Random Varaibles Processes and Noise Aug 11 - 18, 2014

Topic # 3: Random Variables & Processes & Noise
T1. B.P. Lathi, Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems, 3rd
Edition, Oxford University Press, 1998: OR 4
th
Edition 2010 Chapter 8, 9 & 12

T2. Simon Haykin & Michael Moher: Communication Systems; John Wiely, 4
th

Edition OR 5
th
Edition, 2010, 5/e. : Chapter 5

R1.DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS Fundamentals and Applications: ERNARD
SKLAR and Pabitra Kumar Ray; Pearson Education 2009, 2/e. :
( Section 5.5)

August 11- 18, 2014

1
ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION
What is Noise ?
Desired Signal : The one that is needed.
Undesired Signal : The one that gets added to
the desired signal when the desired signal is
passing through the medium, amplifiers, mixers,
filters and other parts of the communication
channel between the source and the destination.
Noise : The undesired signal that adds to the
desired signal and reaches the destination.
Interference: Intentional or
unintentional un desired signals
that interfere with communication
process.
Effect of Noise : Since the noise
adds to the signal, it lives with it.
Neither amplification nor the
filtering can alleviate the effect of
noise on the desired signal.
The only way to keep away from
the effects of noise is to see that
less amount of noise, relative to
the desired signal, is present at
the destination
2
Noise Sources
Externally Generated

Atmospheric : Due to
lightening & Thunder storms :

2MHz 10 MHz

Extra Terrestrial : Due to solar &
Galactic sources

20 MHz- 1.5 GHz

Man Made Noise : Spark Plugs,
engine Noise

1 MHz 500 MHz

Internally Generated

Thermal noise : Random Motion
of electrons due to temperature
in resistive components of the
system

Shot Noise : Due to diffusion
of carriers in semiconductors
etc.
Most of the discussion in our class will
be on Thermal Noise
3
Thermal Noise
Thermal noise is an inevitable reality with
which the received signal power has to
compete
Additive White Gaussian Noise.
Thermal Noise is AWGN
Additive : Adds to Signal
White : Its power spectral density is flat
Gaussian : The underlying probability
density function is Gaussian
We talk about the probability density
function because, noise is random and
hence to be dealt with properties of
random variables.
Gaussian or Normal probability
density function
Cumulative distribution function
4
Statistical Averages of Random Variable
For a Continuous RV case, the mean is
Mean of a function (y = g(x)) of a random
variable
Mean square of a random variable: use
g(x) = x
2
Moments of a random variable:
5
Sum of Random Variables
6
If z = x + y
Then the pdf of z is
Central Limit Theorem: under certain conditions,
sum of large number of independent random
variables tends to be a Gaussian random variable,
independent of the pdfs of the random variables
involved.
Example: By adding 2 RVs, with
density function as in the figure,
the density function of the
resulting RV is
6
Random Process
A cos (w
c
t + ), with being a random
variable.
Ex: Binary waveform generator, say
over 10 pulse durations
A random variable that is a function of
time is called a random process.
7
Random Process
A random variable that is a
function of time is called a
random process.
Collection of all possible
waveforms is called Ensemble
A given waveform in the
Ensemble is called Sample
Function
X
1
, X
2
, .. Are the random variables generated by the amplitudes of the sample
functions at time instants t
1
, t
2
, .. respectively 8
Random Process
The n random variables X
1
, X
2
, ..are
dependent, in general
The n
th
order joint PDF is expressed as
If a higher order joint PDF is available,
the lower order PDF can be obtained
The mean of the random process can be
obtained from the first order PDF as 9
Auto Correlation of a Random Process

10
Stationary Random Process

11
Ergodic Random Process

Ensemble statistics
Time statistics
For Ergodic Process
12
Power Spectral Density of Random Process

13
Transmission of a Random Process
through a Linear System.
If either or both of them are zero
mean processes,
14
Home Work

Solve & understand the following worked examples:

9.2 9.5 from Lathi (4
th
Edition)
15
System Noise Characterization
16
Thermal Noise Power
The thermal noise is AWGN in nature and its power is
N = k T
0
W (or B) Watts
T
0
= Temperature in Kelvin degrees
k = Boltzman Constant = 1.38 X 10
-23
J/K or W / K-Hz
= - 228.6 dBW / K-Hz
W or B = Bandwidth in Hz
Noise Power Spectral density N
0
= (N / W ) = k T
0
Watts /Hz
17
Noise Figure
Amplifiers in the system are made of
active & passive devices, hence
contribute to over all noise in the system
All passive & active devices
generate noise
Noise Figure of Amplifier
18
L =

