Cld uomlnlon unlverslLy ueparLmenL of ChemlsLry and 8lochemlsLry CPLM 121n lall 2014

Cussenhoven 1 | age


loundaLlons of ChemlsLry l
ChapLer 3.3-3.7

3.3 !"#$%$&'( *+%",('- .%+" /0'(1-2-
3.6 3,'04$4'4$52 60.+%"'4$+0 .%+" 7'('0&28 !9,'4$+0-
3.7 :$"$4$0; <2'&4'04-

!"#$%$&'( *+%",(': _____________________________________________________________________
-+(.&,('% *+%",(': acLual numbers of aLoms ln a compound, can be Lhe emplrlcal formula or a mulLlple of lL
compound name = _________________________
molecular formula = _______________ empirical formula = ____________

ueLermlne Lhe 2"#$%$&'( .+%",(' from Lhe #2%&204 &+"#+-$4$+0:

!='"#(2: 1he compound #'%'-aminobenzoic acid (PABA, found in sunscreen) is composed of carbon (61.31%),
hydrogen (3.14), nlLrogen (10.21), and oxygen (23.33). llnd Lhe emplrlcal formula of A8A.

Assume 100 g of A8A:
C: (61.S1 g) [
1 moI
12.01 g
= S.11 mol C B: (S.14 g) [
1 moI
1.01 g
= S.u9 mol B
N: (1u.21 g) [
1 moI
14.00 g
= u.729 mol N 0: (2S.SS g) [
1 moI
15.99 g
= 1.46 mol 0

CalculaLe mole raLlos by dlvldlng by Lhe smallesL number of moles:
C:
5.11 moI
0.729 moI
= 7 B:
5.09 moI
0.729 moI
= 7 N:
0.729 moI
0.729 moI
= 1 0:
1.46 moI
0.729
= 2

Lmplrlcal formula: //////////////////////////////////


!='"#(2: an orange compound was found Lo be 26.2 k, 33.4 Cr and 38.0 C. lL ls a common oxldlzlng agenL
(Cr
6+
Cr
3+
) LhaL ls also used as an lngredlenL ln cemenL englneerlng. ueLermlne lLs emplrlcal formula (-"'((2-4 $042;2%
%'4$+).
/--,"2 ' >?? ; -'"#(2 @A B2&+"2- "'-- $0 ;%'"-C
_______________________________________________ = 100 g sample

D$5$82 2'&E "'-- B1 $4- '4+"$& "'-- @;$52- 4E2 0,"B2% +. "+(2- +. 2'&E $0 >??;C
Ci: (SS.4 g) _
1 mol
S2.uu g
] = u. 681 mol Ci K: (26.2 g) _
1 mol
S9.1u g
] = u.67u mol K
0: (S8.u g) _
1 mol
16.uu g
] = 2.S8 mol 0


smallest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound
hydrogen peroxide
H2O2 HO
5.11 mol C
0.729 mol N
5.09 mol H
1.46 mol O
7 7 1
2
C2H2NO2
26.2g K + 35.4g Cr + 38.0g O
Cld uomlnlon unlverslLy ueparLmenL of ChemlsLry and 8lochemlsLry CPLM 121n lall 2014
Cussenhoven 2 | age

D$5$82 2'&E B1 4E2 -"'((2-4 '0-F2% .+,08 @%'4$+- -4'1 4E2 -'"2GC
Ci:
u.681 mol
u.67u mol
1 K:
u.67u mol
u.67u mol
= 1 0:
2.S8 mol
u.67u
= S.S

HE++-2 ' ",(4$#($2% 4+ "'I2 $042;2% @4E2 -"'((2-4 FE+(2 0,"B2% %'4$+ J !"#$%$&'( *+%",(')
Ci: 1 = 2 K: 1 = 2 0: S.S = 7

Lmplrlcal formula = _______________________________________________

8emember: Lhe number of aLoms ln a molecular formula ls a
",(4$#(2 of Lhe number of aLoms ln an emplrlcal formula.
lf we flnd Lhe emplrlcal formula and know a molar mass (molecular
welghL) for Lhe compound, we can flnd Lhe molecular formula.

!='"#(2: Lhe emplrlcal formula of a compound was found Lo be CP. lL has a molar mass of 78
g
moI
. WhaL ls lLs molecular
formula?
Empiiical FW= [1 C 12.u1
g
mol
+[1 B 1.u1
g
mol
= 1S
g
mol


Whole numbei multiple =
moleculai weight
empiiical foimula weight
=
78
g
mol
1S
g
mol
= 6

Noleculai Foimula = multiple empiiical foimula = 6 CB = C
6
B
6


,-'"#(!K When oxygen reacLs wlLh phosphorous, Lwo posslble oxldes can form. Cne conLalns 36.34 , and 43.66 C
by mass, flnd Lhe molecular formula, wlLh a molecular mass of 219.90
g
moI
.

