METHODS OF TRAINING

On-the-job Techniques Off-the-job Techniques

Coaching
Position rotation
Committee assignment
Multiple Management
Selected readings
Lectures
Case Studies
Group Discussions
Role Playing
Management Games
In basket Exercise
Sensitiity !raining
Programmed Instruction
METHODS WHAT IT IS
Coachin Coaching is the continuous process o" proiding instructions# correcting errors or giing
positie rein"orcement$ In this method# the superior guides and instructs the trainee as a
coach$ !he coach or counselor sets mutually agreed upon goals# suggests ho% to
achiee these goals# periodically reie%s the trainee&s progress and suggest changes
re'uired in behaior and per"ormance$ It inoles seeral steps$
($ Identi"y signi"icant )ob segments and standards o" per"ormance$
*$ !ell the employee+trainee ho% he or she is doing$
,$ Select one or more per"ormance areas in %hich the employee+trainee needs to
improe$
-$ Deelop a per"ormance+improement plan$
.$ Coach to implement the per"ormance improement plan$
/hen on+the+)ob coaching is used# the superisor acts as a tutor# instructing the
employee on ho% to per"orm a task and proiding assistance to "acilitate learning$ !o
assure e""ectie results# the coach should be trained and prepared "or the training
actiities# and the proper enironment 0ade'uate time# "reedom "rom interruptions1
should be established$ In addition# trainees should be gien ample opportunity to
practice %hat they learn and should be properly re%arded "or using ne% kno%ledge and
skill s on the )ob$
Coaching can be e""ectie i" the coach is a good communicator2 enable motiator and a
patient listener$ Coaching %ill %ork %ell i" both can be open to each other# i" the coach
accepts his responsibility "ully# and i" he proides the trainee %ith recognition o" his
improement and suitable re%ards$ It is a ery use"ul "or orientation o" ne% executies
and deeloping operatie skills$
!ob
Inst"uction
3ob instruction training 03I!1 is a method deeloped by the /ar Manpo%er Commission
during /orld /ar II to train superisors in large numbers in a short period o" time$ In this
method# the trainer explains the )ob to the trainee# allo%s the trainee to per"orm the
tasks# obseres the trainee&s per"ormance# and then gies "eedback in terms o" %ays to
improe per"ormance$ !he table belo% sho%s ho% these steps are outlined on a pocket
card "or superisors$ !he 3I! method uses the principles o" distributed learning#
re%ards# "eedback# trans"er o" learning to )ob# and indiidual di""erences$
!IT-HOW TO TRAIN
Ste# $-%"e#a"e the E&#'o(ee
a$ Put the %orker at ease$
b$ 4ind out %hat he or he kno%s$
c$ 5rouse interest$
d$ Place the %orker correctly$
Ste# )-%"esent the job
a$ !ell
b$ Sho%
c$ Explain
d$ Demonstrate
Methods of Training/1
Ste# *-T"(out #e"fo"&ance
a. 6ae the %orker per"orm the operation$
b. 6ae the %orker explain the key points$
c. Correct errors and omissions$
d. Reinstruct as needed$
Ste# +-Fo''o,-u#
a$ Put the %orker on his o%n$
b$ Encourage 'uestioning$
c$ Check "re'uently$
d$ !aper o" assistance$
If the Learner hasnt learned, the trainer hasnt taught.
