Mt s mu cu thng gp

1. Cu trc cu mang ngha bao hm

l li ni gp hai trong cu lm mt thng qua mt s cc cm t. Hai
thnh phn trong cu phi tng ng nhau v mt t loi: danh t vi danh
t,tnh t vi tnh t, ...
1.1. Not only ..... but also (khng nhng ... m cn....)
S + verb + not only + noun/adj/adv + but also + noun/adj/adv
Hoc:
S + not only verb + but also + verb
Robert is not only talented but also handsome.
He writes not only correctly but also neatly.
She can play not only the guitar but also the violin.
She not only plays the piano but also composes music.
Thnh phn sau 'but also' thng quyt nh thnh phn sau 'not only'.
Incorrect: He is not only famous in Italy but also in Switzerland.
Correct: He is famous not only in Italy but also in Switzerland.
1.2. As well as (va ... va ...)
Cng ging nh cu trc trn, cc thnh phn ng trc v ng sau cm t ny
phi tng ng vi nhau.
S + verb + noun/adj/adv + as well as + noun/adj/adv
Hoc:
S + verb + as well as + verb
V d:
Robert is talented as well as handsome.
He writes correctly as well as neatly.
She plays the guitar as well as the violin.
Paul plays the piano as well as composes music.
Ch : Khng c nhm thnh ng ny vi as well as ca hin tng ng ch
ng mang ngha cng vi.
The teacher, as well as her students, is going to the concert.
My cousins, as well as Tim, have a test tomorrow.
1.3. Both ..... and... (va ... va)
Cng thc dng ging ht nh not only .... but also. Both ch c dng vi and,
khng c dng vi as well as.
Robert is both talented and handsome.
Paul both plays the piano and composes music.
2. Mt s cu trc cu cu khin
2.1. To have sb do sth = to get sb to do sth = khin ai, bo ai lm g
Ill have Peter fix my car.
Ill get Peter to fix my car.
2.2. To have/to get sth done = lm mt vic g bng cch thu ngi khc
I have my hair cut. (Ti i ct tc - ch khng phi ti t ct)
I have my car washed. (Ti mang xe i ra ngoi dch v - khng phi t ra)
Theo khuynh hng ny ng t to want v would like cng c th dng vi mu
cu nh vy: To want/ would like Sth done. (t dng)
I want/ would like my car washed.
2.3. To make sb do sth = to force sb to do sth = Bt buc ai phi lm g
The bank robbers made the manager give them all the money.
The bank robbers forced the manager to give them all the money.
ng sau tn ng ca make c th dng 1 tnh t: To make sb/sth + adj
Wearing flowers made her more beautiful.
Chemical treatment will make this wood more durable
2.4. To make sb + P2 = lm cho ai b lm sao
Working all night on Friday made me tired on Saturday.
2.5. To cause sth + P2 = lm cho ci g b lm sao
The big thunder storm caused many waterfront houses damaged.
2.6. To let sb do sth = to permit/allow sb to do sth = cho ai, cho php ai lm g
I let me go.
At first, she doesnt allow me to kiss her but...
3. Li ni ph ha
3.1. Ph ha cu khng nh
Khi mun ni mt ngi hoc vt no lm mt vic g v mt ngi, vt
khc cng lm mt vic nh vy, ngi ta dng so hoc too. trnh phi lp li
cc t ca cu trc (mnh chnh), ngi ta dng lin t and v thm mt cu
n gin (mnh ph) c s dng so hoc too. ngha ca hai t ny c ngha l
cng th.
John went to the mountains on his vacation, and we did too.
John went to the mountains on his vacation, and so did we.
I will be in Vietnam in May, and they will too.
I will be in Vietnam in May, and so will they.
He has seen her play, and the girls have too.
He has seen her play, and so have the girls.
We are going to the movie tonight, and he is too.
We are going to the movie tonight, and so is he.
She will wear a custom to the party, and we will too.
She will wear a custom to the party, and so will we.
Picaso was a famous painter, and Rubens was too.
Picaso was a famous painter, and so was Rubens.
Tu theo t no c dng m cu trc cu c s thay i:
Khi trong mnh chnh c ng t be bt c thi no th trong mnh ph
cng dng t be thi .
Affirmative statement (be) + and + S + verb + too
Affirmative statement (be) + and + so + verb + S
I am happy, and you are too.
I am happy, and so are you.
Khi trong mnh chnh c mt cm tr ng t + ng t], v d will go,
should do, has done, have written, must consider, ... th cc tr ng t trong mnh
c dng li trong mnh ph.
They will work in the lab tomorrow, and you will too.
They will work in the lab tomorrow, and so will you.