________________________________________________ = 100 g sample

P: (S6.S4 g P) [
1 moI P
30.97 g P
= 1.819 mol P 0: (4S.66 g 0) [
1 moI O
16.00 g O
= 2.729 mol 0

P:
1.819 mol
1.819 mol
= 1 0:
2.729 mol
1.819 mol
= 1.S

P: 1 = 2 0: 1.S = S

Lmplrlcal formula = ______________________________________

Lmplrlcal formula welghL = (2 )(30.97
g
moI
) + (3 C)(16.00
g
moI
) = 012324

H'(&,('42 4E2 "+('% "'-- B'-28 +0 4E2 2"#$%$&'( .+%",(' '08 &+"#'%2 4+ 4E2 '&4,'( "+(2&,('% "'--L ",(4$#(1 4E2
2"#$%$&'( .+%",(' B1 4E2 '##%+#%$'42 .'&4+%
Whole numbei multiple =
moleculai weight
empiiical foimula weight
=
219.9u
g
mol
1u9.9S
g
mol
= 2

Noleculai Foimula = multiple empiiical foimula = 2 P
2
0
3
= P
4
0
6

________________________________________
13 g/mol
6
C6H6
Cld uomlnlon unlverslLy ueparLmenL of ChemlsLry and 8lochemlsLry CPLM 121n lall 2014
Cussenhoven 3 | age

!='"#(2: Clucose has a molecular formula C
6
P
12
C
6
, and molar mass of 180.1
g
moI
.
(a) WhaL ls Lhe emplrlcal formula and Lhe percenL composlLlon? _______________________________
(b) Pow many grams of carbon are ln 16.33 g of glucose?


5 6+"#+7$8$+9:
(1 mol glucose) _
6 mol C
1 mol glucose
] _
12.u1 g C
1 mol C
] = 72.u g C % C =
72.u g C
18u.1 g glucose
1uu = 4u.u%

(1 mol glucose) _
12 mol B
1 mol glucose
] _
1.u1 g B
1 mol B
] = 12.1 g B % B =
12.1 g B
18u.1 g glucose
1uu = 6.7%

(1 mol glucose) _
6 mol 0
1 mol glucose
]_
16.uu g 0
1 mol 0
] = 96.u g 0 % 0 =
96.u g 0
18u.1 g glucose
1uu = SS.S%

-'77 +* 6'%;+9:
(16.SS g glucose) _
u.4uu g C
1 g glucose
] = 6.62 g C
6+";,78$+9 '9'(<7$7: deLermlnes Lhe unknown emplrlcal formula composlLlon for +%;'0$& (carbon-conLalnlng, llke
C
=
P
1
C
M
) compounds LhaL are burned wlLh oxygen

C and P are converLed Lo Lhe volaLlle producLs _____________ and ___________
boLh are separaLed and Lrapped, and Lhe welghL galn ls measured by a
________________________________
CLher elemenLs (llke oxygen) quanLlfled wlLh oLher Lraps or by "'77 =$**.%.9&.
Mass of C = ___________________________________________________________



Cld uomlnlon unlverslLy ueparLmenL of ChemlsLry and 8lochemlsLry CPLM 121n lall 2014
Cussenhoven 4 | age

!='"#(2: vlLamln C conLalns C, P and C only (C
=
P
1
C
M
). 1.302 g of CC
2
and 0.409 g of P
2
C are produced when 1.000 g of
vlLamln C ls burned ln C
2
. Clven Lhe molar mass of vlLamln C ls 176.12 g/mol, flnd lLs 2"#$%$&'( and "+(2&,('% .+%",('.
N42# >K *$08 4E2 "'--2- +. HO P '08 Q:
"
6
*%+" 6>
?
@

"
A
*%+" A
?
> @

"
>
@ 1.000 g (0.4099 g C + 0.04377 g P) = ___________________

N42# RK H+052%4 '(( "'--2- 4+ "+(2-L .$08 4E2 "+(! %'.$+ B1 8$5$8$0; B1 4E2 -"'((2-4 "+(2- S ",(4$#(1$0; B1 ' .'&4+% 4+ ;24
'0 $042;2% %'4$+:

