0 penilaian0% menganggap dokumen ini bermanfaat (0 suara)
453 tayangan28 halaman
This document provides a review of static synchronous compensators (STATCOMs). It discusses the development of STATCOMs, including their advantages over earlier static VAR compensators. The key components and configurations of STATCOMs are described, including various solid-state switching devices, voltage-source converter topologies, control methods, and applications. Over 300 research publications on STATCOM technology are classified and reviewed to outline the state-of-the-art and potential future research areas.
This document provides a review of static synchronous compensators (STATCOMs). It discusses the development of STATCOMs, including their advantages over earlier static VAR compensators. The key components and configurations of STATCOMs are described, including various solid-state switching devices, voltage-source converter topologies, control methods, and applications. Over 300 research publications on STATCOM technology are classified and reviewed to outline the state-of-the-art and potential future research areas.
This document provides a review of static synchronous compensators (STATCOMs). It discusses the development of STATCOMs, including their advantages over earlier static VAR compensators. The key components and configurations of STATCOMs are described, including various solid-state switching devices, voltage-source converter topologies, control methods, and applications. Over 300 research publications on STATCOM technology are classified and reviewed to outline the state-of-the-art and potential future research areas.
Revised on 22nd April 2008 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034 ISSN 1755-4535 Static synchronous compensators (STATCOM): a review B. Singh 1 R. Saha 2 A. Chandra 3 K. Al-Haddad 3 1 Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110 016, India 2 Central Electricity Authority, Sewa Bhawan, R.K. Puram, New Delhi 110 066, India 3 Department of Electrical Engineering, Ecole de Technologie Superieure (ETS), 1100 Notre Dame Oust, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3C1K3 E-mail: rshahacno@yahoo.com Abstract: Fast acting static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), a representative of FACTS family, is a promising technology being extensively used as the state-of-the-art dynamic shunt compensator for reactive power control in transmission and distribution system. Over the last couple of decades, researchers and engineers have made path-breaking research on this technology and by virtue of which, many STATCOM controllers based on the self- commutating solid-state voltage-source converter (VSC) have been developed and commercially put in operation to control system dynamics under stressed conditions. Because of its many attributes, STATCOM has emerged as a qualitatively superior controller relative to the line commutating static VAR compensator (SVC). This controller is called with different terminologies as STATic COMpensator advanced static VAR compensator, advanced static VAR generator or static VAR generator, STATic CONdenser, synchronous solid-state VAR compensator, VSC-based SVC or self-commutated SVC or static synchronous compensator (SSC or S 2 C). The development of STATCOM controller employing various solid-state converter topologies, magnetics congurations, control algorithms, switching techniques and so on, has been well reported in literature with its versatile applications in power system. A review on the state-of-the-art STATCOM technology and further research potential are presented classifying more than 300 research publications. 1 Introduction Line commutating thyristor device-based solid-state reactive power compensators were developed in the 1970s. These are used either as thyristor switched capacitors or thyristor- controlled reactor (TCRs) or a combination thereof with passive lters eliminating dominant harmonics generated from electronic switching phenomenon. These are basically a VAR impedance-type controllers, commonly known as static VAR compensator (SVC), where susceptance of the TCR is controlled by varying the ring angle. The technology is well matured, but its operational exibility and versatile applications are limited. With the advent of voltage-source converter (VSC) technology built upon self-commutating controllable solid- state switches viz. gate turn-off thyristor (GTO), insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), injection-enhanced gate transistor (IEGT), integrated gate commutated thyristor (IGCT) or gate commutated thyristor (GCT) and so on, it has ushered a new family of FACTS controllers such as static synchronous compensators (STATCOM) and unied power ow controller (UPFC) have been developed. The self-commutating VSC, called as DC-to-AC converter, is the backbone of these controllers being employed to regulate reactive current by generation and absorption of controllable reactive power with various solid-state switching techniques. The major attributes of STATCOM are quick response time, less space requirement, optimum voltage platform, higher operational exibility and excellent dynamic characteristics under various operating conditions. These controllers are also known as STATic COMpensator (STATCOM), advanced static VAR compensator (ASVC), advanced static VAR generator (ASVG), STATic CONdenser (STATCON), static var generator (SVG), synchronous solid-state VAR compensator (SSVC), IET Power Electron., 2009, Vol. 2, Iss. 4, pp. 297324 297 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009 www.ietdl.org VSC-based SVC or self-commutated SVC or static synchronous compensator (SSC or S 2 C). EPRI in USA is a pioneer to conduct research in this area and has been instrumental to develop a number of existing STATCOM projects in collaboration with power utilities/industries. Power industries such as GE, Siemens, ABB, Alsthom, Mitsubishi, Toshiba and so on, with their in-house R&D facilities have given birth to many versatile STATCOM projects presently in operation in high-voltage transmission system to control system dynamics under stressed conditions. The VSC-based STATCOM has emerged as a qualitatively superior technology relative to that of the line- commutating thyristor-based SVC being used as dynamic shunt compensator. GTO-based VSCs (GTO-VSC), commercially available with high power capacity, are employed in high power rating controllers with triggering once per cycle [fundamental frequency switching (FFS)]. Although IGBT and IGCT devices are available with reasonably good power ratings, these are being mainly used in low-to- medium rating compensators operated under pulse-width modulation (PWM) switching, that is, multiple switching (13 kHz) in a cycle of operation. Use of these switching devices in high power rating controllers is yet to be fully commercialised and therefore its use is limited. In the state-of-the-art STATCOM equipments, two major topologies of VSC-bridges viz. multi-pulse and multi-level are the most common for operation under FFS or PWM mode or selective harmonic elimination modulation. For high power rating STATCOMs, GTO-VSC is still the choice for operation under square-wave mode of switching, that is, once per cycle. A concept of multi-level voltage re- injection in DC circuit of VSC topology, as an alternative to high-frequency device switching adopted under PWM control or instead of adopting higher multi-level topology under FFS principle, has been reported to multiply the pulse-order several times without employing additional VSCs. With commercialisation of this approach, there would be a major saving of solid-state devices and magnetic components. A comprehensive review on the STATCOM technology and its development are carried out in this paper. The paper includes ten sections viz. (i) working principle of STATCOM, (ii) solid-state switching devices and technology, (iii) STATCOM topologies and congurations, (iv) control methodologies and approaches, (v) component selection, (vi) specic applications, (vii) simulation tools, (viii) latest trends and perspective research potentials (ix) concluding remarks and (x) references. Based on the literature survey, Refs. [1320] are classied into three categories such as texts [117], patents [1840] and research papers [41320]. Based on the development of STATCOM technology, the articles [41320] have been classied into eight subgroups comprising of (i) state-of- the-art technology [4154], (ii) GTO-VSC based STATCOMs [5572], (iii) PWM-VSC based STATCOMs [7391], (iv) multi-level and multi-pulse topologies [92132], (v) control methodologies [133227], (vi) specic applications of STATCOMs [228305], (vii) STATCOMs with energy source [306313] and (viii) STATCOM simulation techniques [314320]. 2 Working principle of statcom VSC is the backbone of STATCOM and it is a combination of self-commutating solid-state turn-off devices (viz. GTO, IGBT, IGCT and so on) with a reverse diode connected in parallel to them. The solid-state switches are operated either in square-wave mode with switching once per cycle or in PWM mode employing high switching frequencies in a cycle of operation or selective harmonic elimination modulation employing low switching frequencies. A DC voltage source on the input side of VSC, which is generally achieved by a DC capacitor and output, is a multi-stepped AC voltage waveform, almost a sinusoidal waveform. The turn-off device makes the converter action, whereas diode handles rectier action. STATCOM is essentially consisting of six-pulse VSC units, DC side of which is connected to a DC capacitor to be used as an energy storage device, interfacing magnetics (main coupling transformer and/or inter-mediate/inter-phase transformers) that form the electrical coupling between converter AC output voltage (V c ) and system voltage (V s ) and a controller. The primary objective of STATCOM is to obtain an almost harmonic neutralised and controllable three-phase AC output voltage waveforms at the point of common coupling (PCC) to regulate reactive current ow by generation and absorption of controllable reactive power by the solid-state switching algorithm. As STATCOM has inherent characteristics for real power exchange with a support of proper energy storage system, operation of such controller is possible in all four quadrants of QP plane [2] and it is governed by the following power ow relation S 3 V s V c X L sin a j3 V s V c X L cos a V 2 s X L ! P jQ (1) where S is the apparent power ow, P the active power ow, Q the reactive power ow, V s the main AC phase voltage to neutral (rms), V c the STATCOM fundamental output AC phase voltage (rms), X ( vL, where, v 2pf ), the leakage reactance, L the leakage inductance, f the system frequency and a the phase angle between V s and V c . Active power ow is inuenced by the variation of a and reactive power ow is greatly varied with the magnitude of the voltage variation between V c and V s . For lagging a, power (P) ows from V c to V s , for leading a, power (P) ows from V s to V c and for a 0, the P is zero and Q is derived from (1) as follows Q V s X L (V c V s ) (2) 298 IET Power Electron., 2009, Vol. 2, Iss. 4, pp. 297324 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034 www.ietdl.org The AC voltage output (V c ) of STATCOM is governed by DC capacitor voltage (V dc ) and it can be controlled by varying phase difference (a) between V c and V s (and also by m, modulation index for PWM control). The basic two- level and three-level VSC congurations and respective AC output voltage (V c ) waveforms corresponding to a square- wave mode of operation are illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2, respectively. Functionally, STATCOM injects an almost sinusoidal current (I ) in quadrature (lagging or leading) with the line voltage (V s ), and emulates as an inductive or a capacitive reactance at the point of connection with the electrical system for reactive power control, and it is ideally the situation when amplitude of V s is controlled from full leading (capacitive) to full lagging (inductive) for a equals to zero (i.e. both V c and V s are in the same phase). The magnitude and phase angle of the injected current (I ) are determined by the magnitude and phase difference (a) between V c and V s across the leakage inductance (L), which in turn controls reactive power ow and DC voltage, V dc across the capacitor. When V c . V s , the STATCOM is considered to be operating in a capacitive mode. When V c , V s , it is operating in an inductive mode and for V c V s , no reactive power exchange takes place. In the high rating STATCOM operated under fundamental frequency switching, the principle of phase angle control (a) is generally adopted in control algorithm to compensate converter losses by active power drawn from AC system and also for power ows in or out of the VSC to indirectly control the magnitude of DC voltage with charging or discharging of DC bus capacitor enabling control of reactive power ow into the system. Phasor diagrams on the operating principle are illustrated in (Figs. 3a3g). This aspect is well presented in [1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 15, 31, 32, 50, 58, 59, 63, 73, 92, 96, 109, 116, 136, 140, 144, 160, 167, 225, 235]. 