Grant Clay

Period 3
9/7/08
AP Psychology Outline
Chapter 3: The Biological Bases o Beha!ior
"ed # $einition
Blue % &'portant Points
Green % &'portant People ( Contri)utions
*er!ous +yste': The Basics
,- *eurons # &ndi!idual cells in the ner!ous syste' that recei!e. integrate. and trans'it inor'ation-
a- They are )asic lin/s that allo0 co''unication 0ithin the *er!ous +yste'-
)- +o'a # Cell Body o the neuron that contains the nucleus and 'uch o cells nor'al
organs-
c- $endrite # Parts o a *euron that recei!es inor'ation-
d- A1on # 2ong i)er that trans'its inor'ation a0ay to other neurons. 'uscles. or glands-
e- 3yelin +heath # &nsulating 3aterial that encases so'e A1ons-
i- &t speeds up to trans'ission o inor'ation-
- Ter'inal Button # +'all /no)s 0here neurotrans'itters are trans'itted acti!ating
neigh)oring neurons-
g- +ynapse # 4unction 0here inor'ation is trans'itted ro' one neuron to another-
h- There is lots o !ariety a'ong *eurons. so not all neurons contain all these parts-
5- Glia # Cells in *er!ous +yste' that pro!ides !arious support or neurons-
a- Glial cells supply nourish'ent to neurons. re'o!e neurons 0aste products. and pro!ide
insulation around 'any a1ons-
The *eural &'pulse: 6sing 7nergy to +end &nor'ation
,- *eural &'pulse # The signal that 'o!es through the *euron-
5- All the +tudy o the *euron done on a +8uids *euron 9:hich is 'uch )igger than a
;u'ans< By ;odg/in and ;u1ley-
,- *euron At "est
The *euron at rest is a s'all )attery. ro' the une!en &on charges ro' the luid
around it o +odiu' 9*a< and Potassiu' 9=<-
"esting Potential # The +ta)le. *egati!e Charge 0hen the Cell is inacti!e-
5- The Action Potential
Action Potential # A !ery )rie shit in a *euron>s electrical charge that tra!els
along an a1on-
A)solute "eractory Period # 3ini'u' length o ti'e ater an action potential
during 0hich another action potential cannot )egin- Only a)out , or 5
3illiseconds-
All%Or%*one 2a0 # *eural &'pulses either ?ire or don>t ire- There is no ;al%
?ire- A aster "ate o trans'ission 'eans a stronger +ti'ulus-
3- The +ynapse
+ynaptic Clet # The gap )et0een the ter'inal )utton o one neuron and the cell
'e')rane o another neuron-
The t0o 3e')ranes o the dierent *eurons do not touch-
*eurotrans'itters # Che'icals that trans'it inor'ation ro' one *euron to
another-
+ynaptic @esicles # The )ody that *eurotrans'itters are trans'itted
across the gap in-
Pre%+ynaptic *euron # The *euron that sends the +ignal across the
Gap-
Post%+ynaptic *euron # The *euron that recei!es the +ignal-
"eceptor +ite % :here the +ynaptic @esicles )ind releasing the
inor'ation into the ne0 *euron-
A- "ecei!ing +ignals: Postsynaptic Potentials
Post%+ynaptic Potential 9P+P< # A !oltage change at the receptor site on a
postsynaptic cell 'e')rane-
P+P>s are not All-Or-Nothing Law; they are graded and increase/decrease the
pro)a)ility o a neural i'pulse in the recei!ing Cell-
71citatory P+P # Positi!e @oltage shit. &ncreases li/elihood that
Postsynaptic *euron 0ill ire Action Potentials-
&nhi)itory P+P # *egati!e @oltage shit. decreases li/elihood that
Postsynaptic *euron 0ill ire Action Potentials-
The @oltage shit depends upon 0hich "eceptor +ites are acti!ated in
the Postsynaptic *euron-
"eupta/e # Process 0hich *eurotrans'itters are sponged up ro' the
synaptic clet )y the Presynaptic 3e')rane-
Thousands o *eurons are connected to Thousands o *eurons-
& there is enough 71citatory P+P>s. electrical !oltage )uilds up to the
threshold 0here an Action Potential can )e ired- ;o0e!er. 'any
&nhi)itory P+P>s 0ill cancel the eects o the 71citatory P+P>s-
B- *eurotrans'itters and Beha!ior
Acetylcholine # Trans'itter )et0een 3otor *eurons and @oluntary 3uscles-
Agonist # Che'ical that 'i'ics the action o a *eurotrans'itter-
Antagonist # Che'ical that opposes the action o a *eurotrans'itter-
The Agonist causes P+P>s. 0hile the Antagonist Bloc/s P+P>s-