9
6
@ %'8$+ +* 6 @
9
A
@ %'8$+ +* A @
9
>
@ %'8$+ +* > @

!='"#(2: vlLamln C conLalns C, P and C only (C
=
P
1
C
M
). 1.302 g of CC
2
and 0.409 g of P
2
C are produced when 1.000 g of
vlLamln C ls burned ln C
2
. Clven Lhe molar mass of vlLamln C ls 0BC30? DE"+(, flnd lLs 2"#$%$&'( and "+(2&,('% .+%",('.
N42# TK *%+" !"#$%$&'( *+%"/('O &'(&,('42 !"#$%$&'( "'00L &+"#'%2 F$4E "+('% "'00 4+ 8242%"$02 "+(!&/('% *+%"/(':
Lmplrlcal formula = ________________________

Lmplrlcal mass = __________________________________________

MulLlple =
MoIccuIu muss
LmpcuI ]omuIu muss
=
176.12 gmoI
88.04 gmoI
=

Molecular formula = _______ Lmplrlcal formula = _______________________


1he coefflclenLs ln Lhe balanced equaLlon show:
relaLlve numbers of _______________________U of reacLanLs and producLs.
relaLlve numbers of _________________U of reacLanLs and producLs, whlch can be converLed Lo ___________U.
Cld uomlnlon unlverslLy ueparLmenL of ChemlsLry and 8lochemlsLry CPLM 121n lall 2014
Cussenhoven 3 | age


!='"#(2K name Lhe followlng reacLanLs and producLs, clrcle Lhe sLolchlomeLrlc coefflclenLs ln Lhe followlng
reacLlon and deLermlne Lhe LoLal moles of reacLanLs used up and producLs formed ln Lhe reacLlon

____ CaCC
3 (s)
+ ____ PnC
3 (aq)
____ Ca(nC
3
)
2 (aq)
+ ____ CC
2 (g)
+ ____ P
2
C
(l)



8eacLanLs = ____________________________ roducLs = _______________________________


-+(. %'8$+7: sLolchlomeLrlc coefflclenLs LhaL ________________________________________ of reacLanLs and producLs
_________________________, mole raLlos come from balanced equaLlons

!='"#(2: 2 C
2
P
6 (g)
+ 7 C
2 (g)
4 CC
2 (g)
+ 6 P
2
C
(l)

____ moles of C
2
P
6
reacL wlLh ____ moles of C
2

____ moles of C
2
P
6
produce ____ moles of CC
2


Mole raLlos:
7 moI O
2
2 moI C
2
H
6
oi
4 moI CO
2
2 moI C
2
H
6


uslng Lhe mole raLlos, lf we sLarL wlLh 0.3 mol C
2
P
6
, how many moles of P
2
C producL wlll we have?
(u.S mol C
2
B
6
) _
6 mol B
2
0
2 mol C
2
B
6
] = .

V%'&4$&2: combustion of carbon monoxide gas $9 '$% produces carbon dloxlde, from Lhe glven balanced chemlcal
reacLlon, deLermlne Lhe sLolchlomeLrlc equlvalences & moles
? 6>
FDG
H >
?FDG
? 6>
?FDG

SLolchlomeLrlc equlvalences:
I.'&8'98 8+ #%+=,&8: ____ mol C
2
____ mol CC
2

I.'&8'98 8+ #%+=,&8: ____ mol CO ____ mol CC
2

I.'&8'98 8+ %.'&8'98: ____ mol CO ____ mol C
2

lf we have 0.3 moles of C
2
, how many moles of CC
2
are formed?
(u.S mol 0
2
) [
2 moI CO
2
1 moI O
2
=

Cld uomlnlon unlverslLy ueparLmenL of ChemlsLry and 8lochemlsLry CPLM 121n lall 2014
Cussenhoven 6 | age

Pow many moles of C
2
are needed Lo reacL wlLh all of Lhe CC (have 0.23 moles)?
(u.2S mol C0) [
1 moI O
2
2 moI CO
= .

need Lo calculaLe Lhe amounLs of reacLanLs or producLs ln a reacLlon?
Always sLarL wlLh a balanced chemlcal reacLlon!
use Lhe procedure below

!J'"#(.: nlLrogen monoxlde reacLs wlLh oxygen Lo produce nlLrogen dloxlde
2 nC
(g)
+ C
2 (g)
2 nC
2 (g)

Pow many "+(.7 of producL are formed from Lhe compleLe reacLlon of 0.234 mol of C
2
?
(u.2S4 mol 0
2
) _
2 mol N0
2
1 mol 0
2
] = .

Pow many D%'"7 of producL are formed by Lhe compleLe reacLlon of 1.44 g of nC?
(1.44 g N0) _
1 mol N0
Su.u g N0
] _
2 mol N0
2
2 mol N0
]_
46.u g N0
2
1 mol N0
2
] = .

