EXTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION

(2) (2)
Prabal Talukdar Prabal Talukdar
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering
IIT Delhi
E-mail: prabal@mech.iitd.ac.in p
Flate plate with unheated
starting length
Using integral solution methods,
the local Nusselt numbers for both
laminar and turbulent flows are
determinedto be determined to be
3
1
4
3
3
1
5 . 0
x
3
1
4
3
) 0 _ for ( x
x
Pr Re 332 . 0
Nu
Nu

=
=
Laminar flow
4 4
x
1
x
1

3
1
8 . 0
) 0 f (
Pr Re 0296 0
Nu

Turbulent flow
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD 2
9
1
10
9
x
9
1
10
9
) 0 _ for ( x
x
x
1
Pr Re 0296 . 0
x
1
Nu
Nu

=
=
Turbulent flow
The determination of the average Nusselt number for the heated section
of a plate requires the integration of the local Nusselt number
L x
4
3
h .
x
1 2
h
=

=
Laminar flow
L x
L
1

10
9
h
x
1 5
h

Turbulent flow
The plate is subjected to uniform Heat Flux condition
L x
h .
L
1 4
h
=

=
Turbulent flow
p j
3
1
5 . 0
x x
Pr Re 453 . 0 Nu =
Laminar flow
These relations give values that are 36 percent higher for laminar flow and
3
1
8 . 0
x x
Pr Re 0308 . 0 Nu = Turbulent flow
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD 3
4 percent higher for turbulent flow relative to the isothermal plate case.
For Unheated starting length, the same relation used for constant temperature
bo ndar condition can be sed for constant heat fl condition boundary condition can be used for constant heat flux condition
3
1
5 . 0
x x
Pr Re 453 . 0 Nu =
3
1
4
3
) 0 _ for ( x
x
1
Nu
Nu

=
=
3
1
8 . 0
x x
Pr Re 0308 . 0 Nu =
x
1

9
1
10
9
) 0 _ for ( x
x
Nu
Nu

=
=
When heat flux is prescribed, the rate of heat transfer to or from the
plate and the surface temperature at a distance x are determined from
s
q
&
10
x
1