Khi trong mnh chnh khng phi l ng t be, cng khng c tr ng t,
bn phi dng cc t do, does, did lm tr ng t thay th. Thi v th catr
ng t ny phi chia theo ch ng ca mnh ph.
Affirmative statement + and + S + do/does/did + too
Affirmative statement + and + so + do/does/did + S
Jane goes to that school, and my sister does too.
Jane goes to that school, and so does my sister.
3.2. Ph ho cu ph nh
Cng ging nh too v so trong cu khng nh, ph ho mt cu ph nh,
ngi ta dng 'either' (cng) hoc 'neither' (cng khng). Ba quy tc i vitr
ng t, ng t be hoc do, does, did cng c p dng ging nh trn. Ta cng
c th gi gn 3 quy tc vo mt cng thc nh sau:
Negative statement + and + S + negative auxiliary (or be) + either
Negative statement + and + neither + positive auxiliary (or be) + S
I didn't see Mary this morning, and John didn't either
I didn't see Mary this morning, and neither did John.
She wont be going to the conference, and her friends wont either.
She wont be going to the conference, and neither will her friends.
John hasnt seen the new movie yet, and I havent either.
John hasnt seen the new movie yet, and neither have I.
4. Cc cu trc khc
4.1. Enough: . c th lm g
i vi tnh t hoc trng t, enough thng ng sau:
S + verb + adv + enough + (for somebody) + to + verb
S + tobe + adj + enough + (for somebody) + to + verb.
V d:
Coffee is hot enough for me to drink
This exercise is easy enough for us to do.
This motorbike drives fast enough to Ha Dong.
i vi danh t, enough thng ng trc:
S + verb + enough + noun (for somebody) + to verb
S + verb + enough + for something
V d:
I have enough money to buy a car.
They grow enough rice to live.
Its enough time for us to do the exercise.
Have you got enough vegetable for dinner?
Do you have enough sugar for the cake?
4.2. Too: qu c th lm g.
Cu trc ny in t mc vt qu kh nng lm g
Cu trc:
S + verb + too + adv + (for somebody) + to + verb .
S + tobe + too + adj + (for somebody) + to + verb
V d:
The coffee is too hot for me to drink.
He is too young to love.
He spoke too quickly for us to understand.
The bus drives too fast for us to keep pace with.
4.3. So/such.that.: n ni m
So .that.
Cu trc: S + tobe + so + adj + that + a clause
S + verb + so + adv + that + a clause
V d:
The exercise is so difficult that I cant do it.
The food is so hot that we cant eat it.
He spoke so quickly that I cant hear him.
The bus drives so fast that they cant catch it.
Suchthat
Cu trc:
S/it + tobe + such + (a/an)+ adj + noun + that + a clause
S/it + verb + such + (a/an) + adj + noun + that + a clause
V d:
It is such a difficult exercise that we cant do it.
We bought such a modern car that we couldnt dream.
Ch : nu danh t l khng m c th khng dng a/an
This is such difficult homework that we cant finish it.
He invested such much money that we couldnt imagine.
4.4. Adj + to verb
Cu trc: It + tobe + adj + for somebody + to verb.
V d:
Its necessary for us to protect environment.
Its difficult for him to pass the exam.
4.5. Its + adj + of + object + to + verb.
V d:
Its kind of him to help me = He is kind to help me.
(anh ta tht tt bng v gip ti)
Its cowardly of him to run away= he is cowardly to run away.
(anh ta tht hn nht v b chy)
4.6. It takes/took + object + khong thi gian + to verb.
= somebody spend/spent + khong thi gian + V-ing: mt bao lu ai lm
vic g.
V d:
It takes me 15 minutes to go to school by bike.
= I spend 15 minutes going to school by bike.
It took him a year to study English
= He spent a year studying English.
It took her 2 hours to type this document.
= She spent 2 hours typing this document.
4.7. Its + khong thi gian + since + clause (simple past): c bao lu t
khi
V d:
Its a week since I saw Nam
Its a year since they visited me.
Its ages since it rained here.
4.8. Its the first time + clause (present perfect): y l ln u tin.
= ..before
V d:
Its the first time Ive ever visited this town.
= Ive never visited this town before.
Its the first time he has ever sent me a letter.
= He has never sent me a letter before.
Its the first time she has ever arrived late.
= She has never arrived late before.
4.9. It is/was not until + time + that + clause: mi cho n khi..
V d:
It was not until 1990 that she became a teacher. (mi n nm 1990,c y mi tr
thnh gio vin)
It was not until 1915 that the cinema really became an industry.
(mi n nm 1915 in nh mi thc s tr thnh mt ngnh cng nghip)