm
2
a

20 mm | <36 mm
2
a

| 36 mm

Fatigue at N = 2 10
6
cycles
N/mm
2
N/mm
2
N/mm
2
N/mm
2
N/mm
2

B 500A 500 0.60 300 150
B 500B 500 0.60 300 150 120 100
B 550A 550 0.55 300 150
B 550B 550 0.55 300 150 120 100
B 600A 600 0.50 300 150
NOTE Welded mats are only for static load-bearing steel inserts as penalty. Should take place the installation in
non-predominantly statically loaded components then the proof of fatigue strength, since this sample has to contain a
weld, the 2
a
stroke with 100 N/mm to accept, if not in an appropriate technical approval different value is required.
The test is unique, as specified by Austrian Standard B 4707 according to the conduct requirements for initial type
testing.

18.4 Down to NORM EN 1992-1-1:2011, Annex C.1 (3)

The recommended values are, with the restriction that at B600A for the yield strength f
yk
the
coefficient a is fixed at 12 N/mm, over.

19 For more detailed method of calculating pre stressing losses from
relaxation

Down to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Annex D

Appendix D in accordance with Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011 remains informative.

20 Indicative minimum strength classes to ensure the durability

20.1 Down to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Annex E

The Annex E according to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011 remains informative.

As indicative minimum strength class that strength class was determined that, if the requirements
in durability, even under unfavorable for the strength of concrete compositions generally, at least
reached.

The strength classes specified are indicative and apply in particular in connection with the
definition of the concrete cover in finished parts. Do not enter a binding context between the
exposure class and the concrete strength. The actual concrete strength with the concrete
manufacturer clarify (also according to Austrian Standard B 4710-1).

Page 62 of 80


20.2 Down to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Annex E.1 (2)

The indicative minimum strength for exposure classes are defined in Table 17 and for
recommended Types of concrete specified in Table 18 and replace the recommended values of
Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Table E.1N.

Table 17 - Minimum Indicative strength classes for exposure classes according to
Austrian Standard B 4710-1

Exposure classes
according to
Austrian Standard
B 4710-1
XC1 XC2 XC3 XC4
XD1
XD2
XD3 XF1 XF2 XF3 XF4
XA1L
XA1T
XA2L
XA2T
XA3L
XA3T
Resistance: W/B 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.50 0.55 0.45 0.55 0.50 0.55 0.45 0.55 0.45 0.31
Resistance: LP 2.5 2.5 4.0
indicative
strength classes
16/20 20/25 25/30 30/37 25/30 35/45 25/30 25/30 20/25 25/30 25/30 35/45 45/55
NOTE When combining several Ex post information classes that strength class which is the highest among
Air content and the lowest W / B value results.

Table 18 - Indicative strength classes for minimum recommended concrete types
(abbreviations) according to Austrian Standard B 4710-1

Recommended
concrete types
according to
Austrian Standard
B 4710-1
B1 B2 B3 B3 B5 B6 B7 B8 B8 B10 B11 B12 HL-SW HL-B
Resistance: W/B 0.60 0.55 0.55 0.50 0.50 0.45 0.45 0.60 0.60 0.55 0.55 0.50 0.31 0.31
Resistance: LP 2.5 2.5 2.5 4.0
indicative
strength classes
25/30 25/30 20/25 30/37 25/30 30/37 25/30 25/30 25/30 25/30 25/30 30/37 45/55 35/45

21 Equations for tensile reinforcement for the plane stress state

Down to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Annex F

The Annex F according to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011 remains informative.

22 Soil-structure interaction

Down to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Annex G

The Annex G according to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011 remains informative.

23 Documents on the overall structure of the second-order

Page 63 of 80


Down to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Annex H

The Annex H according to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011 remains informative.

24 Determination of internal forces in flat slabs and shear walls

Down to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Annex I

The Annex I according to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011 remains informative.

It should also be noted that in systems where the horizontal stresses not action between the
framework and ceiling supports, but by bracing members (such as shear walls) be included in
place of the frame specified in Annex I and continuous beams of force calculation may be taken as
a basis.

25 Design rules for selected examples

25.1 General

Down to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Annex J

The Annex J is informative.

25.2 Surface reinforcement

25.2.1 Supplement to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Annex J.1

In pre stressed concrete structures as described in the following constructive minimum
reinforcement is to be placed. It may on the reinforcements necessary to limit the crack widths and
the detection of structural safety be counted. Their quantity is independent of the steel grade.