3onoa'ines # 3 *eurotrans'itters: $opa'ine. *orepinephrine. and +erotonin-
$opa'ine # 6sed )y *eurons that Control @oluntary 3o!e'ent-
,- $egeneration o $opa'ine leads to Par/inson>s disease-
+erotonin # Plays a pro'inent role in sleep. 0a/eulness. and eating
Beha!ior-
A)nor'al le!els o 3onoa'ines lead to Psychological $isorders-
$epression C 2o0 acti!ation o *orepinephrine and +erotonin
+ynapses-
+chiDophrenia # O!er acti!ation o $opa'ine +ynapses-
,- +chiDophrenia aects ,E o Population. and causes
;ospitaliDation 'ore than any Psychological $isorder-
7ects o $rugs li/e Cocaine and A'pheta'ines are caused )y te'porary
increased acti!ity at $opa'ine and *orepinephrine +ynapses-
GABA # GABA and Glycine acts as inhi)itory eects at all synapses-
Plays in An1iety. +eiDures. and +leep-
7ndorphins # &nternally produced che'icals that rese')le Opiates in structure
and eects-
Candace Pert ( +olo'on +nyder: Morphine exerts its effects by
binding to specialized receptors in the Brain. 97ndorphin "eceptors<
7ndorphins contri)ute to 'odulation o Pain and a !ariety o other
things-
OrganiDation o *er!ous +yste'
,- Peripheral *er!ous +yste' ( Central *er!ous +yste'
a- *er!es # Bundles o *euron ?i)ers 9A1ons< that are routed together in the Peripheral
*er!ous +yste'-
5- Peripheral *er!ous +yste' # 3ade up o all those ner!es that lie outside the Brain and +pinal
Cord-
a- +o'atic *er!ous +yste' # 3ade up o *er!es that connect to !oluntary s/eletal 3uscles
and to +ensory "eceptors-
i- Aerent *er!e ?i)ers # A1ons that carry in0ard to Central ner!ous +yste'
ro' the Periphery-
ii- 7erent *er!e ?i)ers # A1ons that carry inor'ation out0ard ro' the Central
*er!ous +yste' to the Periphery o the Body-
iii- +o'atic *er!es let you FeelG the 0orld and 'o!e around in it-
)- Autono'ic *er!ous +yste' # 3ade up o *er!es that connect to the heart. )lood !essels.
s'ooth 'uscles. and glands-
i- Go!erned )y the Central ner!ous +yste'-
ii- Controls auto'atic. in!oluntary. !isceral unctions-
iii- Also controls physiological eect o 7'otions-
,- ?light%Or%?ight "esponse # :alter Cannon # Organis's respond to
threat Physiologically )y preparing or attac/ing 9?ight< or preparing to
lee 9?ight<
i!- +y'pathetic $i!ision # Branch o the Autono'ic *er!ous +yste' that
'o)iliDes the )ody>s resources or e'ergencies- 9?ight%or ?light. Adrenaline<
!- Parasy'pathetic $i!ision # Branch o the Autono'ic *er!ous syste' that
generally conser!es Bodily "esources- 9$igestion. +lo0ing ;eart "ate. etc-<
3- Central *er!ous +yste'
a- Central *er!ous +yste' # Consists o the )rain and the +pinal Cord-
i- Protected )y +heaths called the Meninges-
,- &nla''ation o the Meninges is called the $isease Meningitis-
ii- Cere)rospinal ?luid # *ourishes the Brain/+pinal Cord and pro!ides a protecti!e
cushion-
iii- +pinal Cord # Connects the Brain to the rest o the Body through the Peripheral
*er!ous +yste'-
i!- Brain # The Part o the Central *er!ous +yste' in the +/ull- 3ost &'portant-
2oo/ing &nside the Brain: "esearch 'ethods
,- 7lectrical "ecording # 7lectroencephalograph 977G< % $e!ice that 'onitors the electrical acti!ity
o the Brain o!er ti'e )y attaching 7lectrodes t the scalp-
5- 2esioning # $estroying pieces o the Brain and o)ser!ing the eects- 3ostly done on Ani'als-
3- 7lectrical +ti'ulation o the Brain 97+B< # +ending a 0ea/ electric current into a )rain structure
to sti'ulate 9acti!ate< it-
A- Transcranial 3agnetic +ti'ulation 9T3+< # Techni8ue using 3agnets that per'its scientists to
te'porarily enhance or depress acti!ity in a speciic area o the Brain-
B- Brain%&'aging Procedures # CT- P7T. and 3"& scans can gi!e scientists i'aging o the Brain and
the parts o it that are aroused )y sti'uli-
The Brain and Beha!ior
,- ;ind)rain
a- ;ind)rain # &ncludes the Cere)ellu' and t0o structures ound in the lo0er part o the
)rainste': The 3edulla and the Pons-
i- 3edulla # Controls unconscious )ut !ital unctions li/e )reathing. )lood lo0.