plate and the surface temperature at a distance x are determined from

s s
A q Q
&
&
=
] T ) x ( T [ h q
s x s
=
&
x
s
s
h
q
T ) x ( T
&
+ =

P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD 4
Flow over a cylinder and
sphere
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD 5
The cylinder in cross flow The cylinder in cross flow
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD 6
Pressure distribution along a
cylinder
Consistentwithboundarylayertheory,thepressurethrough y y y, p g
theboundarylayerisessentiallyconstant.p=p(x)only.
Thusthepressureintheboundarylayershouldfollowthatof
th f t f t ti l fl d li d thefreestreamforpotentialflowaroundacylinder
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD 7
Pressure vs velocity profile Pressure vs. velocity profile
Astheflowprogressesalongthefrontsideofthecylinder,the p g g y ,
pressurewoulddecreaseandthenincreasealongtheback
sideofthecylinder,resultinginanincreaseinfreestream
velocity on the front side of the cylinder and a decrease on velocityonthefrontsideofthecylinderandadecreaseon
thebackside
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD 8
Sincethepressureisassumedconstantthroughoutthe p g
boundarylayer,wenotethatreverseflowmaybegininthe
boundarylayernearthesurface;thatis,themomentumof
the fluid layers near the surface is not sufficiently high to thefluidlayersnearthesurfaceisnotsufficientlyhighto
overcometheincreaseinpressure.
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD 9
Separation point Separation point
Whenthevelocitygradientatthesurfacebecomeszero,the y g ,
flowissaidtohavereachedaseparationpoint.
Astheflowproceedspasttheseparationpoint,reverseflow
phenomena may occur phenomenamayoccur.
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD 10
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD 11
Different regimes of Re Different regimes of Re
For Re 1, we have creeping flow, and the drag ForRe 1,wehavecreepingflow,andthedrag
coefficientdecreaseswithincreasingReynolds
number.Forasphere,itisC
D
=24/Re.Thereisno
flowseparationinthisregime.
AtaboutRe=10,separationstartsoccurringonthe
rearofthebodywithvortexsheddingstartingat
aboutRe=90.
h f h Theregionofseparationincreaseswithincreasing
ReynoldsnumberuptoaboutRe=10
3
.Atthispoint,
the drag is mostly (about 95 percent) due to pressure thedragismostly(about95percent)duetopressure
drag.
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD 12
Thedragcoefficientcontinuestodecreasewithincreasing
Reynolds number in this range of 10 < Re < 10
3
Reynoldsnumberinthisrangeof10<Re<10 .
Adecreaseinthedragcoefficientdoesnotnecessarily
indicateadecreaseindrag.Thedragforceisproportionalto
thesquareofthevelocity,andtheincreaseinvelocityat
higherReynoldsnumbersusuallymorethanoffsetsthe
decreaseinthedragcoefficient g
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD 13
Inthemoderaterangeof10
3
<Re<10
5
,thedragcoefficient g , g
remainsrelativelyconstant.Thisbehaviorischaracteristicof
bluntbodies.
Th fl i th b d l i l i i thi b t th Theflowintheboundarylayerislaminarinthisrange,butthe
flowintheseparatedregionpastthecylinderorsphereis
highlyturbulentwithawideturbulentwake
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD 14
Thereisasuddendropinthedragcoefficientsomewherein
therangeof10
5
<Re<10
6
(usually,atabout2x10
5
).This g ( y, )
largereductioninC
D
isduetotheflowintheboundarylayer
becomingturbulent,whichmovestheseparationpoint
further on the rear of the body reducing the size of the wake furtherontherearofthebody,reducingthesizeofthewake
andthusthemagnitudeofthepressuredrag.
Thisisincontrasttostreamlinedbodies,whichexperiencean
increaseinthedragcoefficient(mostlyduetofrictiondrag)
whentheboundarylayerbecomesturbulent
Flow separation occurs at
about 80 (measured from
the stagnation point) when g p )
the boundary layer is
laminar and at about140
when it is turbulent
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD 15
Effect of surface roughness Effect of surface roughness
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD 16
Tennis Ball : smooth
Golf Ball: Rough
Drag Force Drag Force
Oncethedragcoefficientis g
available,thedragforce
actingonabodyincross
flow can be determined flowcanbedetermined
from
A V C F
2
1
=
Surface roughness may increase
d th d ffi i t
whereAisthefrontalarea
d (A LD f li d f
A V C F
D D
2
=
or decrease the drag coefficient
of a spherical object, depending on
the value of the Reynolds number.
and(A=LDforacylinderof
lengthLandA=D
2
/4for
asphere).
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD 17
Nusselt number
distribution
T i i b f Two minima because of
(i) Laminar to Turbulent conversion
(ii) Separation point at the turbulent flow
Average Nusselt number for cross flow
over a cylinder, proposed by Churchill and
Bernstein Bernstein
Reasonably good for Re.Pr < 0.2
Properties need to calculate at film temperature
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD 18
Flow over a sphere Flow over a sphere
For flow over a sphere, Whitaker recommends the Forflowoverasphere,Whitakerrecommendsthe
followingcomprehensivecorrelation
which is valid for 3.5 Re 80,000 and 0.7 Pr whichisvalidfor3.5 Re 80,000and0.7 Pr
380.Thefluidpropertiesinthiscaseareevaluatedat
thefreestreamtemperatureT

,exceptfor
s
,which
isevaluatedatthesurfacetemperatureT
s
.
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD 19
TheaverageNusselt
number for flow across numberforflowacross
cylinderscanbe
expressedcompactlyas
Propertiesneedto
calculateatfilm
temperature p
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD 20