1) The limiting surfaces of the component (not excluding the end surfaces and the drying surfaces
exposed to, how they are formed, for example, through non-ventilated hollow body) have a
reticulated reinforcing obtained of at least 0.3% of the volume of the concrete. Allowed for
hollow plates the minimum structural reinforcement are based on the actual concrete cross
sectional area.

2) When parts must cross section with the smallest dimension exceeding 40 cm to measure the
authoritative volume of the concrete reinforcement to be determined as if lying on the surface
only 20 cm thick marginal zones were present.

3) Both the network-forming reinforcement bands are generally normal to each other and equal
thick execute. With a crooked angular reinforcing mesh is the angle between the two must
gather at least 60.

Page 64 of 80


4) For slabs in building construction may be used in the compression zone at the field level, as far
as the surface of an unfavourable superposition of all influences is always under pressure, no
need for a network reinforcement.

25.2.2 Fixing to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Annex J.1 (2)

The recommended value for A
s,surfmin
is accepted.

A surface reinforcement is only required when the concrete cover exceeds 70 mm or when the
crack width according to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, section 7.3.4 cannot be performed.

25.3 Frame corners

25.3.1 Supplement to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Annex J.2

25.3.1.1 General

The design and reinforcement design in frame corners is based on truss models perform. The
Annex J.2 to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1 provides information on frame corners. Additional the
following specifications apply:

25.3.1.2 Frame corners with shutting moment


1) If the corner reinforcement is carried out undisturbed Stress Resultants (as shown in Figure
12b) is to comply with the bending diameter to look for. Furthermore, it is Austrian Standard EN
1992-1-1:2011 to comply with section 6.5.4 in node is a sufficient surface area in the form of
reinforcement stirrups for receiving splitting tensile forces, according to the force F
cw
provided
(as shown in Figure 12a).

Figure 12a- Figure 12b- Figure 12c-
rod plant model tensile reinforcement tensile reinforcement
un encountered encountered

Figure 12-Frame corners with shutting Moment

Page 65 of 80


2) The reinforcement in the wall-ceiling connections must be carried out according to Figure 12c.
With a degree of reinforcement Given reinforcement of the 0.4% and a nominal diameter of
reinforcement exceeding d/20 (d corresponds to the smallest effective height of the
components) is a bending diameter sufficient according to Table 12, columns 1 and 2, provided
a continuous in the turns and sufficiently large transverse reinforcement is placed and on the
edges of a lateral component splitting of the concrete is prevented by stirrups.

3) At very different levels of support and support is provided in Annex J.2 to Austrian Standard EN
1992-1 -1:2011, image J.2b Advice for reinforcement design.

25.3.1.3 Frame corners with opening Moment


1) In Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Annex J.2.3 are possible truss models and
reinforcement guides shown.

2) Instead of forming the corner reinforcement with angular brackets according to Austrian
Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, J.3c image may also be carried out according to a reinforcement
layout image 13.

Figure 13-Frame corner with moderate open able moment

3) In frame corners with moderate open able moment are an alternative to 1) training also shown
in Figure 14 or 15 possible image.

4) For bending angle 45 < 95 is at high utilization ( > 1%) as shown in Figure 14 is an
oblique reinforcement A
ss
organize, having at least half the cross sectional area of the greater
tension chord. This inclined reinforcement is to lead up to the pressure zone. Both sides of the
re-entrant corner must be at least the anchorage length according to Austrian Standard EN
1992-1-1:2011, Section 8.4 be available.

Page 66 of 80


Figure 14 - Frame corner with opening moment (with acting outward deflection force)
Articulation angle 45 < 95

5) For angles > 95 is the acute angle in corner to break through a haunch. There is always a
inclined reinforcement A
ss
applied, which then runs in the haunch. She is on the corner
moment including all overdue acting normal forces assuming a realistic lever arm of the
internal forces to be measured (shown in Figure 15).

Figure 15 - Frame corner with opening moment (with acting outward deflection force)
Articulation > 95

25.3.2 Down to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Annex J.2.2 (2)


25.4 Consoles

Down to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Annex J.3

Instead of Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1, Annex J.3, the following provisions apply.

Page 67 of 80


25.4.1 General


1) Consoles with a
c
h
c
(as shown in Figure 16) are to be calculated according to 25.4.2, if no
exact investigations be performed.

2) Consoles with a
c
> h
c
may be calculated as a cantilever.

3) In all cases, the transfer of power from the console in the subsequent parts must be ensured.