'uscle tone. and rele1es-
ii- Pons # Bridge o ?i)ers that connects the Brainste' to the Cere)ellu'-
iii- Cere)ellu' # Controls coordination o 'o!e'ent. sense o e8uili)riu'. and
)alance-
,- Cere)ellu' is one o the irst structures depressed )y Alcohol-
)- 3id)rain # +eg'ent o Brainste' )et0een ;ind)rain and ?ore)rain-
i- Concerned 0ith +enses: +ight. ;earing-
ii- "eticular ?or'ation # &n )oth the ;ind)rain and 3id)rain. contri)utes to
'uscle rele1es. )reathing. pain perception. sleep. and arousal-
c- ?ore)rain # largest and 'ost co'ple1 region o Brain- &ncludes the Thala'us.
;ypothala'us. 2i')ic +yste'. and Cere)ru'-
i- Thala'us # :here all sensory inor'ation 971cept +'ell< 'ust pass to get to
the Cere)ral Corte1- &ntegrates all +enses-
ii- ;ypothala'us # "egulates Basic Biological *eeds- Controls Autono'ic
*er!ous +yste' and 7ndocrine +yste'-
,- "egulates the B ?>s to +ur!i!al- H?ighting. ?leeing. ?eeding. ?Ic/ing
93ating<J
iii- 2i')ic +yste' # 2oosely connected net0or/ )et0een cere)ral corte1 and
deeper areas- *ot 0ell deined area-
,- Controls 7'otion. 3e'ory. and 3oti!ation-
i!- Cere)ru' # 2argest and 'ost co'ple1 part o Brain- "esponsi)le or 'ost
co'ple1 'ental acti!ities-
,- Controls 2earning. "e'e')ering. Thin/ing. and Consciousness itsel-
5- Cere)ral Corte1 # :rin/led outer layer o Cere)ru'-
3- Cere)ral ;e'ispheres # "ight and let hal!es o Cere)ru'-
A- Corpus Callosu' # +tructure that connects the t0o cere)ral
;e'ispheres-
B- The 2o)es # $i!isions o ;e'ispheres in the Brain-
a- Occipital 2o)e # Pri'ary @isual Corte1- +ense o +ight-
)- Parietal 2o)e # Pri'ary +o'atosensory corte1- +ense o
Touch-
c- Te'poral 2o)e # Pri'ary Auditory Corte1- The +ense o
;earing-
d- ?rontal 2o)e # Pri'ary 3otor Corte1- Controls 'o!e'ents o
3uscles- 2argest 2o)e-
d- The Plasticity o the Brain
i- 71perience sculpts eatures o the Brain structure-
ii- $a'age/$estruction o Brain Tissue or +ensory path0ays leads to neural
reorganiDation-
iii- Adult )rain can generate ne0 neurons-
i!- Kounger Brains are 'ore 'allea)le than older Brains-
"ight Brain/2et Brain: Cere)ral 2aterality
,- "oger +perry +tudied +plit Brain in ,9L0>s- :on *o)el PriDe or :or/-
5- +plit Brain "esearch
a- +plit%Brain +urgery # Corpus Callosu' 9Connects the t0o ;e'ispheres< is cut to reduce
se!erity o 7pileptic +eiDures-
)- 7ach ;e'isphere>s pri'ary connections are to the opposite side o the )ody-
i- "ight Brain Controls the 2et side o Body. 2et )rain controls "ight side o
Body-
3- ;e'ispheric +pecialiDation o &ntact )rain
a- Perceptual Asy''etries # 2et/"ight i')alances )et0een the cere)ral he'ispheres in the
speed o !isual or auditory processing-
)- 2et ;e'isphere C @er)al Processing. 2anguage. speech. reading. 0riting-
c- "ight ;e'isphere C *on!er)al processing. spatial. 'usical. and !isual%recognition tas/s-
7ndocrine +yste'
,- 7ndocrine +yste' # Consists o Glands that secrete che'icals into the )loodstrea' that help
control )odily unctioning-
5- ;or'ones # The che'ical 3essengers in the 7ndocrine +yste'-
a- ;or'ones tra!el throughout the )ody 'uch slo0er than *eurotrans'itters-
