Anthropometry in Design

Anthropometry in Design
Subir Das
subirdas@nid.edu
Importance of Human Body

Its Shape, Size & Posture

In Designing

Products & Spaces
2
Anthropometry in Design, Dr. Subir Das, NID, 18.09.2013
Back
Front View
Skeletal System
3
Muscular System
4
5
7 Cervical Vertebrae
12 Thoracic Vertebrae
5 Lumbar Vertebrae
5 Sacrum
Coccyx
C1
2
3
4
5
6
C-7
T1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
T-12
L1
2
3
4
L-5
S1
Three main functions of the spine:

Protects spinal cord

Supports the upper body

Provides movements
6
Disc
Soft Center
Outer Ring
Nerve Root
Facet Joint
Vertebrae
Structure of the Spine
While sitting erect,
pressure is
evenly distributed
on all sides
of the vertebrae
and disks
The pressure is unevenly distributed
on the vertebrae and disks
High
pressure
Tensile
strain
7
PIIS (Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine) ASIS (Anterior Superior Iliac Spine)
8
Back Relaxed
Disc pressure in the spine varies with the different seated postures
assumed during a typical work day.
Writing Posture
Typing
Lifting Weight
Disc Pressure
9
Types of Joints
10
Ranges of Motion of the Forearm
Flexion and Hyperextension
Pronation and Supination
(Adapted from American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 1965).
11
Ranges of Motion of the Cervical Spine and Spine Rotation
(Adapted from American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 1965).
Flexion & Extension Lateral Bend Rotation
12
Center of Gravity
COG lies approximately
anterior to the second
sacral vertebra, at 55%
of body height

13
x
x
x
14
Using the Spine as a Crane
Spinal Loading & Stress
Lifting Force
= Distance X Weight

The force or pressure that is
acting on our lower back is equal
to the weight of the object we
are carrying multiplied by the
objects distance from our body.
Lifting Force includes two factors:
The force required to move
the upper torso (body)
The force required to move
the load
15
Industrial Lathe Design: Human Interface
Many of the controls are below waist height
and at more than arms reach from the
center of the workplace.
It depicts what a person would have to look
like in order to possess the reach and visual
control capabilities needed to comfortably
operate this lathe.
(Adapted from Singleton, 1962)
Location of controls for an industrial lathe in relation to
a typical persons body size.
16
Handles get smaller, but hand does not
Smaller handles are difficult to use by normal-sized hands
17
Anthropometry
Static Anthropometry
Dynamic Anthropometry
18
Static Anthropometric Measurements
Static = Fixed or not moving
19
Dynamic Anthropometric Measurements
Dynamic = Functional or with movement
20
Methods for
Anthropometric Measurements

Direct Measurements

Indirect Measurements
21
Anatomical and Anthropometric Landmarks
(Reference: 16, pp. III-79; NASA-STD-3000 261)
22
A Common Set of Anthropometric Instruments
Rosscraft Centurion Kit
Martins Anthropometry Kit
23
Different Measurements
24
Need for the New
Digital Anthropometric Data
25
Anthropometry and Ethnicity
Equipment design for 90% of US males
would fit:
90% of Germans
80% of Frenchmen
65% of Italians
45% of Japanese
25% of Thais
10% of Vietnamese

(Reference: Bridger, 2003, p 60)
26
1396 mm
1939 mm
Only 5% of the group
is below 1529 mm

The average height of the group
is 1646 mm, indicated by the
50
th
percentile 50%le

Only 5% of the group
is above 1751 mm

If we plotted a graph of the normal standing heights (or most
other dimensions) of a group of people, it would look similar
to this.
27

Around 290 dimensional measurements of
961 Indians of 20 years and more collected from
23 different locations in India.
Indian Anthropometric Data
NIDs Contribution
28
Indian Anthropometric Dimensions
29
Principles in the Application of
Anthropometric Data

Design for extreme individuals

Design for adjustable range

Design for the average
30
Design for Extreme Individuals
Design for the maximum population value when a
maximum value must accommodate almost everyone.
E.g. Doorways, escape apparatus, ladders, etc.

- This value is commonly the 95th percentile male for
the target population.

Design for the minimum population value when a
minimum value must accommodate almost everyone.
E.g. Control panel buttons and the forces to operate
them.

- This value is commonly the 5th percentile female for
the target population.

31

Design for Adjustable Range
Designing for the 5th female/95th male of the
target population will accommodate 95% of the
population.

95% because of the overlap in female/male
body dimensions (if the male/female ratio is
50/50).

Example - IT chairs, etc
32
Design for the Average
Use where adjustability is impractical

Where the design is non-critical

Street furniture, park benches, etc
33
Higher percentile: clearance e.g., door height,
safety hatch, etc.
When to opt for which percentile
Higher percentiles are to be used to avoid obstruction.
34
When to opt for which percentile
Lower Percentile: access/reach e.g.,
door handle, grab rail, etc.
Lower percentile values ensure east reach
35
7 Steps to Apply Anthropometric Data
Identify important dimensions, e.g. hip breadth for a chair seat.

Identify user population, e.g. children, women, Indian
population, world population, etc.

Determine principles to use (e.g. extremes, average, adjustable)

Select the range to accommodate, e.g any%, 75%, 95%
Find the relevant data, e.g. from anthropometric data tables.
Make modifications, e.g. Bulky clothing worn in cold weather

Test critical dimensions with a mock-up, user testing, or a virtual
model.

36
BODY SOMATOTYPES
ENDOMORPH
(7 : 1 : 1)
MESOMORPH
(1 : 7 : 1)
ECTOMORPH
(1 : 1 : 7)
(Fat : Muscle : Bone)
37
Clothing Design Fitting the Endomorphic Figure
With shirts of a longer length at the front than that of the
back to cover the bulging abdomen
38
Posture and Computer Use
Poor Seated Posture
Inappropriate
viewing
distance
Knee
compression
Ankle
compression
Unsupported
back
Unsupported
neck
Deviated arms
Extended wrists
39
The Power Pose
40
Zero Gravity Posture:
NASAs Skylab Experiment
Neutral Posture in Microgravity for a Sleeping Astronaut
41
Human Posture in Zero Gravity
(Roger Tengwall and John
Jackson, 1982)
(Jackson, Bond and
Gunderson, 1975)
Neutral Postures:

Balance muscles
Reduce physical demands
Relieve physical stress
Neutral Posture in Microgravity can be Seen for a Sleeping Astronaut
42
Ergonomically Designed Zero Gravity Recliner
Effect of seat angle on disc pressure and on electrical activity in the
back muscles recorded at the level of the eight thoracic Vertebra.
43

100% = energy consumption lying down

The relative increase, as a percentage of this, is the same for men
and women.
Sitting
3-5%
Standing
8-10%
Stooping
50-60%
Kneeling
30-40%
Energy Consumption in different Postures
44
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