4) Horizontal forces on the panel to be covered by the determined size. Cannot be determined
exactly it is an estimated value, but not less than H
Ed
= 0.1 x F
Ed
, unfavourably acting, shall be
used.

5) Bevelled consoles must under the loading point at least 0.6 h
c
high (according to Figure 16).

Figure 16 - Consoles Dimensions

25.4.2 Rated


1) The node under the load plate is according to the rules for truss models according to Austrian
Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Section 6.5, image sized to 6.27.
2) For the node at the base of the console (see Figure 17) is analogous to Austrian Standard EN
1992-1-1:2011,Section 6.5.4, Figure 6.28

Page 68 of 80


The following applies:

d
1
d/4

v according to Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Equation (6.57N)

k
1
= 1.25 after 9.5.2

Image 17 - Console - Truss model Designations

3) For the tensile force F
td
the tension reinforcement A
s,main
applies to the simple truss model in
Figure 17:

F
td
= F
ed
x a/z + H
Ed
(37)


z 2 a

Must be set to a first approximation:


Page 69 of 80

a = a
c
+ a
H
+ 0.12 d

z = 0.9 d

4) The bond length of the tensile armour l
bd
of the inner A
s,main
starting edge of the bearing plate.
The anchor may preferably be located with loops or with anchor elements (as shown in
Figure 18)

Image 18 - of anchoring tensile reinforcement with horizontal loops

5) For a
c
0.5 h
c
are usually about the height of the console closed horizontal bar with a total
cross section A
s,lnk
0.4 A
s,main
distributed over the height z
0
to arrange (as shown in
Figure 19a).

For a
c
> 0.5 h
c
are usually closed with a vertical bracket total cross-sectional

to arrange (as shown in Figure 19b).

6) All is not acting on the top of the console loads are to be initiated by stirrups in the top node of
the truss.

Page 70 of 80


A anchor body or loops B Ties
Image 19a Reinforcement Image 19b - Reinforcement
for a
c
0.5 h
c
for a
c
> 0.5 h
c

Figure 19-Reinforcement Layout for Consoles

7) Is a console claimed in accordance with Figure 20 by a cross-section acts eccentrically load,
must be provided as width of the console only the width into account, which would result in a
symmetrical about the load axis console training.

Figure 20-Reduced width of the Console with Eccentric load Application

Page 71 of 80


25.4.3 Special Cases


1) High consoles are on the disc theory or on the basis of an appropriate truss model with
inclusion of the subsequent component to be measured (shown in Figure 21). In particular, the
formation of a second tension chord in the lower pane of the console is observed.

Figure 21 High-console

2) For the purposes of determining a unlatched on bearing, also a suitable half-timbered buildings
model be adopted, e.g. Figure 22, in the area of the console to be calculated according to
25.4.2.

Alternative truss models are also given in Austrian Standard EN 1992-1-1:2011, Figure 10.4.

Figure 22-Truss model with a disengaged supports

Page 72 of 80


Figure 23-Reinforcement layout in a disengaged supports

25.5 Recording of deflection forces

25.5.1 General


1) At any point of a direction change of rebar in train or pressure, as well as concrete" prompt
displays transactions arise when changing the direction of deflection forces whose recording.
This applies in particular for components with curved or bent lintels and reveals.

2) Forwarding deflection forces them to other cross-sectional areas of the balance holding forces
must be ensured.

Example of flange plates arched or curved or bent box and T sections

25.5.2 Acting outward deflection forces of tension reinforcement

25.5.2.1 The lining continuously curved concrete


1) If the following condition is met, the deflection forces can also be included without stirrups from
the reinforcement of concrete (as shown in Figure 24 and Figure 25).


b
c
3.5 c e (40)

Page 73 of 80


It means:

ctd
Voltage peak, as shown in Figure 25

A
s,prev
Cross-sectional area of a steel reinforcement or a rod bundle. For double layer
reinforcement, the area is to add superposed reinforcing bars.

b
c
effective width of the concrete cover

c Concrete cover of Staff

Nominal diameter of the rod or replacement diameter of a rod bundle

e Spacing of steel inserts

f
ctk
characteristic tensile strength of concrete according to EN 1992-1-1:2011, Table 3.1. At
high dynamic loads, the table value should be reduced to 60%. In the construction stages of
the hardening procedure appropriate marketing rate of the concrete tensile strength of
concrete is to be set.

f
yk
characteristic value of the yield strength of the reinforcing steel

r
s
Curvature radius of the steel reinforcement

Figure 24 - Continuously curved tensile reinforcement with acting on the concrete
cover deflection forces

Figure 25 - Stressing of concrete cover

Page 74 of 80


2) If the condition of equation (39) is not met, the deflection forces are incorporated by straps.
Here each tie rod is to be taken by at least one hanger arm. The bracket spacing shall not be
more than 15 greater than 20 cm.