3 State-of-the-art solid-state switching devices and switching technology In power converter circuits [41, 44, 47, 48, 51], various controllable solid-state switches such as conventional thyristor, GTO, IGBT, IEGT, IGCT or GCT [164], bipolar junction transistor (BJT) and MOS eld effect transistor are employed for various applications such as VSC, current-source converter and so on. Each device has different operating characteristics in respect to switching frequency/speed, device ratings, turn-off and turn-on timings, forward and reverses breakdown voltage, on-state voltage drop, switching losses and so on. The conventional thyristor, a line commutating switching device available commercially at very high power ratings, is a mature technology and forms basic switching element for SVC, a second generation FACTS controller being used as a dynamic reactive power compensator. This power semiconductor device has no turn-off capability and relatively high response time. The emerging technology is solid-state controllable turn-off switches. These switches viz. GTO, IGBT, IGCT are being used extensively in converter circuits for state-of-the-art FACTS controllers. Drive circuit requirements, switching frequency/speed, Figure 1 Basic two-level six-pulse VSC bridge and its AC voltage output waveform in square-wave mode of operation IET Power Electron., 2009, Vol. 2, Iss. 4, pp. 297324 299 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009 www.ietdl.org switching losses and cost of each device are the trade-off to use these devices effectively. Among the turn-off power switches, GTO thyristor is a mature technology and commercially available at high power ratings. Its extensive applications in high power rating converter-cum- compensator circuits have ushered in a new era of FACTS [42, 43, 52, 54, 63, 70, 296] controllers, for example, STATCOM [46, 228, 239, 252, 269, 280282], UPFC [252, 281], convertible static compensator (CSC) [278], static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) [252, 281] and so on. Solid-state IGBT switching device is a relatively new technology in power electronics is employed in medium-to-high power ratings PWM-based FACTS controllers [41, 44, 47, 271] due to its high switching frequency and speed. Among the turn-off switches, IGCT is the most promising and emerging solid-state technology [47, 48] and has the merits of low switching loss, higher switching frequency/speed, no snubber circuit requirements. IGCT-converter-based high power rating STATCOM [280] is under implementation stage at 138 kV Talega Figure 2 Basic three-level six-pulse VSC bridge and its output AC voltage waveform in square-wave mode of operation Figure 3 STATCOM operating principle and control characteristics a Capacitive mode b Inductive mode c Floating mode d Capacitor charging mode e Capacitor discharging mode f VI characteristics g VQ characteristics 300 IET Power Electron., 2009, Vol. 2, Iss. 4, pp. 297324 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034 www.ietdl.org sub-station in California. Because of relatively high cost, its commercial competitiveness is yet to be fully explored. Switching topologies such as PWM or power frequency switching depend upon the type of solid-state devices used in STATCOM. Primarily, fundamental frequency method of switching (pulsed one per line frequency cycle) and PWM techniques (pulsed multi times per half cycle) are widely accepted methods. In PWM control, solid-state switches are operated many times at frequent intervals within the same cycle of output voltage, and an improved quality of output AC voltage waveforms [in terms of low- amplitude of low-order harmonics/low total harmonic distortion (THD)] can be obtained. Based on the frequency and amplitude of triangular shape carrier signal and modulating control signal, PWM converters are designed, in general, to eliminate triplen and other low- order harmonics (5th/7th), and by means of suitable lter design, predominantly higher-order harmonics are reduced in the AC voltage output. As the converter conduction and switching losses are a function of switching frequency, the PWM technique is not generally adopted in high rating STATCOMs on account of high switching losses, whereas low-to- medium rating STATCOMs used in power distribution system are built upon PWM control and such STATCOMs are generally termed D-STATCOM [55, 61, 88, 90, 91, 117, 217, 243, 251, 260, 268, 274, 275, 307, 310]. Switching frequency [16] of solid-state devices is one of the key factors in designing PWM-VSC and it can be typically 3 kHz for IGBT and 500 Hz for IGCT or GCT. The various aspects of PWM-VSC based STATCOM have been presented in [7391]. However, soft-switching technique or rather zero-voltage switching applications in multiple voltage source square- wave converters have been proposed in the literature [73, 99] to considerably reduce switching losses and electro- magnetic interference. As GTO is well-proven solid-state device and commercially available with power-handling levels as that of the conventional thyristor, GTO-VSC is the backbone of the high power rating STATCOMs [5572] that are used extensively in high-voltage transmission system. The PWM technique in such converter circuit has been found to be unpopular due to its higher gating energy requirements and switching losses. Factoring this, STATCOMs built upon GTO-VSCs are designed primarily to operate it in a square-wave mode of operation. 4 Statcom topologies and congurations Many VSC-based topologies and congurations are adopted in the state-of-the-art STATCOM controllers and signicantly, multi-pulse and/or multi-level topologies [46, 92132] are widely accepted in the design of compensators. For example, a two-level multi-pulse topology is a mature topology and commercially adopted in +100 MVA STATCOM at 500/ 161 kV Sullivan S/S of Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), US [231, 235, 239, 240] and in +80 MVA SVG at 154 kV Inuyama switching station of Kansai Electric Power Co. (KEPC), Japan [228]. An elementary six-pulse VSC which consists of three legs (phases) with two valves per leg and an electrostatic capacitor on the DC bus is illustrated in Fig. 1. Each valve consists of a self-commutating switch with a reverse diode connected in parallel. In square-wave mode, eight possible switching states are possible with respect to the polarity of DC voltage source (V dc ). A set of three quasi- square waveforms at its AC terminals, displaced successively by 1208, is obtained using fundamental frequency switching modulation. The phase to neutral (0, +V dc /3, +2V dc /3) and line-to-line voltage (0, +V dc ) of the converter shown in Fig. 1 contain an unacceptable current harmonics causing severe harmonic interference to electrical system. To reduce THD, multi-pulse converter topology derived from the combination of multiple number (N-numbers) of elementary six-pulse converter units to be triggered at specic displacement angle(s), is widely adopted, and output AC voltage waveforms from each unit is electro-magnetically added with an appropriate phase shift by inter-phase transformer(s) to produce a multi-pulse (6 N pulses) waveform close to sinusoidal wave. In a multi-pulse converter conguration, the displacement angle between two consecutive six-pulse converter is 2p/ (6N) and three-phase voltage contains odd harmonics component of the order of (6Nk + 1), where k 1, 2, 3, . . . . With the increase in pulse number, lower-order harmonics are neutralised and a very close to sinusoidal AC output voltage waveform can be realised. Compared with basic six-pulse converter, the multi-pulse conguration of STATCOM increases the achievable VAR rating, improves the harmonic performance, decreases the DC side current harmonics and reduces signicantly the overall lter requirements. Basic two-level 12 (2 6-pulse), 24 (4 6-pulse) and 6N (N 6-pulse)-pulse converter congurations are depicted in Figs. 4a4b, 5 and 6, respectively. Basic congurations of magnetics in multi- pulse converters are discussed in [92, 228, 235]. It is noted that increase in pulse order increases the number of electronics devices, magnetics and associated components and thus added to the cost. However, the high pulse-order STATCOM enables to improve harmonics and operational performances. Most industrial practices are to employ 48- pulse conguration [46, 228, 131, 235, 239, 240, 252, 269, 278] where magnetics are designed generally in two stages using transformers. The inter-phase transformers (as many as VSCs) are employed to sum-up the output AC voltages of converters, which is further stepped-up through a main coupling transformer to match with the main AC system. The typical two stages of magnetics architecture of the existing +80 MVA SVG [228] at the Inuyama switching station are depicted in Figs. 7a and 7b. The feasibility of other magnetics congurations in 48-pulse compensator, IET Power Electron., 2009, Vol. 2, Iss. 4, pp. 297324 301 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009 www.ietdl.org which are proposed in the literature [46], are illustrated in Figs. 7c and 7d. Out of the few multi-pulse topologies, 12- pulse, 18-pulse, 24-pulse and 48-pulse congurations are very common and based on which, many STATCOM power circuits are proposed in the literature [20, 21, 26, 36, 38, 60, 61, 71, 86, 93, 111, 114, 143, 148, 167, 228, 235, 298, 299, 309]. The EMTP models of 12-pulse and 24- pulse VSC-based STATCOMs are presented in [111, 167]. Typically, 12-pulse two-level converter congurations consisting of two elementary six-pulse bridges [55, 58, 167], DC side of each is connected in parallel and its AC side is either connected in series or in parallel are shown in Figs. 4a and 4b. Magnetics in a 12-pulse two-level STATCOM is congured such that, one bridge is fed to YY transformer and the other bridge to a DY transformer maintaining thereby a phase shift of 308 between two sets of fundamental AC output voltage waveform. The converter side D-winding has p 3 times the turns as the converter side Y-winding to keep the same volts per turn in both the windings. The AC mains side windings (Y ) are connected in series and can have any turn ratios to increase or decrease the output voltages. The combined output phase voltage leads to multi-stepped voltage waveform and has 12-pulse waveform with harmonics of the order of (12k +1) that is, 11th, 13th, 23rd . . . and with amplitudes of 1/11th, 1/13th, 1/ 23rd . . . of fundamental amplitude, respectively. Another variant of topology is a multi-level VSC structure to generate multi-stepped voltage waveform close to sinusoidal nature. Owing to the complex series-parallel connection of transformers windings/circuits in multi-pulse converters, multi-level congurations have been receiving increasing attention for high voltage and high power rating applications. In multi-level topology, a synthesised stair- case voltage waveform is derived from several levels of DC voltage sources obtained normally by using capacitor voltage sources, and in this category, three-level converter topologies with square-wave mode of operation is most common [252, 280, 281]. An N-level topology is achieved by splitting of DC capacitors into (N21) sections produces N-level output phase voltage and a (2N21) level output line voltage waveform. When number of levels is high enough, harmonic content in AC output voltage is reduced to low enough to avoid the need of lters. The main features of multi-level converter are the low harmonic content of the output voltage compared with a square-wave pulse converter, decreased device voltage stress (a fraction of the total DC bus voltage) and potentially higher converter voltage and thus power rating. It is proposed in [95] that the multi-level topology employing capacitor voltage synthesis technique is to be preferred to the multi- pulse topology employing magnetic coupling technique. Three basic types of multi-level VSCs are reported in [95, 114, 123] viz. (i) multi-point clamped converter in which three-level neutral point clamped (NPC) converter topology is a matured technology [61, 114, 116, 153] and on this Figure 5 24-pulse (4 6-pulse) converter conguration Figure 6 6N-pulse (N6-pulse) converter conguration Figure 4 Multi-pulse parallel and series converter congurations a 12-pulse parallel converter conguration b 12-pulse series converter conguration 302 IET Power Electron., 2009, Vol. 2, Iss. 4, pp. 297324 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034 www.ietdl.org Figure 7 Two stages of magnetics architecture and feasibility of other magnetics conguration in two-level 48-pulse (86- pulse) STATCOM circuit a Magnetics of 48-pulse, two-level +80 MVA STATCOM at Inuyama sw. station, KEPC b 48-pulse STATCOM terminal AC voltage waveform at PCC c Typical magnetics congurations of true 48-pulse STATCOM d Magnetic conguration of Quasi 48-pulse STATCOM IET Power Electron., 2009, Vol. 2, Iss. 4, pp. 297324 303 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009 www.ietdl.org concept many STATCOM controllers have been commercially developed. Contrary to two-level converters, this three-level converter allows controlling of the magnitude of AC voltage by a variation of dead-angle (b) maintaining xed DC capacitor voltage. The second type is chain converters based on standard H-bridge arrangements and the third is nested-cell converter or ying capacitor multi-level converter. Implementations of these converters require the same number of switches for the same number of levels, but there is a wide variation in terms of passive component requirements and operational and control strategies. Such topologies are complex and therefore applications of these converters are limited. Typically, three-to-nine level converter topologies have been reported in the literature [95, 119, 132]. For relatively slow switching devices like GTO, application of three-level converter topology with fundamental frequency switching has got wide acceptability in designing STATCOM for high power rating applications. A simplied scheme of three-level NPC converter comprising four-switches in each converter leg and four-level single-phase NPC converter conguration is given in Figs. 8 and 9, respectively. It is experienced that fundamental switching based 48- pulse converter topology is extensively used in high power rating STATCOMs due to its excellent operational and harmonics performance, whereas low pulse-order compensators such as 12-pulse, or 18-pulse or 24-pulse congurations under square-wave mode of operation are not adopted due to high impact of voltage harmonics, causing unacceptable harmonic distortion. Such low-pulse order and multi-pulse VSC topology-based STATCOMs are proposed in [71, 298, 299] for voltage regulation, power factor improvement in transmission system and these can effectively improve harmonic performance by adopting a typical magnetics structure and simple control algorithm, the magnetics architectures of which are illustrated in Figs. 10a10c, 11a11c and 12a12b. Among the two- level, 48-pulse GTO-VSC topology-based STATCOMs with GTO triggering under FFS principle, two most pioneering and practical compensators exist at the 154 kV Inuyama switching station of KEPC and at 161/500 kV Sullivan substation of TVA. In multi-level topology, three-level