1 Introduction to Economics & Central Problem of Economics Introduction to Economics Scarcity, choice, opportunity cost, efficiency and growth. Mac/Mic. Positive vs. Normative Econs. 2 Central Problem of Economics Unlimited wants > limited resources. 3 Economic Systems PPC. Free market vs. Command Economy .4 Theories & Application of Demand and Supply & Determination of Equilibrium Market Prices Basic Theory of Demand PTIDE 5 Theory of Supply CCSE 6 Determination of Equilibrium Market Prices and Output D/S Shift -> eq qty -> eq price 7 Elasticity Concepts PED: SNIT. YED: N, Y. CED: S/C. PES: SNIT 8 Application of demand and supply PED pricing. PES qty SS to P. YED output. CED prod diff/rival/joint. 9 Key Economic Indicators and How the Macroeconomy works Introduction to Macroeconomic Goals and Problems Sustainable economic growth, stable prices, full employment, BOP equilibrium. 10 National Income Accounting GNP per capita, PPP, NEW, PQLI, Gini coefficient 11 National Income Determination (Income-Expenditure Model) Y = AE = C + I + G + (X-M). C = a + bY. Multiplier. 12 National Income Determination (AD-AS Analysis) GPL & Real NI (GDP) shows stability & growth. AD: AE = NI. AS: costs & supply capacity 13 Internal Macroeconomic Problems & Policies Unemployment Consequences, causes and cures (CCC) Str, cyc, frict. AD^, LRAS, make info available 14 Inflation consequences, causes and cures (CCC) DD-pull [CFP, CMP, LRAS] , cost-push (M/wage/profit/tax/SS shock) [Forex/LRAS/law] 15 Slow-negative/unsustainable economic growth CCC Aim: LRAS in tandem w AD^, achieve non-infl. ec. growth Slow/neg: efpmp,Protect. Unsus: cfpmp, LRAS LRAS: capital^, qty qlty labour, tech adv, dynamic entr. 16 How the Macroeconomy works ERM only for excessive M, loss of X competitiveness fr. high DD-pull infl. I: Public Finance and Fiscal Policy DD-mg. Sg: k &G, X. I&C^, k , flexible, crowd in. 17 II: Monetary Policy (Interest Rate vs. Exchange Rate) (I&C interest inelastic), gr&emp, hard-landing 18 Supply-side Policy SR: pr contr, wage freeze, >CPF. LR: Qty, qly FOP. 19 Bilateral / Multilateral Macroeconomic Problems and Policies Balance of Payment Deficit CCC. CA lost, tradepr, overC M ESM (dev/protectionism), ERM, SS policies, trade policies 20 Exchange Rate Systems and Policy PPP. Gd for BOP, employmt, ec. gr, I, cost-push & dd-pull 21 How the Macroeconomy works International Economics I: International Trade and FTA II: Globalisation III: Protectionism 22 Microeconomic Problems Market Failure Externalities. Merit / demerit / public goods. Gvt failure. 23 How the Firms work (Microeconomics) Firms and How they Operate C, Pe, Qe, MC=MR. AR = DD. Price-taker/price-setter. PD. 24 Macroeconomic Problems & Policies Conflicting Economic Goals Prioritisation based on context of country 25 Current Affairs Labour Productivity Increasing quality of factors of production. Globalisation. 26 Demand and Supply Marginalist Principle Additional gain from additional cost