ABE 447

Section
Monday 3:30-6p
Marissa Lopez-Pier
28.9.14
Task 1b: Regular Resistor as Temperature Sensor
Task 1b
RT (C)
27
R1
31600
R2
992
Vin
12.1
Vout
0.38
Vout-theor
0.368

V drop (volts)

Voltage Drop vs. Temperature

Thermistor
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

y = 1.3711x - 0.021
R = 1

BT(C)
R1
R2
Vin
Vout
Vout-theor

10

37
20100
992
12.1
0.5
0.569

15
20
Temperature(C)

25

30

Resistance vs. Temperature

Thermistor
Resistance (ohms)

25000
y = 0.6354x + 19.843
R = 1

20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0

5000

Task 1b
Ambient
Finger

10000

R1

15000 20000 25000

Temperature (C)

R2
768
859

Vin

30000

35000

Vout-theor
Vdrop-exp %error
12.1 6.018324607
6.04 0.003601566
12.1 5.985941176
6 0.00234864

760
841

Calculations:
(

Voltage Drop vs. Temperature

40

V drop (volts)

35
30
25

y = 1.479x - 2.9332
R = 1

20
15
10
5
0
0

10

15
20
Temperature (C)

25

30

Resistance (ohms)

Resistance vs. Temperature

900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

y = 1.1031x + 7.2157
R = 1

200

400
600
Temperature (C)

800

1000

Discussion:
For Task 1, the voltage drop was calculated theoretically using the voltage
divider method (as seen in calculations). The theoretical values were very close to
the measured values of V out. The thermistor demonstrated an inverse
relationship, because when the resistance went down the temperature went up.
This is seen at body temp 37 degrees Celsius resulting in a voltage drop of 0.5 V
instead of 0.38 V at 27 degrees Celsius.
In Task 1b, the same trend is not seen because the voltage drops only vary
by a 0.4 V voltage drop. This means the resistor can act like a thermistor, just with
less sensitivity. This is because the resistor had only a 5% tolerance from 4 bands,
also the material of the resistor may have been overused. Thus the sensitivity is not
enough to detect the temperature change and result in a significant voltage drop.
Task 2:
Task
I LM335
2
Vb
(Vab)
Ambient
1
0.27
2
0.76
3
1.3
4
1.72
5
2.18
6
2.64
7
2.96
8
2.97
9
2.98
10
2.98

0.1
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.09
0.11
0.14
0.16

Vab
Vb
Ambient Finger
0.1
0.27
0.02
0.78
0.03
1.28
0.03
1.74
0.05
2.17
0.07
2.67
0.09
3.02
0.11
3.03
0.14
3.03
0.16
3.03

I LM335
(Vab)
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.15

Vab
Finger
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.15

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

2.98
2.98
2.97
2.98
2.98
2.99
2.99
3
4.57
5.43
5.46

0.2
0.23
0.29
0.35
0.46
0.66
1.14
3.02
6.32
6.34
6.34

0.2
0.23
0.29
0.35
0.46
0.66
1.14
3.02
6.32
6.34
6.34

3.03
3.03
3.03
3.03
3.03
3.03
3.03
3.04
3.05
4.91
5.36

0.18
0.21
0.25
0.32
0.4
0.53
0.82
1.62
6.48
6.48
6.48

0.18
0.21
0.25
0.32
0.4
0.53
0.82
1.62
6.48
6.48
6.48

Vb vs. I LM335 (Vab) @ 27(C)

6

Vb (volts)

5
4
3
2
1
0
0.1 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.14 0.16 0.2 0.23 0.29 0.35 0.46 0.66 1.14 3.02 6.32 6.34 6.34
I LM335 (Vab) (amps)

Vb vs. IL335 (Vab) @37 (C)

6

V b (volts)

5
4
3
2
1
0
0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.15 0.18 0.21 0.25 0.32 0.4 0.53 0.82 1.62 6.48 6.48 6.48
I LM335 (amps)

Vb from I LM335 (volts)

I LM335 vs. Vb from I LM335

6

5.46
6.34, 5.36

5
4
3
2

Series1

Series2

I LM335 (amps)

Series 1 is room temperature, Series 2 is body temperature.

Discussion:
In task 2 we used a Zener diode to measure the voltage drop of a diode at room
temperature and body temperature. The I LM335 vs. Vb curve was close to what
what is the text. The voltage across the thermistor remained constant from 0.5 mA
to 10 mA, which is normal for the reverse bias of a Zener diode. It also had a
constant voltage from 2. 75 V to 3.4V. This was all conducted at room temperature,
thus these results were what was expected. The body temperature results did not
determine the trend suggested by the text, because the curve as you can seen in red
on the graph is lower in voltage as the current increases through the diode. This
means that the temperature may have not affected the diode due to surrounding
material was plastic. Also the DMM and resistor may have affected the path of the
current.