architecture is extensively adopted in high power rating STATCOMs being used in high-voltage transmission system. Interestingly, the rst UPFC [252] of +160 MVA capacity, which has a STATCOM component, has been built using three-level NPC GTO- based converter conguration and it has been in service at 138 kV Inez S/S of American Electric Power since 1997. A three-level IGBT-based NPC converter conguration with a rating of +36 MVA being operated as a back-to- back inter-tie between Texas and Mexico with a functionality of STATCOM has been working since 2001 [271]. Three-level VSC topology is adopted in the development of a versatile +200 MVA CSC at 345 kV Marcy S/S, NY [278] and a +40 MVA STATCOM [281] under 80 MVA UPFC project of Korea Electric Power Corporation. In Gleenbrook 115 kV sub-station, Northeast Utilities, +150 MVA STATCOM [282] is built upon GTO-based chain-link VSC conguration. Multi- level topology and various STATCOM circuit congurations and related control strategies are presented in the literature [61, 78, 82, 92, 95, 96, 98, 106, 108, 110, 114, 119, 123]. A nine-level high power rating converter topology with a combination of IGCT and IGBT-based converter congurations, called hybrid approach, is proposed in [119]. The concept of multi-level voltage re-injection in DC circuit of VSC topology is envisioned in [49, 66, 68, 69, 72] to increase pulse-order (like conventional high-pulse STATCOM) by minimising converters requirements and magnetics. Simple congurations of voltage reinjection for two-level and three-level structurs are shown in Figs. 13 and 14, respectively. Based on this principle, a model of 36-pulse STATCOM is proposed in [68] using only two elementary six-pulse VSCs operated under FFS principle. A model of a 60-pulse STATCOM is proposed in [72] using multi-level voltage re-injection in DC circuit of 2 6-pulse STATCOM operated under square-wave mode. With the advent of this innovative approach, basic pulse-order is increased multi-fold improving harmonic Figure 8 Single phase of a three-level NPC converter Figure 9 Single phase of a four-level NPC converter 304 IET Power Electron., 2009, Vol. 2, Iss. 4, pp. 297324 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034 www.ietdl.org performance signicantly. Instead of adopting VSC in the design of STATCOM, the current-source converter topology with multi-level current re-injection technique is focused in [50, 70], where a ve-level current reinjection is derived to meet harmonic standards. 5 Control strategies and approaches The control system is the heart of state-of-the-art STATCOM controller for dynamic control of reactive power in electrical system. Based on the operational requirements, type of applications, system conguration and loss optimisation, essential control parameters are controlled to obtain desired performance and many control methodologies in STATCOM power circuits have been presented in [133227]. In a square-wave mode of operation, phase angle control (a) across the leakage reactance (L) is the main controlling parameter. This control is employed in a two-level converter structure, where DC voltage (V dc ) is dynamically adjusted to above or equal to or below the system voltage for reactive power control. In a three-level conguration, the dead-angle or zero-swell period (b) is controlled to vary the converter AC output voltage by maintaining V dc constant. The control system for STATCOM operated with PWM mode employs control of a and m (modulation index) to change the converter AC voltages keeping V dc constant. The basic control architecture is shown in Fig. 15. For voltage regulation, two control-loop circuits namely inner current control loop and external/outer voltage control loop are employed in STATCOM power circuit. The current control loop produces the desired phase angle difference of the converter voltage relative to the system voltage and in turn, generates the gating pulses, whereas the voltage control loop generates the reference reactive current for the current controller of the inner control loop. This control philosophy is implemented with proportional and integral control (PI control) algorithm or with a combination of Figure 10 Interfacing magnetics of 12-pulse (26-pulse) two-level +100 MVA GTO-VSC based STATCOM and STATCOM AC voltage waveform at PCC a Interfacing magnetics conguration-1 of 2 6 pulse converters b Interfacing magnetics conguration-2 of 2 6 pulse converters c 12-pulse STATCOM terminal AC voltage waveform at PCC IET Power Electron., 2009, Vol. 2, Iss. 4, pp. 297324 305 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009 www.ietdl.org Figure 11 Interfacing magnetics of 18-pulse (36-pulse) two-level +100 MVA GTO-VSC based STATCOM and STATCOM AC voltage waveform at PCC a Stage-I and stage-II Transformer magnetics b ()2082 082 (2)208 under stage-II of magnetics c 18-pulse STATCOM terminal AC voltage at PCC Figure 12 Interfacing magnetics of 24-pulse (46-pulse) two-level +100 MVA GTO-VSC based STATCOM and STATCOM AC voltage waveform at PCC a Interfacing magnetics layout b 24-pulse STATCOM terminal AC voltage waveform at PCC 306 IET Power Electron., 2009, Vol. 2, Iss. 4, pp. 297324 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034 www.ietdl.org proportional (P), integral (I ) and derivative (D) control algorithm in dq synchronous rotating frame. Figs. 16 and 17 illustrate the PI methodology for two-level and three- level GTO-VSC based STATCOM power circuits. The general mathematical approach, modelling and design of control systems for compensator circuits are proposed in [136, 153, 167, 180, 181, 186188, 194, 202, 220]. In the process of designing and implementation of control system, acquisition of many signals is involved. Initially, the essential AC and DC voltages and current signals (instantaneous values/vectors) are sensed using sensors. In the next step, these signals are synthesised by techniques such as dq synchronous rotating axis transformation, alphabeta stationery reference frame of transformation and so on. Phase Figure 13 Typical voltage re-injection circuit layout of two-level 12-pulse (26-pulse) converter conguration for transforming into 36-pulse voltage waveform at PCC Figure 14 Typical voltage reinjection circuit layout of three-level 12-pulse (26-pulse) converter conguration for transforming into 60-pulse AC voltage waveform at PCC IET Power Electron., 2009, Vol. 2, Iss. 4, pp. 297324 307 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009 www.ietdl.org locked loop circuit is normally employed to calculate phase and frequency information of the fundamental positive sequence component of system voltage which synchronises AC converter output voltage. Third step involves generation of compensating command signals based on three kinds of state- of-the-art control methodologies, linear, nonlinear and special control techniques. Fourth step is to generate required gating signals for the solid-state devices. Signal actuation: Instantaneous current and voltage signals such as systemvoltage are the basic input parameters to the controller and are sensed using CTs and PTs or using other sensing devices. DC voltage across the capacitor and current on DC side are sensed using Hall effect and other sensing devices. Compensating signals derivation: The compensating signals are generally derived either in time domain or in frequency domain. Time-domain signals of instantaneous voltage and/or current vectors are sensed and decomposed using widely popular method such as the dq synchronous rotating axis transformation [80, 136, 137, 139, 160]. The transformed values are processed by various control techniques like PI or PID controllers to derive the compensating command signals [31, 32, 167, 235]. For voltage regulation [137, 167, 178, 235] in power system, the basic control is realised by controlling the injected reactive current by the STATCOM. In PWM mode of control [73, 74, 78, 80, 138, 160, 178], there are two control strategies adopted viz. voltage control (VC) technique and current control (CC) technique. The CC techniques [73, 84], where error compensation and voltage modulation determine the various switching states, have been widely adopted with linear and/or nonlinear control strategies. In the linear control methodologies, stationery PI controller or ramp comparison current control, synchronous vector PI control, state feedback control, predictive control and deadbeat control are the various approaches followed [73, 84, 151, 169]. The nonlinear group of controllers [73, 84, 148, 157, 161, 175, 205] includes hysterisis control [75, 84, 165, 244], delta modulation (DM) or pulse DM current control and online optimised controller [84]. For improving controllability and operational performance of STATCOMs under various system conditions, fuzzy logic, neural network, neuro-fuzzy articial intelligence/rule-based techniques and related supplementary pre-compensators are introduced in Figure 15 Basic GTO-VSC based STATCOM operation and control architecture Figure 16 PI-control algorithm of two-level GTO-VSC based STATCOM power circuit 308 IET Power Electron., 2009, Vol. 2, Iss. 4, pp. 297324 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034 www.ietdl.org the control of STATCOMs [73, 84, 154, 156, 161, 162, 166, 183, 201, 215, 218, 222]. For qualitative improvement of electrical system, DSP-based indirect current control techniques [180182, 193, 247, 273] have assumed a signicant role. Analytical analysis of various control parameters by space vector analysis has been presented in [31, 106, 136, 137140, 160]. Mathematical models of STATCOM controller to control system parameters during asymmetric conditions have been proposed based on the sequence analysis [80, 148, 190] and an analysis on controlling unbalanced voltage conditions is presented in [159, 174]. 6 Component selection and ratings Based on the specic applications, operating requirements, system congurations and control strategies, ratings of various components of STATCOM such as DC capacitor, leakage inductance of coupling transformers, converter VA ratings and so on, are selected. Solid-state self-commutating switches (GTOs, IGBTs, IGCTs or the like) and a diode connected in parallel with reverse polarity constitute a valve in converter. Based on the current and voltage ratings of controllable switches or devices, a group of valves is connected in series to obtain the desired voltage rating (sum of rated voltages) of the converter. The rms current ratings translate in restrictions on the converter current at AC side and peak current ratings relate to the device turn-off capabilities. One or more redundant valve is also provided for reliability reasons [145, 235]. Typical maximum voltage and current ratings of various state-of-the-art turn-off switches are presented in [16, 41, 45, 47] such as GTOs: 6 kV, 6 kA; IGBTs: 6.5 kV, 2000 A [16] or 6.5 kV, 600 A or 4.5 kV, 900 A; IGCTs: 6 kV, 6 kA and conventional thyristors 8 kV, 3.5 kA. From Table 1, it is seen that the self-commutating solid-state GTO device is the main power switching element used in most converter circuits of high power rating STATCOMs. In general, the nominal DC-link voltage has to be relatively a large value to generate converter output voltage with amplitude similar to that of the AC system voltage on the secondary side of the coupling transformer [32] at zero VAR generation and moderate variation from this value for rated VAR output. Deriving DC capacitor rating based on the peak-stored energy requirement is explained in [58]. The DC capacitor design for static compensator is greatly inuenced by the ripple factor of the DC voltage and these aspects are depicted in [58, 123, 134, 135]. Nevertheless, the capacitor size is optimised by considering the ripple on the harmonic level at the PCC and also by taking into consideration the possibility of resonance for a given coupling reactance [170]. The steady-state and transient-state characteristics of the controller and the quantum of AC ripple on the DC side which is less during balanced conditions and signicantly high during unbalanced situation are taken into consideration in determining the size of the capacitor. If the controller exchanges real power with the system for a short time, the higher size of the capacitor needs to be provided. It is proposed in [4] that the requirement of DC-link component in PWM-mode operation is signicantly smaller than those needed for a comparable Figure 17 Control algorithm of three-level GTO-VSC based STATCOM power circuit IET Power Electron., 2009, Vol. 2, Iss. 4, pp. 297324 309 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009 www.ietdl.org square-wave mode operation. Generally, the capacitor rating in the multi-pulse circuits decreases with the increasing number of pulses. However, in multi-level converter topologies, the capacitor rating is almost independent of the number of levels and they are larger than the VA rating of the compensators. It is proposed in [123] that DC capacitor rating is 418 times larger than the VA rating of the compensator in the multi- level topologies. The selection of parameter for coupling reactance of the transformer mostly determines the full VAR output of the converter, and it is typically not more than 15% of the nominal system voltage [32]. The selection of the coupling reactance is heavily constrained by the harmonic requirements of the network and, in general, a high value is preferred to minimise the harmonic distortion at the PCC [170]. However, for low leakage reactance, converter rating needs to be increased. The converter loss is one of the signicant aspect, which affects the overall efciency of the controller [74]. The converter loss increases almost proportionally with switching frequency and quadratically with the DC voltage. With the increase of modulation index (m), losses decrease and the system runs at higher DC voltage for a given reactive current. For optimisation of converter operating losses, switching frequency should be low but m should be maximum. Mathematical modelling and designing of passive components of many prototype and/or commercial STATCOM controllers and solid-state-device rating techniques have been presented in [20, 48, 58, 83, 135, 145, 309]. 