How to Use a Drill Press Machine:

A drilling machine comes in many shapes and sizes, from small hand-held power
drills to bench mounted and finally floor-mounted models. They can perform
operations other than drilling, such as countersinking, counterboring, reaming, and
tapping large or small holes. Because the drilling machines can perform all of these
operations, this chapter will also cover the types of drill bits, took, and shop formulas
for setting up each operation.
Safety plays a critical part in any operation involving power equipment. This chapter
will cover procedures for servicing, maintaining, and setting up the work, proper
methods of selecting tools, and work holding devices to get the job done safely
without causing damage to the equipment, yourself, or someone nearby.
Figure 4-1
A drilling machine, called a drill press, is used to cut holes into or through metal,
wood, or other materials (Figure 4-1). Drilling machines use a drilling tool that has
cutting edges at its point. This cutting tool is held in the drill press by a chuck or
Morse taper and is rotated and fed into the work at variable speeds. Drilling machines
may be used to perform other operations. They can perform countersinking, boring,
counterboring, spot facing, reaming, and tapping (Figure 4-2). Drill press operators
must know how to set up the work, set speed and feed, and provide for coolant to get
an acceptable finished product. The size or capacity of the drilling machine is usually
determined by the largest piece of stock that can be center-drilled (Figure 4-3). For
instance, a 15-inch drilling machine can center-drill a 30-inch-diameter piece of stock.
Other ways to determine the size of the drill press are by the largest hole that can be
drilled, the distance between the spindle and column, and the vertical distance
between the worktable and spindle.
Figure 4-2
Figure 4-3
Figure 4-4

Ohm's Law deals with the relationship between voltage and current in an ideal
conductor. This relationship states that:
The potential difference (voltage) across an ideal conductor is proportional to the
current through it.
The constant of proportionality is called the "resistance", R.
Ohm's Law is given by:
V = I R
where V is the potential difference between two points which include a resistance R.
I is the current flowing through the resistance. For biological work, it is often
preferable to use the conductance, g = 1/R; In this form Ohm's Law is:
I = g V
2. Material that obeys Ohm's Law is called "ohmic" or "linear" because the potential
difference across it varies linearly with the current.
3. Ohm's Law can be used to solve simple circuits. A complete circuit is one which
is a closed loop. It contains at least one source of voltage (thus providing an increase
of potential energy), and at least one potential drop i.e., a place where potential energy
decreases. The sum of the voltages around a complete circuit is zero.
4. An increase of potential energy in a circuit causes a charge to move from a lower to
a higher potential (ie. voltage). Note the difference between potential energy and
potential.
Because of the electrostatic force, which tries to move a positive charge from a higher
to a lower potential, there must be another 'force' to move charge from a lower
potential to a higher inside the battery. This so-called force is called the electromotive
force, or emf. The SI unit for the emf is a volt (and thus this is not really a force,
despite its name). We will use a script E, the symbol , to represent the emf.
A decrease of potential energy can occur by various means. For example, heat lost in
a circuit due to some electrical resistance could be one source of energy drop.
Because energy is conserved, the potential difference across an emf must be equal
to the potential difference across the rest of the circuit. That is, Ohm's Law will be
satisfied:


= I R



Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is
directly proportional to the potential difference across the two points. Introducing the
constant of proportionality, the resistance,
[1]
one arrives at the usual mathematical
equation that describes this relationship:
[2]


where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the potential
difference measured across the conductor in units ofvolts, and R is the resistance of
the conductor in units of ohms. More specifically, Ohm's law states that the R in this
relation is constant, independent of the current.
[3]

The law was named after the German physicist Georg Ohm, who, in a treatise
published in 1827, described measurements of applied voltage and current through
simple electrical circuits containing various lengths of wire. He presented a slightly
more complex equation than the one above (see History section below) to explain
his experimental results. The above equation is the modern form of Ohm's law.
In physics, the term Ohm's law is also used to refer to various generalizations of the
law originally formulated by Ohm. The simplest example of this is:

where J is the current density at a given location in a resistive material, E is the
electric field at that location, and is a material dependent parameter called
the conductivity. This reformulation of Ohm's law is due to Gustav Kirchhoff.
[4]

SCOPE
Ohm's law is an empirical law, a generalization from many experiments that have shown
that current is approximately proportional to electric field for most materials. It is less
fundamental than Maxwell's equations and is not always obeyed. Any given material
will break down under a strong-enough electric field, and some materials of interest in
electrical engineering are "non-ohmic" under weak fields.
[12][13]

Ohm's law has been observed on a wide range of length scales. In the early 20th
century, it was thought that Ohm's law would fail at the atomic scale, but experiments
have not borne out this expectation. As of 2012, researchers have demonstrated that
Ohm's law works for silicon wires as small as four atoms wide and one atom high.
[14]