Problem 4.1:
When there is a 5ma current, an LM335 thermistor, and a initial temperature
of 300K, there should not be a 3.10 V output voltage, but rather a 3.0 V output. This
is because the text book demonstrates a similar study where a person with a body
temperature of 298 K touched a thermistor LM335 with a 0.2-5mA current, and
observed a 2.98V. Also because body temperature( in K) and voltage output are
directly related under a thermistor component. Also the 3.10 V could be caused by
high current and self heating in the diode. When a finger or body temperature is
applied this would cause a voltage drop; 300K is 3.0V from 3.10V. Therefore contact
with the diode causes it to lose heat through conduction, which in turn lowers
output voltage.
Task 3:

Task
3

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

I
set(LM334)
Ambient
0.00030612
2
0.00061224
5
0.00081632
7
0.00102040
8
0.00102040
8
0.00102040
8
0.00102040
8
0.00102040
8
0.00102040
8
0.00102040
8
0.00102040
8
0.00102040
8
0.00102040

I set
(LM334)

Va
Vc
Vab
Va
Vc
Vab
Ambien Ambien Ambien
Finge Finge
t
t
t
Finger
r
r
Finger
0.00020408
0.000
0.28
0.12 0.0003
2 0.08 0.13
2
0.00051020
0.000
0.83
0.52 0.0006
4 0.54
0.5
5
0.00071428
0.000
1.24
0.61 0.0008
6 1.08 0.61
7
0.00091836
0.000
1.35
0.63
0.001
7 1.31 0.62
9
0.00102040
1.4
0.63
0.001
8 1.38 0.63 0.001
0.00102040
1.46
0.64
0.001
8 1.43 0.64 0.001
0.00102040
1.6
0.64
0.001
8
1.5 0.64 0.001
0.00102040
2.11
0.64
0.001
8 1.84 0.64 0.001
0.00102040
2.57
0.64
0.001
8 2.32 0.64 0.001
0.00102040
3.1
0.64
0.001
8 2.86 0.64 0.001
0.00102040
3.67
0.64
0.001
8
3.4 0.64 0.001
0.00102040
4.35
0.64
0.001
8 4.05 0.64 0.001
5.01
0.64
0.001 0.00102040 4.69 0.64 0.001

14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

8
0.00102040
8
0.00102040
8
0.00102040
8
0.00102040
8
0.00102040
8
0.00102040
8
0.00102040
8
0.00102040
8
0.00102040
8

5.72

0.64

0.001

6.49

0.64

0.001

7.32

0.64

0.001

8.17

0.64

0.001

9.13

0.64

0.001

10.2

0.64

0.001

11.17

0.64

0.001

12.06

0.64

0.001

12.12

0.64

0.001

8
0.00102040
8 5.37
0.00102040
8
6.1
0.00102040
8 6.94
0.00102040
8 7.77
0.00102040
8 8.67
0.00102040
8 9.67
0.00102040
8 10.74
0.00102040
8 11.72
0.00102040
8 12.15

I set from Vab (amps)

Va vs. I set Ambient (@27)

0.000018
0.000016
0.000014
0.000012
0.00001
0.000008
0.000006
0.000004
0.000002
0
0

6
8
Va (volts)

10

12

14

0.64

0.001

0.64

0.001

0.64

0.001

0.64

0.001

0.64

0.001

0.64

0.001

0.64

0.001

0.64

0.001

0.64

0.001

0.00002
0.000018
0.000016
0.000014
0.000012
0.00001
0.000008
0.000006
0.000004
0.000002
0
0.08
0.54
1.08
1.31
1.38
1.43
1.5
1.84
2.32
2.86
3.4
4.05
4.69
5.37
6.1
6.94
7.77
8.67
9.67
10.74
11.72
12.15

I set from Vab (amps)

Va vs. I set BT (@37)

Va (volts)

Va vs. I set Ambient (@27)

0.00002
0.000018
I set from Vab (amps)

0.000016
0.000014
0.000012
0.00001

Series1

0.000008

Series2

0.000006
0.000004
0.000002
0
0

6
8
Va (volts)

10

12

14

Series 1 is at ambient temperature, Series 2 is at Body temperature.

Va vs. Vc RT (@27)
0.7
0.6
Vc (volts)

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0

6
8
Va (volts)

10

12

14

10

12

14

Va vs. Vc BT(@37)
0.7
0.6
Vc (volts

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0

6
8
Va (volts)

Problem 4.2:
The current Iset can be estimated with the resistor value of Rset= 1K ohm
(
(

(
(

It is assumed that the experiment is at room temperature. Thus VR=67.7mV.

(

The current I set is stated in the lab manual that it is conserved, thus the V transistor
can be determined from I set.
Discussion:
In Task 3 a bypass circuit was constructed with a 68 ohms resistor , and
tested at body and room (ambient) temperature. The 68 ohms circuit in this
experiment is suppose to have a voltage that correlates to the ambient or body
temperature it cones in contact with. For our circuit there was a 1mA current, and
we observed several voltage inputs. The current was normal , and the resistance of
the 1 Ohm resistor was a little lower at 0.98 ohms. The transistor still did its job
though and leveled off the voltages for the thermistor (LM334). The transistor acted
like a temperature sensor, because when the temperature sensor ( transistor) came
into contact with my hands it compensated for the change in temperature and the
voltage increased. You can see this in the series two of the combined graphs. It is
slightly higher than ambient. Since this increase was seen there is also an increase
in VR.