7 Specic application areas of statcom STATCOM technology has multi-dimensional applications [228305] to control power system parameters in steady- state and dynamic system conditions. As a representative of FACTS controller, STATCOM is a matured technology for power quality improvements [55, 61, 117, 260, 268, 274, 275], reactive power control, voltage regulation [78, 235], power swings/oscillations damping [78, 237, 259, 266, 284, 286], damping torsional oscillations/SSR damping [202, 250, 262], transmission line capacity enhancement, dynamic stability improvement including steady state, transient and voltage stability [175, 228, 255, 275, 277, 288, 291, 292, 295, 297, 300, 303], and for application under power system faults [86, 159, 184, 304]. It is also used as hybrid controllers in combination with passive elements [235, 273]. STATCOM has many interesting features such as high speed of response (sub-cycle), versatile controlling and operational characteristics, ability to implement controllers of low/medium/high MVA ratings, low-space requirement, higher stability margins and so on. It is rapidly replacing the conventional forced-commutating reactive power controllers, SVC and other slow-acting controllers in power system. In the eld of distribution system, the acronym of this controller is D-STATCOM [55, 61, 88, 90, 91, 117, 217, Table 1 Self-commutating power semiconductor devices used in converters of high power rating statcoms Sl. Station-utility-Year of operation STATCOM effective capacity Solid-state turn-off device ratings 1 Inuyama- Kansai Electric Power Corp., Japan-1991 +80 MVA (at that time called as static var generator- SVG) GTO: 4.5 kV, 3 kA 2 Sullivan-Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), US-1996 +100 MVA GTO: 4.5 kV, 4 kA 3 Inez-American Electric Power (AEP), US-1998 +160 MVA (shunt part of unied power ow controller-UPFC) GTO: 4.5 kV, 4 kA 4 Henan-Henan Power Administration, China-1999 +20 MVA GTO: 4.5 kV, 3 kA 5 Marcy-New York Power Authority (NYPA), US-2001 +200 MVA (+2 100 MVA converter units of convertible static compensator-CSC) GTO: 4.5 kV, 4 kA 6 East Clayodon-National Grid Company (NGC), UK-2001 +75 MVA (re-locatable) GTO: 4.5 kV, 3 kA 7 Essex-Vermont Electric Power Company (VELCO), US-2001 133/241 MVA GTO: 6 kV, 6 kA 8 Kangjin-Korea Electric Power Corp. (KEPCO)-2002 +40 MVA (shunt part of +80 MVA unied power ow controller-UPFC) GTO: 4.5 kV, 4 kA 9 Talega-San Diego Gas & Electric (SDG&E), California-2002 +100 MVA (+2 50 MVA) GCT: 6 kV, 6 kA 310 IET Power Electron., 2009, Vol. 2, Iss. 4, pp. 297324 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034 www.ietdl.org 243, 260, 268, 274, 275, 307] being widely used for power- quality improvement, custom power, voltage regulation, compensation and balancing of nonlinear loads and/or unbalanced loads, load power factor improvement, harmonic elimination and so on. Versatile applications of D-STATCOM for system improvements in distribution level have been well documented in many references [251, 257, 243, 256, 260, 263, 268, 274, 310]. Considerable improvement in electrical machine controls like self-excited induction generators (SEIGs) by hysteresis current control technique and other nonlinear approaches have been presented in [181, 182, 244, 253, 272]. For harnessing non- conventional energy sources such as wind power, applications of STATCOMs and its controlling features to control SEIGs in wind farm are discussed in [217, 248]. In combination with an energy storage system (battery or magnetic storage device), STATCOM are being widely utilised [57, 306313] for power-quality improvements and also for uninterruptible power supply and real power exchange during emergency. In high-voltage transmission and high-power rating applications, many practical STATCOM controllers are in real-time applications and their multi-dimensional advantages are well realised [228, 235, 239, 252, 258, 269, 278, 280, 281, 282, 301, 306]. STATCOM back-to-back inter-tie [271] is a relatively new area of application to exchange power between two inter-ties and to improve voltage stability. It is analogous to HVDC back-to-back system named as HVDC light with inherent MVAR supporting feature. 8 Latest trends and future developments IGCT and IGBT devices [47, 48] are the promising self- commutating solid-state controllable switches that are increasingly being used in STATCOMs under PWM mode of operation due to its low switching losses and fast response time relative to GTO switches. Out of these two power electronic devices, IGCT is the most promising technology for high power rating STATCOMs. Owing to its qualitative improvement and rapid commercialisation, these devices are now available with reasonably higher power ratings. Design and development of high power ratings STATCOMs using IGCT-based VSCs with PWM mode of operation employing multi-pulse and/or multi-level topologies are the promising area of research. Out of the various multi-level converter topologies, three-level conguration has been proven to be most practical. It is proposed that in multi-level topologies, beyond three levels, the controller design for balancing voltages across the various segments of DC capacitors to be used as energy storage devices is difcult and therefore higher-level converter congurations are rarely used. Evolving proper controller to meet such specic control objective for multi-level STATCOMs is a potential area of research. There is a further scope of improving the controller functions in STATCOMs which would enable to control system dynamics during symmetrical and asymmetrical faults in high-voltage transmission system. In this context, improving control algorithms employing fuzzy-logic or neural network or neuro-fuzzy logic needs to be investigated for achieving better controllability. In a system using multiple numbers of the state-of-the-art compensators at various potential locations, coordinated control mechanism seems to be an interesting area of research in respect to capacity optimisation of the compensators ensuring effective utilisation of the transmission assets and thus, saving in cost. The concept of voltage re-injection principle in DC-link circuit of STATCOMs operated at fundamental frequency switching is a good technique to be greatly utilised to improve harmonics performance using less number of sold-state devices and associated components in STATCOM power circuits. 9 Simulation tools Many experimental and prototype models of STATCOM controllers have been reported in research publications. Simulation of various congurations/topologies, control strategies, magnetics, lter requirements, component level designing and so on, have been presented in [314320] with the help of many standard software simulation tools. MATLAB/SIMULINK/PSB, EMTP, PSCAD/EMTDC, SPICE, EUROSTAG and so on, are some of the software tools being extensively used by researchers and engineers to simulate various power electronics devices in power system circuits, electrical machines and so on. Detailed modelling of STATCOM controllers and performance analysis and sensitivities of various passive components under varying system-operating conditions ensure the researchers and engineers to rm up the design parameters in pre-fabrication stage. Employing EMTP simulation program, prototype modelling of typical STATCOM controllers and analysis have been presented in [111, 167, 315, 316, 320]. A specic modelling of D-STATCOM with IGBT converters are presented by using power system block set tool box under MATLAB environment [317, 318, 319]. 10 Conclusions STATCOMis the state-of-the-art dynamic shunt compensator in FACTS family, which is widely used to control system dynamics under stressed condition. The self-commutating VSC built upon controllable solid-state devices (viz. GTO, IGBT, IGCT and so on) with operation under FFS or PWM switching principle is the backbone of this compensator. Many commendable features of STATCOM viz. four- quadrant operation in PQ plane (in support of proper energy source), high speed of response (sub-cycle), versatile controlling and operational characteristics, optimum voltage platform and so on, have been reported in research publications. STATCOM being a versatile reactive power compensator has taken the place of the line commutating SVC, a relatively slow-acting dynamic shunt controller. The EPRI in USA, who is a pioneer to conduct research and evolve high power rating STATCOMs employing IET Power Electron., 2009, Vol. 2, Iss. 4, pp. 297324 311 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009 www.ietdl.org GTO-VSCs as its backbone, has developeda number of existing STATCOM projects in collaboration with many utilities/ organisations. In many research papers, this controller has been called as ASVC or ASVG or SVG or STATCON or SSVC or VSC-based SVC or self-commutated SVC or static synchronous compensator (SSC or S 2 C). Acronym of STATCOM in electrical distribution system is D- STATCOM operating under PWM control. Power industries viz. GE, Siemens, ABB, Alsthom, Mitsubishi, Toshiba and so on, with their in-house R&D facilities have given birth to many STATCOM projects that are commercially in operation in high-voltage transmission system. In addition to its stand- alone usage in electrical network, this controller has been an integral component of other state-of-the-art FACTS controllers viz. UPFC and CSC. In the process of STATCOM technology development, numerous converter topologies, magnetics congurations, control algorithms, switching principles and so on, have been reported in literature for various applications in transmission and distribution systems. A comprehensive review on the state-of-the-art STATCOM controllers has been carried out focusing the new horizon of research potentials in this eld. 11 References [1] HINGORANI N.G., GYUGYI L.: Understanding FACTS (IEEE Power Engineering Society, IEEE Press, New York, 1999) [2] JOHNS A.T., TER-GAZARIAN A., WARNE D.F.: Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) (IEE Power Energy Series, the Institute of Electrical Engineers, London, UK, 1999, vol. 30) [3] MOHAN N., UNDELAND T.M., ROBBINS W.P.: Power electronics: converters applications and design (John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2002) [4] TRZYNADLOWSKI A.M.: Introduction to modern power electronics (John-Wiley and Sons Inc., Canada, 1998) [5] MILLER T.J.E. (Ed.): Reactive power control in electric systems (Wiley-Interscience, 1982) [6] BEDFORD B.D., HOFT R.G.: Principles of inverter circuits (John Wiley and Sons, Inc., NY, 1964) [7] KUNDUR P.: Power system stability and control (McGraw-Hill, 1994) [8] GHOSH A., LEDWICH G.: Power quality enhancement using custom power devices (Kluwer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science, vol. 701) [9] MATHUR R. M. (ED. ): Static compensators for reactive power control (Cantext Publications, Winnipeg, Canada, 1984) [10] WAKILEH G.J.: Power systems harmonics: fundamentals, analysis and lter design (Springer-Verlag, Germany, 2001) [11] MATHUR R.M., VERMA R.K.: Thyristor-based FACTS controllers for electrical transmission systems (Wiley-IEEE Press, 2002) [12] ACHA E., AGELIDIS V.G., ANAYA-LARA O., MILLER T.J.E.: Power electronics control in electrical systems (Newnes Power Engineering Series, Oxford, Great Britain, 2002) [13] SOOD V.K.: HVDC and FACTS controllers: applications of static converters in power systems (Kluwer Academic Publishers, USA, 2004) [14] ACHA E., FUERTE-ESQUIVEL C.R., AMBRIZ-PE
REZ H., ANGELES-
CAMACHO C.: FACTS: modelling and simulation in power networks (John Wiley and Sons Ltd., England, 2004) [15] PADIYAR K.R.: FACTS controllers in power transmission and distribution (New Age International (P) Limited Publishers, India, 2007) [16] ARRILLAGA J., LIU Y.H., WATSON N.R.: Flexible power transmission the HVDC options (John Wiley and Sons Ltd., Great Britain, 2007) [17] AKAGI H., WATANABE E.H., AREDES M.: Instantaneous power theory and applications to power conditioning (IEEE Press, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., NJ, 2007) [18] BAKER R.: High voltage converter circuit. U.S. Patent 4 203 151, 13 May 1980 [19] WALKER L.H.: Capacitance control for a static VAR generator. U.S. Patent 4 602 206, 22 July 1986 [20] PAICE D.A.: Multi-pulse converter system. U.S. Patent 4 876 634, 24 October 1989 [21] STACEY E.J.: Simplied quasi-harmonic neutralized power inverters. U.S. Patent 4 870 557, 26 September 1989 [22] PAICE D.A., EDWARDS C.W.: High voltage modular inverter and control system thereof. U.S. Patent 4 674 024, 16 June 1987 [23] LIPMAN K.: Harmonic reduction for multi-bridge converters. U.S. Patent 4 975 822, 4 December 1990 [24] WALKER L.H.: Control system for a current source converter supplying an AC bus. U.S. Patent 5 041 959, 20 August 1991 [25] HIROSE S.: Reactive power controller without initial abrupt disturbance on power source. U.S. Patent 5 051 683, 24 September 1991 312 IET Power Electron., 2009, Vol. 2, Iss. 4, pp. 297324 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034 www.ietdl.org [26] PAICE D.A.: Optimized 18-pulse type AC/DC, or DC/AC, converter system. U.S. Patent 5 124 904, 23 June 1992 [27] AKAGI Y., ITO N., SHIMODAT.: Power conversion system with instantaneous real power feedback control. U.S. Patent 5 136 494, 4 August 1992 [28] GYUGYI L., STACEY E.J.: Phase displaced, multiple inverter bridge circuits with waveform notching for harmonic elimination. U.S. Patent 5 168 437, 1 December 1992 [29] JESSEE R.D.: Voltage and harmonic control of a multi- pole inverter. U.S. Patent 5 212 629, 18 May 1993 [30] LIPMAN K.: Method for dening pulse width modulation (PWM) waveform patterns to produce inverter outputs having a low harmonic content. U.S. Patent 5 224 028, June 1993 [31] SCHAUDER C.D.: Advanced static VAR compensator control system. U.S. Patent 5 329 221, 12 July 1994 [32] GYUGYI L., SCHAUDER C.D.: Generalized fast, power ow controller. U.S. Patent 5 343 139, 30 August 1994 [33] AKAGI Y., ITO N., SHIMODA T.: Power converter/inverter system with instantaneous real power feedback control. U.S. Patent 5 373 223, 13 December 1994 [34] PENG F.Z., LAI J.