)- They regulate 'any physical and Beha!ioral unctions-
3- Pituitary Gland # Based in the ;ypothala'us. it releases the ;or'ones into the )ody-
A- The 7ndocrine +yste' is in charge o the Adrenaline eect-
;eredity and Beha!ior
,- Beha!ioral Genetics # ?ield that studies the inluence o Genetic ?actors on Beha!ioral Traits-
5- Basic Principles o Genetics
a- Chro'oso'es # +trands o $*A that carry Genetic &nor'ation-
)- Mygote # +ingle Cell or'ed )y the union o a +per' and 7gg-
c- Genes # $*A seg'ents that ser!e as /ey units in ;ereditary Trans'ission-
i- Chro'oso'es co'e in 53 Pairs. AL Total-
d- ;o'oDygous # T0o genes in a speciic Pair are the +a'e-
e- ;eteroDygous # T0o genes on a speciic pair are $ierent-
i- $o'inant Gene # Gene that is 71pressed 0hen paired Genes are dierent-
ii- "ecessi!e Gene # Gene that is 3as/ed 0hen paired Genes are dierent-
- Genotype # Persons Genetic 3a/eup-
g- Phenotype # :ays in 0hich a Genotype is sho0n in O)ser!a)le Characteristics-
h- Polygenic Traits # Characteristics that are inluenced )y 'ore than , Pair o Genes-
3- ;eredity "esearch 3ethods
a- ?a'ily +tudies # "esearchers co'pare Blood relati!es to see ho0 'uch they are si'ilar
in a trait-
i- 3ore si'ilarity 0ill )e ound a'ong a'ily 'e')ers 0ho share 'ore genes-
97-g- +i)lings-<
)- T0in +tudies # "esearchers assess hereditary inluence )y co'paring the rese')lance o
&dentical and ?raternal T0ins on a speciic trait-
c- &dentical T0ins # 7'erge ro' one Mygote that splits or un/no0n reasons-
d- ?raternal T0ins # 7'erge ro' t0o eggs )eing si'ultaneously ertiliDed )y dierent
sper' cells-
i- &dentical T0ins are genetically ,00E +a'e-
ii- ?raternal T0ins are genetically B0E +a'e-
e- Adoption +tudies # Assess ;ereditary inluence )y e1a'ining the rese')lance )et0een
adopted children and )oth Biological and Adopti!e parents-
A- Genetic 3apping # Process o deter'ining the location and che'ical se8uence o speciic genes
on speciic chro'oso'es-
B- &nterplay o ;eredity and 7n!iron'ent
a- Both ;eredity and 7n!iron'ent eect Beha!ior-
7!olutionary Bases o Beha!ior
,- Charles $ar0in
a- ?itness # The reproducti!e success o an indi!idual organis' in co'parison to
population-
i- F+ur!i!al o the ?ittestG
)- *atural +election # ;erita)le characteristics that pro!ide a sur!i!al or reproducti!e
ad!antage are 'ore li/ely to )e passed on to latter generations-
i- *atural selection 0or/s on populations. not indi!idual organis's-
"eine'ents to 7!olution
5- Theodore $o)Dhans/y # By using the ;ereditary 0or/ o Gregor 3endel. synthesiDed 7!olution
into a 0idely accepted theory on ,9B0>s-
3- Adaptation # &nherited characteristic that increased in a population through *atural +election.
)ecause it sol!ed a pro)le' o sur!i!al or "eproduction 0hen it e'erged-
A- &nclusi!e ?itness # &ndi!iduals o0n reproducti!e success plus the eects the organis' has on the
reproducti!e success o others-
a- The 'ore closely genetically related one is. the 'ore li/ely to peror' +el%+acriice-
Beha!ior as an Adapti!e Trait
Beha!ior Adapts o!er Generations to help a!oid Predators and to "eproduce-