For a lossy network, Loss is given by
Noise Figure F = L.
Noise Temperature
T
R
0
= Effective Noise
Temperature of
Network or Receiver
T
o
0
= Reference Temperature of
the noise source, chosen to be
290
0
K
19
Composite Noise figure
Noise at the output of Network1
Let the noise at the input of Network1 be N
1
(N
out
)
1
= G
1
N
1
+ (F
1
-1) G
1
k 290 W
Noise at the output of Network2
(N
out
)
2
= G
2
(N
out
)
1
+ (F
2
-1) G
2
k 290 W
(N
out
)
2
= G
2
{ G
1
N
1
+ (F
1
-1) G
1
k 290 W }
+ (F
2
-1) G
2
k 290 W
= G
1
G
2
N
1

+ G
1
G
2
(F
1
-1) k 290 W
+ (F
2
-1) G
2
k 290 W
The total noise power at the output of the
cascaded network is given by
Assume the over all gain of the network
is G = G
1
G
2
and over all noise figure is
F
comp
comp
(F
comp
-1) G
1
G
2
k 290 W

= G
1
G
2
(F
1
-1) k 290 W + (F
2
-1) G
2
k 290 W
Comparing
(N
out
)
2

F
comp
= F
1
+ (F
2
-1)/ G
1

20
Composite Noise figure : Feed line & Amplifier
T
comp
0
= (L-1)290 + (F-1) 290/(1/L)
= (L-1)290 + L(F-1) 290
T
comp
0
= (LF-1) 290
0
K
T
comp
0
= (LF-1) 290
0
K
= (LF-1 + L -L) 290
0
K
= (L -1 + L(F-1) ) 290
0
K
T
comp
0
= T
L
0
+ L T
R
0
For an N-Stage Network..
21
System Effective Temperature
T
A
0
is the antenna noise
temperature
The system effective Temperature is
Natural Sources including : Lightening,
Celestial radio sources, Atmospheric
sources, Thermal radiation from The
ground and other structures.
Manmade noises: Radiation from
Automobile ignition and electrical
machinery and Radio transmissions from
other users that fall into the BW.
T
S
0
= T
A
0
+ (LF-1) 290
0
K
= T
A
0
+ (L-1)290 + L(F-1) 290
T
S
0
= T
A
0
+ T
L
0
+ T
R
0
/ (1/L)

F
22
Example Problem on Lossy Line
23
Example on NF & Noise Temp
T
R
0
= (F-1)290
0
K
= 2610
0
K
T
S
0
= T
A
0
+ T
L
0
+ LT
R
0
= 150 + 2610 = 2760 K

N
out
= G k T
S
0
W
= 10
8
X 1.38 X 10
-23
X 2760 X 6 X 10
6

= 22.8 mw

24
29.1 16.4 = 12.7 dB
and the overall Noise Figure of the system
Improving SNR - Benefit of using Pre Amplifier
T
R1
0
= (F
1
-1)290
0
K = 290
0
K
T
R2
0
= (F
2
-1)290
0
K = 2610
0
K
T
comp
0
= T
R1
0
+ T
R2
0
/ G
1
= 290 + 2610/20 = 420.5
0
K
T
S
0
= T
A
0
+ T
comp
0
= 150 + 420.5
0
K = 570.5
0
K
F
comp
= F
1
+ (F
2
-1)/ G
1
= 2+ 9/20 = 2.5 (4dB)
SNR
out
= 23.3 dB

25
Fig. 5.19a

Fig. 5.19b

Fig. 5.19a

SNR
out
= 16.4 dB
Problem
75 feet Lossy
Cable
3dB/100 ft
Receiver
F = 13 dB
<

F
comp

= ?
Loss
= 3 X 0.75
= 2.25 dB
= F
(a) F
comp

= 1.68 +
= 33.6 = 15.26 dB
= 1.68
= F
1
+ (F
2
-1)/ G
1

Pre-amp
G = 20 dB
F = 3 dB
(b) F
comp

= 1.68 +
= 3.68 = 5.65dB
= F
1
+ (F
2
-1)/ G
1
+

(F
3
-1)/ G
1
G
2

(c) F
comp

= 2
= 2.32 = 3.66dB
= F
1
+ (F
2
-1)/ G
1
+

(F
2
-1)/ G
1
G
2

(20-1) X 1.68
+ (20-1) X 1.68 /100
(2-1) X 1.68
+ (20-1) X 1.68 /100
+ (1.68-1) /100
26

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