-S.: Multilevel cascade voltage source inverter with separate DC source. U.S. Patent 5 642 275, 24 June 1997 [35] SCHAUDER C.D.: Transmission line power controller with a continuously controllable voltage source responsive to a real power demand and a reactive power demand. U.S. Patent 5 734 257, 31 March 1998 [36] PAICE D.A.: Transformer for 12-pulse series connection of converters. U.S. Patent 5 781 428, 14 July 1998 [37] SCHAUDER C.D., WILLIAMS S.L.: Three phase DC-to-AC power inverter with three level poles. U.S. Patent 5 889 668, 30 March 1999 [38] PAICE D.A.: Transformers for multipulse AC/DC converters. U.S. Patent 6 101 113, 8 August 2000 [39] SCHAUDER C.D.: DC Power regulator incorporating high power AC to DC converter with controllable DC voltage and method of use. U.S. Patent 6 443 520, 13 August 2002 [40] PAICE D.A.: Simplied WYE connected 3-phase to 9-phase auto-transformer. U.S. Patent 6 525 951, 25 February 2003 [41] ALLEN R.H.: An investigation of the drive circuit requirements for the power insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), IEEE Trans. Power Electron., 1991, 6, (2), pp. 208219 [42] HINGORANI N.G.: High power electronics and exible AC transmission system, IEEE Power Eng. Rev., 1988, 8, (7), pp. 34 [43] EDRIS A., ADAPA R., BAKER M.H. ET AL.: Proposed terms and denitions for exible AC transmission system (FACTS), IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1997, 12, (4), pp. 18481853 [44] DRAOU A., BENGHANEM M., TAHRI A.: Performance analysis of advanced static VAR compensator using three- level IGBT inverter. IEEE Proc. Industrial Electronics Society, 25th Annual Conf., IECON, 1999, vol. 3, pp. 14401444 [45] STEIMER P.K., GRUNING H.E., WERNINGER J., CARROL E., KLAKA S., LINDER S.: IGCT a new engineering technology for high power low cost inverters, IEEE Ind. Appl. Mag., 1999, 5, pp. 1218 [46] LEE C.K., JOSEPH LEUNG S.K., RON HUI S.Y., CHUNG H.S.-H.: Circuit- level comparison of STATCOM technologies, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., 2003, 18, (4), pp. 208219 [47] AKAGI H.: Prospects of new technologies for power electronics in the 21st century. IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conf. Exhibition, Asia Pacic, Yokohama, Japan, 610 October 2002 [48] QINGGUANG Y., GANGUI Y., WENHUA L., YINGDUO H.: Three-level ACDCAC VSI with IGCTs used in P&F. IEEE Proc. 4th World Congress, Intelligent Control and Automation, 2002, vol. 3, pp. 25162519 [49] LIU Y.H., ARRILLAGA J., WATSON N.R.: Multi-level voltage reinjection a new concept in high voltage source conversion, IEEE Proc. Gener. Trans. Distrib., 2004, 151, (3), pp. 290298 [50] YE Y., KAZERANI M., QUINTANA V.H.: Current-source converter based STATCOM: modeling and control, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 2005, 20, (2, Pt 1), pp. 795800 [51] FUJII K., KUNOMURA K., YOSHIDA K. ET AL.: STATCOM applying at-packaged IGBTs connected in series, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., 2005, 20, (5), pp. 11251132 [52] DIVAN D., JOHAL H.: Distributed FACTS a new concept of realizing grid power ow control. IEEE Power Electronics Specialist Conf., PESC, 2005, pp. 814 [53] KARAMI A., RASHIDINEJAD M., GHARAVEISI A.A.: Optimal location of STATCOM for voltage security enhancement via articial intelligent. IEEE Int. Conf. Industrial Technology, ICIT, 2006, pp. 27042708 IET Power Electron., 2009, Vol. 2, Iss. 4, pp. 297324 313 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009 www.ietdl.org [54] HINGORANI N.G.: FACTS Technology state of the art, current challenges and the future prospects. IEEE PES GM, 2007, pp. 14 [55] EDWARDS C.W., NANNERY P.R., MATTERN K.E., GUBERNICK J.: Advanced static VAR generator employing GTO thyristors, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1988, 3, (4), pp. 16221627 [56] LARSEN E., MILLER N., NILSON S., LINDGREN S.: Benets of GTO- based compensation systems for electric utility applications, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1992, 7, (4), pp. 20562064 [57] GALANOS G.D., HATZIADONIU C.I., CHENG X.-J., MARATUKULAM D.: Advanced static compensator for exible AC transmission, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 1993, 8, (1), pp. 113121 [58] TRAINER D.R., TENNAKOON S.B., MORRISON R.E.: Analysis of GTO-based static VAR compensators, IEE Proc., Electr. Power Appl., 1994, 141, (6), pp. 293302 [59] LIU X., LIU W.-H., JIANG Q.-R., WANG Z.-H.: Development of a voltage source inverter based static VAR generator. IEEE Energy Conversion Engineering Conf., IECEC Proc., 1996, vol. 1, pp. 611616 [60] SEKI N., UCHINO H.: Converter congurations and switching frequency for a GTO reactive power compensator, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 1997, 33, (4), pp. 10111018 [61] HATZIADONIU C.J., CHALKIADAKIS F.E.: A 12-pulse static synchronous compensator for the distribution system employing the 3-level GTO-inverter, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1997, 12, (4), pp. 18301835 [62] KNIGHT R.C., YOUNG D.J., TRAINER D.R.: Relocatable GTO- based static VAR compensator for NGC substations, CIGRE, Paper 14-106, 1998 [63] GYUGYI L.: Converter-based FACTS controllers. Flexible AC Transmission Systems The FACTS, IEE Colloquium, 23 November 1998, p. 1/11/11 [64] TAN Y.L.: Analysis of line compensation by shunt- connected FACTS controllers: a comparison between SVC and STATCOM, IEEE Power Eng. Rev., 1999, 19, (8), pp. 5758 [65] FUJITA H., TOMINAGA S., AKAGI H.: A practical approach to switching loss reduction in a large capacity static VAR compensator based on voltage source inverters, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 2000, 36, (5), pp. 13961404 [66] LIU Y.H., ARRILLAGA J., WATSON N.R.: A new STATCOM conguration using multi-level DC voltage reinjection for high power application, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 2004, 19, (4), pp. 18281834 [67] EL-MOURSI M.S., SHARAF A.M.: Novel controllers for the 48- pulse VSC STATCOM and SSSC for voltage regulation and reactive power compensation, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2005, 1, (4), pp. 19851997 [68] HAN B.-M., BAEK S.-T., KO J.-S.: New conguration of 36- pulse voltage source converter for STATCOM application. 32nd IEEE Annual Conf. Industrial Electronics Society, IECON, 2005, p. 6 [69] LIU Y.H., ARRILLAGA J., WATSON N.R.: STATCOM performance of a multi-level voltage reinjection converter. IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conf. Exhibition, Asia and Pacic, 2005, pp. 16 [70] LIU Y.H., WATSON N.R., ARRILLAGA J., PERERA L.B.: Multi-level current reinjection CSC for STATCOM application. IEEE Int. Conf. Power System Technology, Powercon, 2006, pp. 15 [71] SINGH B., SAHA R.: Modeling of 18-pulse STATCOM for power system applications, J. Power Electron., 2006, 7, pp. 146158 [72] PAN W., ZHANG J., CHEN H., CHANG Y., WANG C.: Novel conguration of 60-pulse voltage source converter. IEEE PES GM, 2007, pp. 16 [73] MALESANI L., TOMASIN P.: PWM current control techniques of voltage source converters a survey. Int. Conf. Proc. Industrial Electronics, Control and Instrumentation, IECON93, 1519 November 1993, vol. 2, pp. 670675 [74] WUEST D.: An improved PWM optimization method for a static reactive power compensator with self-commutated inverter. PESC Power Electr. Specialists Conf., Cambridge, MA, 1991, pp. 521529 [75] KOJORI H.A., DEWAN S.B., LAVERS J.D.: A large-scale PWM solid state synchronous condenser, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 1992, 28, (1), pp. 4149 [76] YATIM A.H.B.M.: Simulation of a PWM reactive power compensator using PSPICE. IEEE TENCON, Beijing, 1993, pp. 314317 [77] ICHIKAWS F., SUZUKI K., NAKAJIMA T., IROKAWA S., KITAHARA T.: Development of self-commutated SVC for power system. IEEE Power Conversion Conf., Yokohama, 1921 April 1993, pp. 609614 [78] TANG Y., XU L.: A new converter topology for advanced static VAR compensation in high power applications. IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, Conf. Record, 28 October 1993, vol. 2, pp. 947953 [79] PASERBA J.J., LEONARD D.J., MILLER N.W., NAUMANN S.T., LAUBY M.G., SENER F.P.: Coordination of a distribution level continuously controlled compensation device with existing substation equipment for long term VAR 314 IET Power Electron., 2009, Vol. 2, Iss. 4, pp. 297324 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034 www.ietdl.org management, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1994, 9, (2), pp. 10341040 [80] JIANG Y., EKSTROM A.: Applying PWM to control overcurrents at unbalanced faults of forced-commutated VSCs used as static VAR compensators, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1997, 12, (1), pp. 273278 [81] MWINYIWIWA B., WOLANSKI Z., BOON-TECK O.: Current equalization in SPWM FACTS controllers at lowest switching rates. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conf., PESC97 Record, 28th Annual Meeting, vol. 1, pp. 325330 [82] LIANG Y., NWANKPA C.O.: A new type of STATCOM based on cascading voltage source inverters with phase-shifted unipolar SPWM. IEEE Industry Applications Conf., 33rd IAS Annual Meeting, 1998, vol. 2, pp. 14471453 [83] BAKHSHAI A.R., JOOS G., JAIN P.: A novel single pulse and PWM VAR compensator for high POWER application. IEEE Industry Applications Conf., 33rd IAS Annual Meeting, 1215 October 1998, vol. 2, pp. 13851392 [84] KAZMIERKOWSKI M.P., MALESANI L.: Current control technique for three phase voltage source PWM converters, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 1998, 45, (5), pp. 691703 [85] LIANG Y., NWANKPA C.O.: A new type of STATCOM based on cascading Voltage-source inverters with phase-shifted unipolar SPWM, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 1999, 35, (5), pp. 11181123 [86] COLLINS C.D., WOOD A.R., WATSON N.R.: Unbalanced STATCOM analysis in the harmonic domain. 11th Int. Conf. Harmonics and Quality of Power, 2004, pp. 232237 [87] SHARMEELA C., UMA G., MOHAN M.R.: Multi-level distribution STATCOM for voltage sag and swell reduction. IEEE PES GM, 2005, vol. 2, pp. 13031307 [88] BARRENA J.A., AURTENECHEA S., CANALES J.M., RODRIGUEZ M.A., MARROYO L.: Design, analysis and comparison of multilevel topologies for DSTATCOM applications. European Conf. Power Electronics and Applications, 2005, p. 10 [89] FILIZADEH S., GOLE A.M.: Harmonic performance analysis of an OPWM-controlled STATCOM in network applications, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 2005, 20, (2), pp. 10011008 [90] MASDI H., MARIUN N., BASHI S.M., MOHAMED A., YUSUF S.: Design of a prototype D-Statcom using DSP controller for voltage sag mitigation. IEEE Int. Conf. Power Electronics and Drives Systems, PEDS, 2006, vol. 1, pp. 569574 [91] AKAGI H., INOUE S., YOSHII T.: Control and performance of a transformerless cascade PWM STATCOM with Star conguration, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 2007, 43, (4), pp. 10411049 [92] WUEST D., STEMMLER H., SCHEUER G.: A comparison of different circuit congurations for an advanced static VAR compensator (ASVC). IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conf., 23rd Annual PESC92, 29 June3 July 1992, vol. 1, pp. 521529 [93] MENZIES R.W., YIPING Z.: Advanced static compensation using a multilevel GTO thyristor inverter, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1995, 10, (2), pp. 732738 [94] MWINYIWIWA B., WOLANSKI Z., YIQIANG C., BOON-TECK O.: Multimodular multilevel converters with input/output linearity. IEEE 31st IAS Annual Meeting, Conf. Record, 1996, vol. 2, pp. 988992 [95] LAI J.-S., PENG F.Z.: Multilevel converters a new breed of power converters, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 1996, 32, (3), pp. 509517 [96] LIANG X., LIU W.-H., JIANG Q.-R. ET AL.: Development of a voltage source inverter based static VAR generator. Energy Conservation Engineering Conf., IECEC 96 Proc. 31st Intersociety, 1116 August 1996, vol. 1, pp. 611616 [97] PENG F.Z., LAI J.-S., MCKEEVER J.W., CLOEVERING J.V.: A multilevel voltagesource inverter with separate DC source for static VAR generation, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 1996, 32, (5), pp. 11301138 [98] CHEN Y., OOI B.-T.: Advanced static VAR compensator using multi-modules of multilevel converters with equalization control of DC voltage levels. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conf., PESC96, 27th Annual IEEE, 2327 June 1996, vol. 1, pp. 747752 [99] TOMINAGA S., FUJITA H., AKAGI H.: Application of zero- voltage-switching to a DC voltage controlled static VAR compensator using quad-series voltage source inverters. 27th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conf., PESC96, vol. 1, 2327 June 1996, pp. 482488 [100] EKANAYAKE J.B., JENKINS N.: A three-level advanced static VAR compensator, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1996, 10, (2), pp. 655661 [101] HILLS J.E., NORRIS W.T.: Exact analysis of a multipulse shunt converter compensator or STATCOM. Part I: Performance, IEE Proc., Gener. Transm. Distrib., 1997, 144, (2), pp. 219224 [102] HILLS J.E., NORRIS W.T.: Exact analysis of a multipulse shunt converter compensator or STATCOM. II: Analysis, IEE Proc. Gener. Transm. Distrib., 1997, 144, (2), pp. 219224 [103] EKANAYAKE J.B., JENKINS N.: Mathematical models of a three-level advanced static VAR compensator, IEE Proc., Gener. Transm. Distrib., 1997, 144, (2), pp. 201206 IET Power Electron., 2009, Vol. 2, Iss. 4, pp. 297324 315 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009 www.ietdl.org [104] TENNAKOON S.B., SCHEIDECKER D.: Multi-level converters for static VAR compensation. Update on New Power Electronic Techniques (Digest No. 1997/091), IEE Colloquium, 23 May 1997, p. 4/14/6 [105] PENG F.Z., LAI J.-S.: Dynamic performance and control of a static VAR generator using cascade multilevel inverters, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 1997, 33, (3), pp. 748755 [106] MWINYIWIWA B., WOLANSKI Z., BOON-TECK O.: Multilevel STATCOM with third harmonic elimination on the DC link capacitor voltages. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conf., PESC97 Record, 28th Annual Meeting, 1997, vol. 1, pp. 317322 [107] CHEN Y., MWINYIWIWA B., WOLANSKI Z., BOON-TECK O.: Regulating and equalizing DC capacitance voltages in multilevel STATCOM, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1997, 12, (2), pp. 901907 [108] HOCHGRAF C., LASSETER R.H.: A transformer-less static synchronous compensator employing a multi-level inverter, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1997, 12, (2), pp. 881887 [109] CHATTERJEE K., FERNANDES B.G., DUBEY G.K.: A novel high power self-commutated static VAR compensator for load compensation. IEEE Proc. Power Electronics and Drive Systems, Int. Conf., 2629 May 1997, pp. 750756 [110] MWINYIWIWA B., WOLANSKI Z., BOON-TECK O., CHEN Y.: Multilevel converters as series VAR compensators. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conf., PESC97, 2227 June 1997, vol. 1, pp. 338343 [111] SEN K.K., STACEY E.J.: UPFC-unied power ow controller: theory, modeling, and applications, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1998, 13, (4), pp. 14531460 [112] DAS B., GHOSH A., SACHCHIDANAND: Comparison of performance of two congurations of ASVC for power transfer enhancement. TENCON 98, IEEE Region 10 Int. Conf. Global Connectivity in Energy, Computer, Communication and Control, 1998, vol. 2, pp. 466469 [113] AINSWORTH J.D., DAVIES M., FITZ P.J., OWEN K.E., TRAINER D.R.: Static VAR compensator (STATCOM) based on single- phase chain circuit converters, IEE Proc. Gener. Transm. Distrib., 1998, 145, (4), pp. 381386 [114] AN T., POWELL M.T., THANAWALA H.L., JENKINS N.: Assessment of twodifferent STATCOMcongurations for FACTS applicationin power systems. Proc. Power System Technology, POWERCON98 Int. Conf., 1998, vol. 1, pp. 307312 [115] CHEN Y., OOI B.-T.: STATCOM based on multimodules of multilevel converters under multiple regulation feedback control, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., 1999, 14, (5), pp. 959965 [116] OOI B.-T., JOOS G., HUANG X.: Operating principles of shunt STATCOM based on 3-level diode-clamped converters, IEEE Power Deliv., 1999, 14, (4), pp. 15041510 [117] PATIL K.V., MATHUR R.M., JIANG J., HOSSEINI S.H.: Distribution system compensation using a new binary multilevel voltage source inverter, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1999, 14, (2), pp. 459464 [118] DAS B., GHOSH A., SACHCHIDANAND : Suitable conguration of ASVC for power transmission application, Electr. Power Syst. Res., 1999, 49, (2), pp. 107122 [119] STEIMER P.K., MANJREKAR M.D.: Practical medium voltage converter topologies for high power applications. IEEE SM/WM, 2001, pp. 17231730 [120] MORI H., MATSUI K., KONDO K., YAMAMOTO I., HASEGAWA M.: Parallel-connected ve-level PWM inverter, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., 2003, 18, (1), pp. 173179 [121] HANSON D.J., WOODHOUSE M.L., HORWILL C., MONKHOUSE D.R., OSBORNE M.M.: STATCOM: a new era of reactive compensation, Power Eng. J., 2002, 16, (3), pp. 151160 [122] KINCIC S., CHANDRA A., BABIC S.: Five level diode clamped voltage source inverter and its application in reactive power compensation. IEEE Large Engineering Systems Conf. Power Engineering, LESCOPE, 2002, pp. 8692 [123] SOTO D., GREEN T.C.: A comparison of high power converter topologies for the implementation of FACTS controllers, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2002, 49, (5), pp. 10721080 [124] PENG F.Z., WANG J.: A universal STATCOM with delta- connected cascade multilevel inverter. IEEE 35th Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conf., PESC, 2004, vol. 5, pp. 5293533 [125] QINGRU Q., CHANG Y., WAI C.K., YIXIN N.: Modeling and simulation of a STATCOM system based on 3-level NPC inverter using dynamic phasors. IEEE PES GM, 2004, vol. 2, pp. 15591564 [126] DESHPANDE N.R., SASI N., SAWANT R.R.: Modeling of multilevel voltage source converter, 1st Int. Conf. Proc. Power Electronics Systems and Applications, 2004, pp. 2429 [127] YUAN Z., SONG Q., LIU W., CHEN Y., TENG L.: Development of a scaled STATCOM prototype based on 21-level cascade H-bridge inverter. 32nd IEEE Annual Conf. Industrial Electronics Society, IECON, 2005, p. 6 [128] COLLINS C.D., BATHURST G.N., WATSON N.R., WOOD A.R.: Harmonic domain approach to STATCOM modeling, IEE Proc. Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2005, 152, (2), pp. 194200 316 IET Power Electron., 2009, Vol. 2, Iss. 4, pp. 297324 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034 www.ietdl.org [129] SAEEDIFARD M., NIKKHAJOEI H., IRAVANI R.: A space vector modulated STATCOM based on a three-level neutral point clamped converter, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 2007, 22, (2), pp. 10291039 [130] WEN X., YIN X., HANXIANG C.: The general mathematical model and performance analysis of multi-pulse three- level STATCOM. IEEE Int. Conf. Electric Machines & Drives, IEMDC, 2007, vol. 1, pp. 760765 [131] CHONG H., ZHANONING Y., BIN C., HUANG A.Q., BIN Z., INGRAM M.R., EDRIS A.: Evaluation of cascade-multilevel-converter- based STATCOM for arc furnace icker mitigation, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 2007, 43, (2), pp. 378385 [132] LAUTTAMUS P., TUUSA H.: Comparison of ve-level voltage-source inverter based STATCOMs. Power Conversion Conf. Nagoya, PCC, 2007, pp. 659666 [133] AKAGI H., KANAZAWA Y., NABAE A.: Instantaneous reactive power compensators comprising switching devices without energy storage components, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 1984, 20, (3), pp. 625630 [134] MORAN L.T., ZIOGAS P.D., JOOS G.: Analysis and design of a three-phase synchronous solid-state VAR compensator, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 1984, 25, (4), pp. 598608 [135] MORAN L.T., ZIOGAS P.D., JOOS G.: Analysis and design of a novel 3-w solid-state power factor compensator and harmonic suppressor system, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 1984, 25, (4), pp. 609619 [136] CHU G.C., CHOI N.S., RIM C.T., CHO G.H.: Modeling, analysis and control of static VAR compensator using three-level inverter. IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, Conf. Record, 49 October 1992, pp. 837843 [137] SCHAUDER C., MEHTA H.: Vector analysis and control of advanced static VAR compensators, IEE Proc. Gener. Transm. Distrib., 1993, 140, (4), pp. 299306 [138] WUEST D., JENNI F.: Space vector based current control schemes for voltage source inverters. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conf., PESC93, 2024 June 1993, pp. 986992 [139] BIAJAZCZAK G.: Space vector control of a unied compensator for nonactive power, IEE Proc. Power Appl., 1994, 141, (4), pp. 207211 [140] CHO G.C., JUNG G.H., CHOI N.S., CHO G.H.: Control of static VAR compensator (SVC) with DC voltage regulation and fast dynamics by feedforward and feedback loop. 26th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialist Conf., PESC95, 1822 June 1995, pp. 367374 [141] CHO G.C., JUNG G.H., CHOI N.S., CHO G.H.: Analysis and controller design of static VAR compensator using three- level GTO inverter, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., 1996, 11, (1), pp. 5765 [142] FUJITA H., TOMINAGA S., AKAGI H.: Analysis and design of a DC voltage-controlled static VAR compensator using quad- series voltage-source inverters, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 1996, 32, (4), pp. 970978 [143] PETITCLAIR P., BACHA S., ROGNON J.P.: Averaged modeling and nonlinear control of an ASVC (advanced static VAR compensator). IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conf., PESC 96 Record, 27th Annual Meeting, vol. 1, 1996, pp. 753758 [144] PADIYAR K.R., KULKARNI A.M.: Analysis and design of voltage control of static condenser. Proc. Int. Conf. Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems for Industrial Growth, vol. 1, 1996, pp. 393398 [145] KOSTEREV D.N.: Modelling synchronous voltage source converters in transmission planning studies, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1997, 12, (2), pp. 947952 [146] ZHANG B.M., DING Q.F.: The development of FACTS and its control. Fourth Int. Conf. Advances in Power System Control, Operation and Management, APSCOM-97 (Conf. Publ. No. 450), 1997, vol. 1, pp. 4853 [147] BAKER M.H., TROW R.J.: New FACTS controllers and how to assess them. Fourth Int. Conf. Advances in Power System Control, Operation and Management, APSCOM-97 (Conf. Publ. No. 450), 1997, vol. 1, pp. 4247 [148] PETITCLAIR P., BESANGER Y., BACHA S., HADJSAID N.: FACTS modeling and control: applications to the insertion of a STATCOM on power system. IEEE IAS 97 Conf., 32nd Annual Meeting Record, 1997, vol. 3, pp. 22132217 [149] PETITCLAIR P., BACHA S., FERRIEUX J.P.: Optimized linearization via feedback control law for a STATCOM. IEEE IAS 97, 32nd IAS Annual Meeting 1997, Conf. Record, vol. 2, pp. 880885 [150] QIRONG J., DONG S., YINGDUO H., ZHONGHONG W.: Operation and control of ASVG under asymmetric conditions. IEEE Proc. Int. Conf. Power Electronics and Drive Systems, 2629 May 1997, vol. 1, pp. 408412 [151] GUN-WOO M., SUK-HO Y.: Predictive current control of distribution static condenser (D-STATCON) for reactive power compensation in exible AC transmission system (FACTS). IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conf., PESC98 Record, 29th Annual Meeting, 1998, vol. 1, pp. 816822 [152] LEHN P.W., IRAVANI M.R.: Experimental evaluation of STATCOM closed loop dynamics, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1998, 13, (4), pp. 13781384 IET Power Electron., 2009, Vol. 2, Iss. 4, pp. 297324 317 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009 www.ietdl.org [153] MAHAPATRA K.K., GHOSH A., DORADLA S.R.: Simplied model for control design of STATCOM using three-level inverter. IEEE TENCON 98, Region 10 Int. Conf. Global Connectivity in Energy, Computer, Communication and Control, 1998, vol. 2, pp. 536539 [154] LI C., JIANG Q., XIE X., WANG Z.: Rule-based control for STATCOM to increase power system stability. Proc. Int. Conf. Power System Technology, POWERCON, 1998, vol. 1, pp. 372376 [155] PASSELERGUE J.C., HADJSAID N., GEORGES D., FEUILLET R., HANNETON V., VITET S.: An efcient index to deal with interaction phenomena of FACTS devices in power systems. Proc. Power System Technology, POWERCON98 Int. Conf., vol. 1, pp. 401405 [156] LI C., JIANG Q., WANG Z., RETZMANN D.: Design of a rule- based controller for STATCOM. Proc. Industrial Electronics Society, IECON 98. 24th Annual Conf., 1998, vol. 1, pp. 467472 [157] YAO Z., KESIMPAR P., DONESCU V., UCHEVIN N., RAJAGOPALAN V.: Nonlinear control for STATCOM based on differential algebra. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conf., PESC98, Record, 29th Annual Meeting, 1998, vol. 1, pp. 329334 [158] SINGH B., AL-HADDAD K., CHANDRA A.: A new control approach to three-phase active lter for harmonics and reactive power compensation, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 1998, 147, (2), pp. 133138 [159] HOCHGRAF C., LASSETER R.H.: Statcom controls for operation with unbalanced voltages, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1998, 13, (2), pp. 538544 [160] TAHRI A., DRAOU A., BENGHANEM M.: A fast current control strategy of a PWM inverter used for static VAR compensation. Proc. IEEE 24th Annual Conf. Industrial Electronics Society, IECON98, 31 August 4 September 1998, vol. 1, pp. 450455 [161] CHEN W., LIU Y., CHEN J., WU J.: Control of advanced static VAR generator by using recurrent neutral networks. Proc. Power System Technology, Int. Conf., POWERCON98, 1821 August 1998, vol. 2, pp. 839842 [162] MAK L.O., YIXIN N.: Design of fuzzy logic supplementary controller for STATCOM using polar coordinate variables. Proceedings of the IEEE Region 10 Conf. TENCON 98, 1999, vol. 2, pp. 891894 [163] QIANG W., QI-RONG J., YING-DUO H., JIAN-XIN X., XIAO-FENG B.: Advanced modeling and control package for power system problems. Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Power Electronics and Drive Systems, PEDS 99, vol. 2, pp. 696701 [164] MIN W., MIN J., CHOI J.: Control of STATCOM using cascade multilevel inverter for high power application. IEEE Proc. Int. Conf. Power Electronics Drive Systems, PEDS, 1999, vol. 2, pp. 871876 [165] AMIN A.M.A.: A multilevel advanced static VAR compensator with current hysteresis control. IEEE Proc. Int. Symp. Industrial Electronics, ISIE 1999, vol. 2, pp. 837842 [166] MOHADDES A.M., GOLE A.M., MCLAREN P.G.: A neural network controlled optimal pulse-width modulated STATCOM, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1999, 14, (2), pp. 481488 [167] SEN K.K.: Statcom static synchronous compensator: theory, modeling, and applications. IEEE Power Engineering Society WM, 1999, vol. 2, pp. 11771183 [168] WANG H.F.: PhillipsHeffron model of power systems installed with STATCOM and applications, IEE Proc. Gener. Transm. Distrib., 1999, 146, (5), pp. 521527 [169] MOON G.W.: Predictive current control of distribution static compensator for reactive power compensation, IEE Proc. Gener. Transm. Distrib., 1999, 146, (5), pp. 515520 [170] EKANAYAKEJ.B., JENKINSN.: Selectionof passive elements for a three-level inverter based static synchronous compensator, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1999, 14, (2), pp. 655661 [171] GARCIA GONZALEG P., GARCIA CORRADA A.: Control system for a PWM-based STATCOM, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 2000, 15, (4), pp. 12521257 [172] WANG H.F., LI F.: Design of STATCOM multivariable sampled regulator. Proc. Int. Conf. Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies, DRPT, 2000, pp. 16 [173] MISHRAL M.K., GHOSH A., JOSHI A.: A new STATCOM topology to compensate loads containing AC and DC components. IEEE Power Engineering Society WM, 2000, vol. 4, pp. 26362641 [174] SHEN D., LIU W., WANG Z.: Study on the operation performance of STATCOM under unbalanced and distorted system voltage. IEEE Power Engineering Society WM 2000, vol. 4, pp. 26302635 [175] CHEN H., ZHOU R., WANG Y.: Analysis of voltage stability enhancement by robust nonlinear STATCOM control. IEEE PES SM 2000, vol. 3, pp. 19241929 [176] SHEN D., LIANG X., HAN Y.: A modied per-unit STATCOM model and analysis of open loop response time. IEEE Power Engineering Society WM 2000, vol. 4, pp. 26242629 318 IET Power Electron., 2009, Vol. 2, Iss. 4, pp. 297324 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034 www.ietdl.org [177] LARSSON T., GRUNBAUM R., RATERING SCHNITZLER B.: SVC light: a utilitys aid to restructuring its grid. IEEE Power Engineering Society WM, 2000, vol. 4, pp. 25772581 [178] WANG H.F., LI F.: Multivariable sampled regulators for the co-ordinated control of STATCOM AC and DC voltage, Proc. IEE Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2000, 147, (2), pp. 9398 [179] CHANDRA A., SINGH B., SINGH B.N., AL-HADDAD K.: An improved control algorithm of shunt active lter for voltage regulation, harmonic elimination, power-factor correction, and balancing of nonlinear loads, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., 2000, 15, (3), pp. 495507 [180] SINGH B.N., CHANDRA A., AL-HADDAD K.: DSP-based indirect- current-controlled. I STATCOM: Evaluation of current control techniques, IEE Proc. Electr. Power Appl., 2000, 147, (2), pp. 107112 [181] SINGH B.N., CHANDRA A., AL-HADDAD K.: DSP-based indirect- current-controlled II STATCOM: multifunctional capabilities, Proc. IEE Electr. Power Appl., 2000, 147, (2), pp. 113118 [182] SINGH B.N., SINGH B., CHANDRA A., AL-HADDAD K.: Digital implementation of an advanced static compensator for voltage prole improvement, power-factor correction and balancing of unbalanced reactive loads, Electr. Power Syst. Res., 2000, 54, (2), pp. 101111 [183] MAK L.O., NI Y.X., SHEN C.M.: STATCOM with fuzzy controllers for interconnected power systems, Electr. Power Syst. Res., 2000, 55, (2), pp. 8795 [184] ESCOBAR G., STANKOVIC A.M., MATTAVELLI P.: Reactive power and unbalance compensation using STATCOM with dissipativity-based control. IEEE Industry Applications Conf., October 2000, vol. 4, pp. 20582065 [185] DRAOU A., BENGHANEM M., TAHRI A.: Control and dynamic analysis of a static VAR compensator using a three level inverter topology. IEEE Proc. 12th Int. Conf. Microelectronics, ICM, 2000, pp. 353356 [186] DRAOU A., BENGHANEM M., TAHRI A.: Modelling and control of a static VAR compensator using an NPC inverter topology. 26th Annual Conf. IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, IECON, 2000, vol. 2, pp. 13531357 [187] PAPI I.: Mathematical analysis of FACTS devices based on a voltage source converter. Part 1: Mathematical models, Electr. Power Syst. Res., 2000, 56, (2), pp. 139148 [188] PAPI I.: Mathematical analysis of FACTS devices based on a voltage source converter. Part II: Steady state operational characteristics, Electr. Power Syst. Res., 2000, 56, (2), pp. 149157 [189] AMMARI S., BESANGER Y., HADJSAID N., GEORGES D.: Robust solutions for the interaction phenomena between dynamic loads and facts controllers. IEEE PES SM, 2000, vol. 1, pp. 401406 [190] QINGGUANG Y., RENJIE D., YINGDUO H., ZHONGHONG W.: The asymmetric control strategy of ASVG. Proc. 3rd World Congress 2000, Intelligent Control and Automation, vol. 1, pp. 432434 [191] RAHIM A.H.M.A., AL-BAIYAT S.A., KANDLAWALA F.M.: A robust STATCOM controller for power system dynamic performance enhancement. IEEE PES, Vancouver, SM 2001, 1519 July 2001, vol. 2, pp. 887892 [192] DRAOU A., BENGHANEM M.P., TAHRI A., KOTNI L.: A model of solid state static VAR compensator. IEEE PES SM 2001, 1519 July 2001, vol. 1, pp. 650655 [193] XU L., AGELIDIS V.G., ACHA E.: Development considerations of DSP-controlled PWM VSC-based STATCOM, IEE Proc. Electr. Power Appl., 2001, 148, (5), pp. 449455 [194] MISHRA M.K., GHOSH A., JOSHI A.: Control strategies for capacitor voltage equalization in neutral clamped shunt compensator. IEEE PES WM, 2001 [195] SHEN D., LEHN P.W.: Modeling, analysis control of a current source inverter based STATCOM, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 2002, 17, (1), pp. 248253 [196] LEDWICH G., GHOSH A.: A exible DSTATCOM operating in voltage or current control mode, IEE Proc. Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2002, 149, (2), pp. 215224 [197] CROW M.L., CHENG Y.: Control scheme for the STATCOM/ BESS using diode-clamped multilevel inverter. Proc. 34th North American Power Symp., 1315 October 2002, pp. 572576 [198] ARMANSYAH F., YORINO N., SASAKI H.: Robust synchronous voltage sources designed controller for power system oscillation damping, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., 2002, 24, (1), pp. 4149 [199] SAHOO N.C., PANIGRAHI B.K., DASH P.K., PANDA G.: Application of a multivariable feedback linearization scheme for STATCOM control, Electr. Power Syst. Res., 2002, 62, (2), pp. 8191 [200] LEE Y.-S., SUN S.-Y.: STATCOM controller design for power system stabilization with sub-optimal control and strip pole assignment, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., 2002, 24, (9), pp. 771779 [201] MORRIS S., DASH P.K., BASU K.P.: A fuzzy variable structure controller for STATCOM, Electr. Power Syst. Res., in press IET Power Electron., 2009, Vol. 2, Iss. 4, pp. 297324 319 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009 www.ietdl.org [202] PADIYAR K.R., SWAYAM PRAKASH V.: Tuning and performance evaluation of damping controller for a STATCOM, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., 2003, 25, (2), pp. 155166 [203] WANG H.F.: Modelling multiple FACTS devices into multi-machine power systems and applications, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., 2003, 25, (3), pp. 227237 [204] WANG H.F.: Interactions and multivariable design of STATCOM AC and DC voltage control, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., 2003, 25, (5), pp. 387394 [205] LIU F., MEI S., LU Q., NI Y., WU F.F., YOKOYAMA A.: The nonlinear internal control of STATCOM: theory and application, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., 2003, 25, (6), pp. 421430 [206] CAN
IZARES C.A., POZZI M., CORSI S., UZUNOVIC E.:
STATCOM modeling for voltage and angle stability studies, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., 2003, 25, (6), pp. 431441 [207] KESHAVAN B.K., PRABHU N.: Damping of subsynchronous oscillations using STATCOM a FACTS controller. Int. Conf. Power System Technology, PowerCon, 2004, vol. 1, pp. 1216 [208] SOTO D., PENA R.: Nonlinear control strategies for cascaded multilevel STATCOMs, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 2004, 19, (4), pp. 19191927 [209] JOSH K., BEHALF A., JAIN A.K., MOHAN N.: A comparative study of control strategies for fast voltage regulation with STATCOMs. 30th IEEE Annual Conf. Industrial Electronics Society, IECON, 2004, vol. 1, pp. 187192 [210] PONNALURI S., STEINKE J.K., STEIMER P., REICHERT S., BUCHMANN B.: Design comparison and control of medium voltage STATCOM with novel twin converter topology. 35th IEEE Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conf., PESC, vol. 4, 2004, pp. 25462552 [211] VORAPHONPIPUT N., CHATRATANA S.: STATCOM analysis and controller design for power system voltage regulation. IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conf. Exhibition: Asia and Pacic, 2005, pp. 16 [212] NOROUZI A.H., SHARAF A.M.: Two control schemes to enhance the dynamic performance of the STATCOM and SSSC, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 2005, 20, (1), pp. 435442 [213] TAVAKOLI BINA M., HAMILL D.C.: Average circuit model for angle-controlled STATCOM, IEE Proc. Electric Power Appl., 2005, 152, (3), pp. 653659 [214] YONG-GAO Z., YONG K., XIAO-YUAN L., LI-MING L., PENG-CHENG Z.: A novel double loop control design and analysis of STATCOM. 32nd IEEE Annual Conf. Industrial Electronics Society, IECON, 2005, p. 6 [215] KIM W.G., LEE K.Y.: Coordination control of ULTC transformer and STATCOM based on an articial neural network, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2005, 20, (2), pp. 580586 [216] FARSANGI M.M., SONG Y.H., LEE K.Y.: On selection of supplementary input signals for STATCOM to damp inter- area oscillations in power systems. IEEE PES GM, 2005, vol. 3, pp. 30683073 [217] MUYEEN S.M., MANNAN M.A., HASAN ALI M., TAKAHASHI R., MURATA T., TAMURA J.: Stabilization of grid connected wind generator by STATCOM. IEEE Int. Conf. Power Electronics and Drives Systems, PEDS, 2005, vol. 2, pp. 15841589 [218] PADIYARK.R., PRABHUN.: Designandperformance evaluation of subsynchronous damping controller with STATCOM, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 2006, 21, (3), pp. 13981405 [219] ABIDOM.A.: Design of PSS and STATCOM-based damping stabilizers using genetic algorithms. IEEE PES GM, 2006, p. 8 [220] JAIN A., JOSHI K., BEHAL A., MOHAN N.: Voltage regulation with STATCOMs: modeling, control and results, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 2006, 21, (2), pp. 726735 [221] PADIYAR K.R., SAIKUMAR H.V.: Investigations on strong resonance in multimachine power systems with STATCOM supplementary modulation controller, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2006, 21, (2), pp. 754762 [222] MOHAGHEGHI S., VENAYAGAMOORTHY G.K., HARLEY R.G.: Optimal neuro-fuzzy external controller for a STATCOM in the 12-bus benchmark power system, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 2007, 22, (4), pp. 25482558 [223] KUANG L., JINJUN L., ZHAOAN W., BIAO W.: Strategies and operating point optimization of STATCOM control for voltage unbalance mitigation in three-phase three- wire systems, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 2007, 22, (1), pp. 413422 [224] MAHDAD B., BOUKTIR T., SRAIRI K.: Flexible methodology based in fuzzy logic rules for reactive power planning of multiple shunt FACTS devices to enhance system loadability. IEEE PES GM, 2007, pp. 16 [225] SONG Q., LIU W., YUAN Z.: Multilevel optimal modulation and dynamic control strategies for STATCOMs using cascaded multilevel inverters, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 2007, 22, (3), pp. 19371946 [226] LU B., OOI B.T.: Nonlinear control of voltage source converter systems, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., 2007, 22, (4), pp. 11861195 320 IET Power Electron., 2009, Vol. 2, Iss. 4, pp. 297324 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034 www.ietdl.org [227] CHEN B.S., HSU Y.-Y.: An analytical approach to harmonic analysis and controller design of a STATCOM, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 2007, 22, (1), pp. 423432 [228] MORI S., MATSUNO K., HASEGAWA T. ET AL.: Development of a large static VAR generator using self-commutated inverters for improving power system stability, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 1993, 8, (1), pp. 371377 [229] EKSTROM A., LAMELL P., JIANG Y., DE OLIVEIRA M., LONG W.: Studies of the performance of an advanced static VAR Compensator, STATCON, as compared with a conventional SVC. EPRI Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS 3) Conf, Baltimore, MD, 57 October 1994 [230] FARDANESH B., HENDERSON M.I., ADAPA R., KOESSLER R.J.: Feasibility studies for STATCON application in New York state. EPRI Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS 3) Conf, Baltimore, MD, 57 October 1994 [231] SCHAUDER C., GERNHARDT M., STACEY E. ET AL.: +100 MVAR static condenser installation for TVA Sullivan substation. EPRI Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS 3) Conf., Baltimore, MD, 57 October 1994 [232] MOHAN N., KAMATH G.R.: A novel, high-frequency, per- phase static VAR compensator. IEEE IAS 95 Industry Applications Conf. Record, 30th Annual Meeting, 1995, vol. 3, pp. 25812586 [233] ZHUANG Y., MENZIES R.W.: Effect of DC capacitance of a STATCON on the dynamic performance at a weak HVDC terminal. IEEE Proc. WESCANEX95 Communications, Power and Computing Conf., 1995, vol. 2, pp. 289293 [234] EKANAYAKE J.B., JENKINS N., COOPER C.B.: Experimental investigation of an advanced static VAR Compensator, IEE Proc., Gener. Transm. Distrib., 1995, 142, (2), pp. 202210 [235] SCHAUDER C., GERNHARDT M., STACEY E. ET AL.: Development of a +100 MVAR static condenser for voltage control of transmission systems, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1995, 10, (3), pp. 14861496 [236] HAMMAD A.E.: Comparing the voltage control capabilities of present and future VAR compensating techniques in transmission systems, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1996, 11, (1), pp. 475484 [237] PASTOSD.A., GIANNAKOPOULOSG.B., VOVOSN.A.: Inuence of the real power modulation provided by a shunt compensator on damping power swings. IEEE Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Electronics, Circuits and Systems, ICECS96, vol. 2, pp. 884887 [238] ZHUANG Y., MENZIES R.W., NAYAK O.B., TURANLI H.M.: Dynamic performance of a STATCON at an HVDC inverter feeding a very weak AC system, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1996, 11, (2), pp. 958964 [239] SCHAUDER C., GERNHARDT M., STACEY E. ET AL.: TVA STATCON project: design, installation and commissioning. CIGRE 1996, Paper 14106 [240] SCHAUDER C., GERNHARDT M., STACEY E. ET AL.: Operation of +100 MVAR TVA STATCON, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1997, 12, (4), pp. 18051811 [241] OOI B.T., KAZERANI M., MARCEAU R. ET AL.: Mid-point sitting of FACTS devices in transmission lines, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1997, 12, (4), pp. 17171722 [242] NI Y., SNIDER L.: STATCOM power frequency model with VSC charging dynamics and its application in the power system stability analysis. 4th Int. Conf. Advances in Power System Control, Operation and Management, APSCOM-97 (Conf. Publ. No. 450), 1997, vol. 1, pp. 119124 [243] HILL J.E.: A practical example of the use of distribution static compensator (D-STATCOM) to reduce voltage uctuations. IEE Colloq. Power Electronics for Renewable Energy (Digest No. 1997/170), 1997, p. 7/17/5 [244] SINGH B., SHILPAKAR L.B.: Analysis of a novel solid state voltage regulator for a self-excited induction generator, IEE Proc. Gener. Transm. Distrib., 1998, 145, (6), pp. 647655 [245] HANSON D.J.: A transmission SVC for national grid company PLC incorporating a +75 MVAR STATCOM. IEE Colloquium Flexible AC Transmission Systems The FACTS (Ref. No. 1998/500), p. 5/15/8 [246] XIAORONG X., WENHUA L., QIANJING L., YINGDUO H.: The operation monitoring and fault diagnosis system for a +20 MVAR STATCOM installation. Proc. Int. Conf. Power System Technology, POWERCON98, 1998, vol. 1, pp. 8690 [247] SOBTINK K.H., RENZ K.W., TYLL H.: Operational experience and eld tests of the SVG at Rejsby Hede. Proc. Power System Technology, POWERCON98, Int. Conf., vol. 1, pp. 318322 [248] SAAD SAOUD Z., LISBOA M.L., EKANAYAKE J.B., JENKINS N., STRBAC G.: Application of STATCOMs to wind farms, IEE Proc. Gener. Transm. Distrib., 1998, 145, (5), pp. 511516 [249] NI Y., JIAO L., CHEN S., ZHANG B.: Application of a nonlinear PID controller on STATCOM with a differential tracker. Proc. Int. Conf. Energy Management Power Delivery, EMPD 98, 1998, vol. 1, pp. 2934 [250] PATIL K.V., SENTHIL J., JIANG J., MATHUR R.M.: Application of STATCOM for damping torsional oscillations in series compensated AC systems, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., 1998, 13, (3), pp. 237243 IET Power Electron., 2009, Vol. 2, Iss. 4, pp. 297324 321 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009 www.ietdl.org [251] WANG P., JENKINS N., BOLLEN M.H.J.: Experimental investigation of voltage sag mitigation by an advanced static VAR compensator, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1998, 13, (4), pp. 14611467 [252] SCHAUDER C., GYUGYI L., STACEY E. ET AL.: AEP UPFC project: installation, commissioning and operation of the +160 MVA STATCOM (phase I), IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1998, 13, (4), pp. 15301535 [253] MARRA E.G., POMILIO J.A.: Self-excited induction generator controlled by a VS-PWM bi-directional converter for rural applications. Applied Power Electronics Conf. Exposition Proc., 13th Annual APEC98, 1519 February 1998, vol. 1, pp. 116122 [254] CHEM H., NAYAR V., ISLAM S.: Steady-state performance of a grid interactive voltage source inverter. Power Quality98, pp. 173175 [255] WANG L., TSAI Z.