!='"#(2: Pow many grams of waLer can be produced from 1.00 g of glucose (C
6
P
12
C
6
)?
6
C
A
0?
>
C F7G
H C >
? FDG
C 6>
? FDG
H C A
?
>
F(G

180.0 g/mol 32.0 g/mol 44.0 g/mol 18.0 g/mol

(1 g glucose) _
1 mol glucose
18u.u g glucose
]_
6 mol B
2
0
1 mol glucose
]_
18.u g B
2
0
1 mol
] = .

V%'&4$&2: whaL masses of C
2
and 8r
2
are made by Lhe reacLlon of 23.0 g 1lC
2
wlLh 2=&2-- 8rl
3
(enough Lo reacL all Lhe
1lC
2
)?
W%$42 ' 1'('2&!3 %!'&.$+2:
___ 1lC
2 (s)
+ ___ 8rl
3 (l)
___ 1ll
4 (s)
+ ___ 8r
2 (l)
+ ___ C
2 (g)

N4+$&E$+"24%$& "+(! %'.$+0 @%2'&4'04 4+ #%+8,&4C:

3 moI TIO
2
3 moI O
2
anu
3 moI TIO
2
2 moI Br
2


X+(2- +. Q
R
'08 7%
R
.%+" "+(2- +. Y$Q
R
:
n
TIO2
= (2S.u g Ti0
2
) _
1 mol
79.88 g Ti0
2
] = u.S1S mol Ti0
2

X'-- +. Q
R
'08 7%
R
#%+8,&28:
m
O2
= (u.S1S mol Ti0
2
) _
S mol 0
2
S mol Ti0
2
] _
S2.u g 0
2
1 mol
] = 1u.u g 0
2

m
Br2
= (u.S1S mol Ti0
2
) _
2 mol Bi
2
S mol Ti0
2
] _
1S9.81 g Bi
2
1 mol
] = SS.4 g Bi
2


Cld uomlnlon unlverslLy ueparLmenL of ChemlsLry and 8lochemlsLry CPLM 121n lall 2014
Cussenhoven 7 | age

K%'&8$&.: llLhlum meLal reacLs wlLh waLer Lo form aqueous llLhlum hydroxlde and hydrogen gas
2 Ll
(s)
+ 2 P
2
C
(l)
2 LlCP
(aq)
+ P
2 (g)

Pow many moles of P
2
are formed from Lhe compleLe reacLlon of 6.23 mol of Ll wlLh P
2
C?
(6.2S mol Li) _
1 mol B
2
2 mol Li
] = .

Pow many grams of P
2
wlll be formed by Lhe compleLe reacLlon of 80.37 g of Ll wlLh P
2
C?
(8u.S7 g Li) _
1 mol Li
6.94 g Li
] _
1 mol B
2
2 mol Li
]_
2.u2 g B
2
1 mol B
2
] = .

L$"$8$9D I.'D.98: Lhe __________________________ LhaL would be _____________________________ (ln Lhe
smallesL sLolchlomeLrlc amounL) lf Lhe reacLlon were Lo go Lo ___________________ (produce maxlmum amounL of
producL)
Lhe _________________ ln example below
!J&.77 I.'D.98: Lhe reacLanLs presenL ln quanLlLles ______________________________ Lo reacL wlLh Lhe
__________________________________________

!='"#(2: how many 8C8s can you make?
8eacLlon: 8un + 4 8acon + 2 Cheese + 2 8urger 8C8


L$"$8$9D %.'&8'98: used ln all sLolchlomeLry calculaLlons Lo deLermlne amounLs of producLs and amounLs of any oLher
reacLanL(s) used ln a reacLlon.
ln Lhe example below, Lhe ____________ would be Lhe ______________________ because Lhere are
molecules lefL over afLer Lhe reacLlon has flnlshed
1he ____________ would be Lhe ____________________________ because lL produces
___________________________, and Lhere are no molecules of _____________________________
afLer Lhe reacLlon has flnlshed



Cld uomlnlon unlverslLy ueparLmenL of ChemlsLry and 8lochemlsLry CPLM 121n lall 2014
Cussenhoven 8 | age

!J'"#(.: in the thermite reaction (used for welding purposes), 124 g of alumlnum meLal and 601 g of lron(lll) oxlde
reacL aL 3000C Lo form lron meLal and alumlnum oxlde

W%$42 ' B'('0&28 29,'4$+0 82-&%$B$0; 4E2 %2'&4$+0Z
____ Al
(s)
+ le
2
C
3 (s)
Al
2
C
3 (s)
+ _____ le
(s)