3) The strap cross-sections required to contain the diagonal tensile forces due to shear and
tensile forces of the deflection are added. At most, a torsion reinforcement and suspension of
loads acting on the bottom is attached to another.

25.5.2.2 Polygonal concrete the lining


1) When articulated angles the concrete lining that exceed 10, the elastic tension inlays may
be curved or bent with large bending diameter. The deflection force of each tie rod must be
secured by at least two temples in the region of curvature. At the bend of the reveal the
minimum concrete cover must be maintained for the bracket (as shown in Figure 26).

Figure 26 - The lining with outward-bent concrete acting deflection force;
Articulation 10

2) In closing angles of the concrete soffit that are greater than 10, the tension inlays crossover
and must be adequately anchored in the compression zone (as shown in Figure 27). The
deflection forces F
ud
the pressure zone to be included by straps.

Figure 27 - The lining with outward-bent concrete acting deflection force;
Articulation 10 < 45

Page 75 of 80


As an alternative to Figure 27 0.4% may also be trained in accordance image 28 full
anchorage of tension reinforcement running in the opposite pressure zone at moderate stress
moment. The printing area is secure in the corner by a constructive reinforcement A
su
below.

Figure 28 - Bent-concrete lining with outward deflection force acting at a moderate
bending stress, buckling angles

Page 76 of 80

Bibliography

Austrian Standard EN 1992-3, Euro Code 2 - Design of reinforced concrete and pre stressed
concrete structures
- Part 3: retaining and containment structures of concrete

[1] Mason, R., Sun, N. V. Haveresch, K.-H. and Arnold, A.: Minimum reinforcement for limiting
crack widths with thick walls. Civil Engineering (80) 2005, volume 10, pp. 479-485

[2] Mason, R.: Limiting the crack width in thick components due to coercion. In: Concrete and
Construction German club EV, DBV Bulletin 14: Further structural engineer Concrete - current
focus Standardization 2007.

[3] Notes to DIN 1045-1, DafStb, Issue 525, Beuth Verlag, Berlin 2003

Page 77 of 80

Important Information for Standard Users

Rules are Rules, Standards are rules that are developed in all affected and interested
dialogue and consensus. Put requirements on products, services, Systems and skills and define
how compliance with this conditions will be verified. From your very nature, standards are
recommendations. Their use is therefore voluntary, but obvious because standards document the
current state Art: what's in a particular field "standard". For that guarantee the high level of
expertise and experience of the experts in the relevant committees at national, European and
international Level as well as the competence of the Austrian Standards Institute / Austrian
Standards Institute and its Committee Manager.

Timeliness body of standards. Analogous to the further development of
technical and economic standards are subject to continual change. They are constantly checked
by the authorizing committee to date and if necessary revised and adapted to the current state of
the art. For the user of standards, it is therefore important to always access the latest the
standards have to his or her field to ensure that its products and production processes or services
to meet market requirements.

Knowledge of changes. To reliably informed about changes in the standard works to be
and to always have access to each to have valid versions, provides the Austrian Standards plus
GmbH Standard users and their numerous needs tailored offers. The ranges from classical
discipline subscriptions to innovative custom online solutions and update services.

International and foreign Codes & Standards. About Austrian Standards plus Publishing (AS +
P) can and International Standards (ISO) standards and regulations of all countries of the World
are related - a particularly important Service for the export-oriented economy. Similarly, other
documents Austrian legislators in "AS + P" available.

Training on standards. A gain in knowledge about standards and their environment offers
Austrian Standards plus training. "In seminars, lectures, Provide workshops and training courses
Experts, for the most part even at the development of standards involved, information and know-
how from first hand.

Conformity. In order to demonstrate compliance with standards of objective, Austrian offer
standards Institute and Austrian Standards plus Certification means of certification of products,
services and people compliance with standards.

The Austrian Standards plus GmbH with its business divisions
"Publishing", "training" and "Certification" is a wholly owned
Subsidiary of the Austrian Standards Institute.

Austrian Standard B-1992!1!1

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Austrian Standard B-1992!1!1

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Page i of 80

/ d 2.0 may to simplify the calculation, a

the smallest distance between the gate

= 0.22 l (l = span) be accepted.

Anda mungkin juga menyukai