-Y.: Dynamic stability enhancement of nuclear power plants of Taiwan power system using STATCON. IEEE Power Engineering Society WM 1999, vol. 1, pp. 604609 [256] SCHAUDER C.: STATCOM for compensation of large electric arc furnace installations. IEEE Power Engineering Society SM, 1999, vol. 2, pp. 11091112 [257] LARSSON T., POUMARADE C.: STATCOM: an efcient means for icker mitigation. IEEE Power Engineering Society WM, 1999, vol. 2, pp. 12081213 [258] LI C., WANG Z., MA X., XIU L.: Physical experiments on a +10 KVAR STATCOM model. IEEE Power Engineering Society WM, 1999, vol. 2, pp. 11841189 [259] WANG L., TSAI Z.-Y.: Stabilization of generator oscillations using PID STATCON damping controllers and PID power system stabilizers. IEEE Power Engineering Society 1999 WM, 1999, vol. 1, pp. 616621 [260] REED G.F., TAKEDA M., IYODA I.: Improved power quality solutions using advanced solid-state switching and static compensation technologies. IEEE Power Engineering Society WM, 1999, vol. 2, pp. 11321137 [261] BENGHANEM M., TAHRI A., DRAOU A.: Performance analysis of advanced static VAR compensator using three-level inverter. IEEE Proc. 11th Int. Conf. Microelectronics, ICM 1999, pp. 295298 [262] WANG H.F.: Applications of damping torque analysis to STATCOM control. Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., 2000, 22, (3), pp. 197204 [263] SENSARMA P.S., PADIYAR K.R., RAMANARAYANAN V.: A STATCOM for composite power line conditioning. IEEE Proc. Int. Conf. Industrial Technology, 2000, vol. 1, pp. 542547 [264] YONEZAWA H., TSUKADA M., PASERBA J.J.: Study of a STATCOM application for voltage stability evaluated by dynamic PV curves and time simulations. IEEE PES WM 2000, vol. 2, pp. 14711476 [265] WENHUA L., XU L., FENG L., CHENGLIAN L., HANG G.: Development of 20MVA static synchronous compensator. IEEE Power Engineering Society WM 2000, vol. 4, pp. 26482653 [266] WANG F.H.: Applications of damping torque analysis to STATCOM control, Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., 2000, 22, (3), pp. 197204 [267] XIE X., LIU W., QIAN H., HAN Y.: Real-time supervision for STATCOM installations, IEEE Comput. Appl. Power, 2000, 13, (2), pp. 4347 [268] REED G.F., TAKEDA M., OJIMA F., SIDELL A.P., CHERVUS R.E., NEBECKER C.K.: Application of a 5 MVA, 4.16 kV D-STATCOM system for voltage icker compensation at Seattle iron & metals. IEEE PES SM, 2000, pp. 16051611 [269] LIU W., LIANG X., LIN F., LUO C., GAO H.: Development of 20 MVA static synchronous compensator, IEEE PES WM, 2000, vol. 4, pp. 26482653 [270] YE Y., KAZERANI M.: Operating constraints of FACTS Devices. IEEE, PES SM, 2000, vol. 3, pp. 15791584 [271] LARSSON T., EDRIS A., KIDD D., ABOYTES F.: Eagle Pass Back to Back Tie: a dual purpose application of voltage source technology. IEEE PES, Vancouver SM, 1519 July 2001 [272] KUO C.S., WANG L.: Analysis of voltage control for a self- excited induction generator using a current-controlled voltage source inverter (CC-VSI), IEE Proc. Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2001, 148, (5), pp. 431438 [273] REED G., PASERBA J., CROASDAILE T. ET AL.: The VELCO STATCOM-based transmission system project. Proc. IEEE/ PES WM, vol. 3, pp. 11091114 [274] SUN J., CZARKOWSKI D., ZABAR Z.: Voltage icker mitigation using PWM-based distribution STATCOM. IEEE PES, Chicago SM, 2125 July 2002 [275] CATHEY J.J., MOORE W.E.: Improvement of generator output and stability margin by use of a dedicated static VAR compensator, Electr. Power Syst. Res., 2002, 63, (2), pp. 119125 [276] SATO T., MORI Y., MATSUSHITAY., OGUSA S., MORISHIMA T.N., IYODA I.: Study on the system analysis method of STATCOM based on ten-years eld experience. IEEE PES Transmission and 322 IET Power Electron., 2009, Vol. 2, Iss. 4, pp. 297324 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034 www.ietdl.org Distribution Conf. Exhibition, Asia Pacic, Yokohama, Japan, 610 October 2002 [277] CONG L., WANG Y.: Co-ordinated control of generator excitation and STATCOM for rotor angle stability and voltage regulation enhancement of power systems, IEE Proc., Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2002, 149, (6), pp. 659666 [278] UZUNOVIC E., FARDANESH B., HOPKINS L., SHPERLING B., ZELINGHER S., SCHUFF A.: NYPA convertible static compensator (CSC) application phase I: STATCOM. IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conf. Exposition, 2001, vol. 2, pp. 11391143 [279] HANSON J.D., HORWILL C., LOUGHRAN J., MONKHOUSE R.D.: The application of a relocatable STATCOM-based SVC on the UK National Grid system. IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conf. Exhibition: Asia Pacic, 2002, vol. 2, pp. 12021207 [280] REED G., PASERBA J., CROASDAILE T. ET AL.: SDG&E Talega STATCOM project-system analysis, design, and conguration. IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conf. Exhibition: Asia Pacic, 2002, vol. 2, pp. 13931398 [281] CHOO J.B., CHANG B.H., HAM B., LEE H.S., SHIN H.S., KOH K.K.: Development of FACTS operation technology to the KEPCO power network-installation and operation. IEEE/ PES Transmission and Distribution Conf. Exhibition: Asia Pacic, 2002, vol. 3, pp. 20082013 [282] SCARFONE A.W., OBERLIN B.K., JAMES P., LUCA D. JR., HANSON D.J., HORWILL C.: A +150 MVAR STATCOM for Northeast Utilities Glenbrook substation. IEEE PES GM, 2003, vol. 3, pp. 18341839 [283] QINGGUANG Y., PEI L., WENHUA L., XIAORONG X.: Overview of STATCOM technologies. IEEE Int. Conf. Proc. Electric Utility Deregulation, Restructuring and Power Technologies, DRPT, 2004, vol. 2, pp. 647652 [284] XIAORONG X., JIAN L., JINYU X., YINGDUO H.: Inter-area damping control of STATCOM using wide-area measurements. IEEE Int. Conf. Proc. Electric Utility Deregulation, Restructuring and Power Technologies, DRPT, 2004, vol. 1, pp. 222227 [285] NATESAN R., RADMAN G.: Effects of STATCOM, SSSC and UPFC on voltage stability. 36th Southeastern Symp. Proc. System Theory, 2004, pp. 546550 [286] CASTRO M.S., NASSIF A.B., DA COSTA V.F., DA SILVA L.C.P.: Impacts of FACTS controllers on damping power systems low frequency electromechanical oscillations. IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conf. Exposition: Latin America, 2004, pp. 291296 [287] THUKARAM D., KHINCHA H.P., RAVIKUMAR B.: Harmonic minimization in the operation of static VAR compensators for unbalanced reactive power compensation. IEEE Int. Conf. Power System Technology, POWERCON, 2004, pp. 328334 [288] HAQUE M.H.: Improvement of rst swing stability limit by utilizing full benet of shunt FACTS devices, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2004, 19, (4), pp. 18941902 [289] YU Q., LIU W., NIU N., SUN Y., TENG L., ZHENG D.: Real-time supervision for +50 MVAR cascade STATCOM. IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conf. Exhibition: Asia and Pacic, 2005, pp. 15 [290] HAQUE H.M.: Stability improvement by FACTS devices: a comparison between STATCOM and SSSC. IEEE PES GM, 2005, vol. 2, pp. 17081713 [291] SODE-YOME A., MITHULANANTHAN N., LEE K.Y.: Static voltage stability margin enhancement using STATCOM, TCSC and SSSC. IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conf. Exhibition: Asia and Pacic, 2005, pp. 16 [292] AI-JUN H., WEN-JIN C.: Effects of sudden increase of dynamic loads on the voltage stability of South China power grid and solutions with STATCOM Application. IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conf. Exhibition: Asia and Pacic, 2005, pp. 16 [293] VERMA K.S., GUPTA H.O.: Impact on real and reactive power pricing in open power market using unied power ow controller, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2005, 21, (1), pp. 365371 [294] VENAYAGAMOORTHY G.K., DEL VALLE Y., MOHAGHEGHI S. ET AL.: Effects of a STATCOM, a SCRC and a UPFC on the dynamic behavior of a 45 bus section of the Brazilian power system. IEEE Proc. PES Conf. Exposition in Africa, 2005, pp. 305312 [295] RAMIREZ J.M., MURILLO-PEREZ J.L.: Steady-state voltage stability with STATCOM, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2006, 21, (3), pp. 14531454 [296] SINGH B., SAHA R.: A review on FACTS devices, ICFAI J. Sci. Technol., 2006, 2, (2), pp. 651 [297] MURILLO J.L., RAMIREZ J.M.: Three-phase voltage stability studies embedding a STATCOM. IEEE PES GM, 2006, p. 6 [298] SINGH B., SAHA R.: A harmonics optimized 12-pulse STATCOM for power system applications. IEEE Power India Conf., 2006, p. 7 [299] SINGH B., SAHA R.: A new 24-pulse STATCOM for voltage regulation. IEEE Int. Conf. Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems, PEDES, 2006, p. 5 IET Power Electron., 2009, Vol. 2, Iss. 4, pp. 297324 323 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009 www.ietdl.org [300] CHATTERJEE D., GHOSH A.: Transient stability assessment of power systems containing series and shunt compensators, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2007, 22, (3), pp. 12101220 [301] FUJII T., CHISYAKI H., TERAMOTO H. ET AL.: Coordinated voltage control and continuous operation of the 80 MVA STATCOM under commercial operation. Power Conversion Conf., Nagoya, 2007, pp. 969974 [302] BILGIN H.F., ERMIS M., KOSE K.N. ET AL.: Reactive-power compensation of coal mining excavators by using a new- generation STATCOM, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 2007, 43, (1), pp. 97110 [303] GHASEMI H., CANIZARES C.A.: Validation of a STATCOM transient stability model through small-disturbance stability studies. IEEE Int. Conf. System of Systems Engineering, SoSE, 2007, pp. 16 [304] XI Z., BHATTACHARYA S.: STATCOM operation strategy under power system faults. IEEE PES GM, 2007, pp. 18 [305] BORISOV K., GINN H.L., TRYZYNADLOWSKI A.M.: Attenuation of electromagnetic interference in a shunt active power lter, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., 2007, 22, (5), pp. 19121918 [306] WALKER L.H.: 10-MWGTO converter for battery peaking service, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 1990, 26, (1), pp. 6372 [307] LU C.F., LIU C.C., WU C.J.: Dynamic modeling of energy storage system and application to power system stability, IEE Proc. Gener. Transm. Distrib., 1995, 142, (4), pp. 429435 [308] SKILES J.J., KUSTOM R.L., KO K.-P.: Performance of a power conversion system for superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 1996, 11, (4), pp. 17181723 [309] LEUNG K.K., SUTANTO D.: A new topology of a battery energy storage system. IEEE Proc. Energy Management and Power Deliv., Int. Conf., 35 March 1998, vol. 1, pp. 253258 [310] ENSLIN J.H.R.: Unied approach to power quality mitigation. IEEE Int. Symp. Industrial Electronics, ISIE 98 Proc., vol. 1, pp. 820 [311] SHEN C., YANG Z., CROW M.L., ATCITTY S.: Control of STATCOM with energy storage device. IEEE PES WM, 2000, vol. 4, pp. 27222728 [312] YANG Z., SHSHIN C., ZHANG L., CROW M.L., ATCITTY S.: Integration of a STATCOM and battery energy storage, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2001, 16, (2), pp. 254260 [313] XIE H., ANGQUIST L., NEE H.P.: Active power compensation of voltage source converters with energy storage capacitors. IEEE PES Power Systems Conf. Exposition, PSCE, 2006, pp. 10121019 [314] WILKOSZ K., SOBIERAJSKI M., KWASNICKI W.: The analysis of harmonic generation of SVC and STATCOM by EMTDC/ PSCAD simulations. Proc. 8th Int. Conf. Harmonics and Quality of Power, 1998, vol. 2, pp. 853858 [315] KAMATH G.R., HOLENARSIPUR P.S.S., MOHAN N.: EMTP simulations and experimental verication of an all-active hybrid converter arrangement for ltering power system harmonics and STATCOM. Proc. 8th Int. Conf. Harmonics and Quality of Power, 1998, vol. 1, pp. 611616 [316] SUTANTO D., SNIDER L.A., MOK K.L.: EMTP simulation of a STATCOM using hysteresis current control. IEEE Proc. Int. Conf. Power Electronics and Drive Systems, PEDS99, 1999, vol. 1, pp. 531535 [317] SYBILLE G.: Digital simulation of power systems and power electronics using MATLAB/Simulink power system blockset. IEEE Power Engineering Society WM 2000, Special Technical Session, vol. 4, pp. 29732982 [318] SYBILLE G., BRUNELLE P., LE-HUY H., DESSAINT L.A., AL-HADDAD K.: Theory and application of power system blockset, a MATLAB/Simulink-based simulation tool for power systems. IEEE Power Engineering Society WM, 2000, vol. 1, pp. 774779 [319] GIROUX P., SYBILLE G., LE-HUY H.: Modeling and simulation of a distribution STATCOM using Simulinks power system blockset. IEEE 27th Annual Conf. Industrial Electronics Society, IECON01, vol. 2, pp. 990994 [320] CHOO J.B., YOON J.S., CHANG B.H., HAM B., KOH K.K.: Development of FACTS operation technology to the KEPCO power network detailed EMTDC model of 80 MVA UPFC. IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conf. Exhibition: Asia Pacic, 2002, vol. 1, pp. 354358 324 IET Power Electron., 2009, Vol. 2, Iss. 4, pp. 297324 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009 doi: 10.1049/iet-pel.2008.0034 www.ietdl.org
Electrical Load-Curve Coverage: Proceedings of the Symposium on Load-Curve Coverage in Future Electric Power Generating Systems, Organized by the Committee on Electric Power, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Rome, Italy, 24 – 28 October 1977