26.98
g
moI
139.69
g
moI
101.96
g
moI
33.83
g
moI

WE'4 $- 4E2 ($"$4$0; %2';204[ WE'4 $- $0 2=&2--[
(124 g Al) _
1 mol Al
26.98 g Al
] _
2 mol Fe
2 mol Al
] = 4.6u mol Fe
(6u1 g Fe
2
0
3
) _
1 mol Fe
2
0
3
1S9.69 g Fe
2
0
3
] _
2 mol Fe
1 mol Fe
2
0
3
] = 7.SS mol Fe
///////// = produces smaller moles of le, so ls ($"$8$9D
///////// = produces more moles of le, so ls ln .J&.77

H'(&,('42 4E2 "'-- @$0 ;%'"-C +. '(,"$0," +=$82 4E'4 $- .+%"28Z
(124 g Al) _
1 mol Al
26.98 g Al
] _
1 mol Al20S
2 mol Al
]_
1u1.96 g Al20S
1 mol Al20S
] =
P+F ",&E +. 4E2 2=&2-- %2';204 $- (2.4 '4 4E2 208 +. 4E2 %2'&4$+0[
(124 g Al) _
1 mol Al
26.98 g Al
] _
1 mol Fe
2
0
3
2 mol Al
]_
1S9.69 g Fe
2
0
3
1 mol Fe
2
0
3
] =
601 g le
2
C
3
lnlLlal __________________________ =///////////////////%."'$9$9D afLer reacLlon over

M&8,'( <$.(=: amount of product actually obtained from a reaction__________________________ ln Lhe end
NO.+%.8$&'( <$.(=: amounL of producL LhaL would form lf all of Lhe llmlLlng reagenL had
reacted_____________________________ uslng sLolchlomeLry
K.%&.98 <$.(=: descrlbes Lhe proporLlon of Lhe acLual yleld Lo Lhe LheoreLlcal yleld
=


%

!J'"#(.: lndusLrlal producLlon of vanadlum meLal (for maklng sLeel alloys) ls galned by Lhe reacLlon of 1.3410
3
g
vanadlum(v) oxlde wlLh 1.9610
3
g calclum aL hlgh Lemps
WrlLe a balanced equaLlon.
_____ Ca + v
2
C
3
_____ CaC + _____ v
40.08
g
moI
181.88
g
moI
36.08
g
moI
30.94
g
moI

ueLermlne Lhe ($"$8$9D %.'&8'98.
(1.S4 1u
3
g v
2
0
5
) _
1 mol v
2
0
5
181.88 g v
2
0
5
] _
2 mol v
1 mol v
2
0
5
] = 16.9S mol v
(1.96 1u
3
g Ca) _
1 mol Ca
4u.u8 g Ca
] _
2 mol v
S mol Ca
] = 19.S6 mol v
CalculaLe Lhe 8O.+%.8$&'( <$.(= of vanadlum ln grams.
(16.9S mol v ) _
Su.94 g v
1 mol v
] =
lf only 803 g of v are obLalned, whaL ls Lhe #.%&.98 <$.(= for Lhe process?
8uS g v
862
1uu = . %
!='"#(2: dleLhyl eLher (C
4
P
10
C), used medlcally as an anesLheLlc, ls prepared commerclally by LreaLmenL of eLhyl
alcohol (C
2
P
6
C) wlLh an acld. Pow many grams of dleLhyl eLher would you obLaln from 40.0 g of eLhyl alcohol lf Lhe
percenL yleld of Lhe reacLlon ls 87?

Cld uomlnlon unlverslLy ueparLmenL of ChemlsLry and 8lochemlsLry CPLM 121n lall 2014
Cussenhoven 9 | age

Chemlcal reacLlon: flnd molar masses of reacLanL and producLs
2 C
2
P
6
C
(l)

ucd
-- C
4
P
10
C
(l)
+ P
2
C
(l)

46.0
g
moI
74.0
g
moI
18.0
g
moI


llnd LheoreLlcal yleld (ln g) of dleLhyl eLher from moles of eLhyl alcohol.
(4u.u g C
2
B
6
0) _
1 mol C
2
B
6
0
46.u g C
2
B
6
0
] _
1 mol C
4
B
10
0
2 mol C
2
B
6
0
]_
74.u g C
4
B
10
0
1 mol C
4
B
10
0
]
= .

" "

lf Lhe percenL yleld ls 87, whaL ls Lhe acLual yleld for Lhe process?
g C
4
B
10
0
S2.2 g C
4
B
10
0
1uu = 87%
g C
4
B
10
0 = (S2.2 g C
4
B
10
0)(u.87) = .

" "