!ob Rotation 3ob rotation is a process o" hori7ontal moement that %idens the manager&s experience
hori7on beyond the limited con"ines o" his o%n$ It inoles moement or trans"er o"
executies "rom one position or )ob to another on some planned basis$ It may continue
"or a period ranging "rom six month to t%o years$
/hile this method is considered essential in many organi7ations# it is expensie and
may "ail i" superisors are unprepared or hae no interest in or time "or training$
Co&&ittee
Assin&ent
5 permanent committee consisting o" trainee executies is constituted$ 5ll the trainees
participate ion the deliberations o" the committee$ !hrough discussions in committee
meetings they get ac'uainted %ith di""erent ie%points and alternatie methods o"
problem soling$ !hey also learn interpersonal skills$
Mu'ti#'e
&anae&ent
McCormick corporation o" 8altimore# 9S5# deeloped this techni'ue$ 9nder it a )unior
board o" young executies is constituted$ Ma)or problems are analy7ed in the )unior
board that makes recommendations to the 8oard o" Directors$ !he young executies
learn decision+making skills and the 8oard o" Directors receie collectie %isdom o" the
executie team$ :acancies in the 8oard o" Directors can be "illed "rom the )unior board
members %ho hae receied considerable exposure to problems and issues$
Se'ecti-e
Rea.ins
Selectie readings constitute an indiidual sel"+deelopment program "or executies$ 8y
reading selected pro"essional books and )ournals# managers can keep in touch %ith the
latest research "indings# theories and techni'ues in management$ Many organi7ations
maintain libraries "or their executies and managers are encouraged to continually read
and improe their skills$
/ectu"es0 !he lecture method is the oldest and most commonly used techni'ues "or training$
!hese are "ormally organi7ed talks by an instructor on speci"ic topics$ It is used
largely to build up basic theoretical kno%ledge that must be gained be"ore practice$
!he method is o"ten supplemented %ith audioisual aids# motion pictures# or
teleision$
Suitable "or large audiences %here participation o" the trainees is not possible
because o" numbers$ !he in"ormation to be put oer can be exactly %orked out
be"orehand een to the precise %orld$ !he timing can be accurately %orked out$
G"ou#
Discussions
o"
Confe"ence
!he discussion# or con"erence# method combines presentation o" in"ormation %ith
participation in small groups 0bu77 sessions1$ /ith the ob)ecties o" deeloping
problem+soling and decision making capabilities and learning about ne% and
complex materials# the learner actiely participates in discussions %ith other group
members$ !he discussions are oriented to%ard speci"ic problems or ne% areas o"
kno%ledge selected by the leader or by the participants$ !he leader proides
guidance and "eedback# but no instruction$
Suitable %here the application o" in"ormation is a matter o" opinion$ 5lso %hen
attitudes need to be induced or changed$ !rainees are more likely to change attitudes
a"ter discussion than they %ould i" they %ere told during a talk that their attitude
should be changed$ 5lso suitable as a means o" obtaining "eedback to the instructor
about the %ay in %hich trainees may apply the kno%ledge learned$
Case
Stu.ies
9nder this method# a real or hypothetical business problem or situation demanding
solution is presented in %riting to the trainees$ !hey are expected to identi"y and
analy7e the problem# suggest and ealuate alternatie courses o" action and choose
the most appropriate solution$ !hen# the solution and its )usti"ication are presented to
the group# %here they %ill be discussed and de"ended$ !he trainer guides the
discussion and ensures that no releant "act is oerlooked$
Methods of Training/2
In-1as2et
Technique
!he in+basket techni'ue is a simulation exercise designed to deelop decision+
making# problem soling# and organi7ing ability by placing the trainee at the desk o" a
manager$ !he trainee is presented %ith a description o" the manager&s )ob and an in+
basket containing correspondence# memos# re'uests "rom other departments#
customer complaints# operating statements# and the like$
!he purpose o" the exercise is to introduce the trainee to a realistic %orkday in the li"e
o" a manager and determine ho% %ell the trainee per"orms in this situation$ !he
trainee %orks through the in+basket by making decisions# determining %hich material
%ill be gien "irst priority# making recommendations# dra"ting communications# and
giing adice$
5t the end# a "ollo%+up discussion is held to ealuate ho% %ell the trainee per"ormed
and to make recommendations "or improing the trainee&s managerial skills$
Ro'e %'a(in Role+playing is a simulation techni'ue that re'uires trainees to act out prescribed
roles$ 4or example# in a training program on conducting interie%s# one trainee may
be assigned the role o" a )ob applicant and another gien the role o" the interie%er$
!he "ocus o" the exercise usually is on interpersonal or human relations aspects o" a
manager&s )ob$ It helps to bring about desired changes in attitudes and behaior$
Role+playing primarily inoles employer+employee relationship# hiring# "iring#
discussing a grieance procedure# conducting a post appraisal interie% or
disciplining a subordinate or a salesman making a presentation to a customer$
!rainees& interest and inolement tends to be high due to learning by doing and
immediate "eedback$ !here is a high degree o" learning by obsering and listening$
Each trainee tries to excel due to the competitie atmosphere$
Manae&ent
Ga&es
!rainees are presented %ith in"ormation about a company+"inancial position#
products# markets# etc$ !hey are gien di""erent management roles to per"orm$ ;ne
group may be concerned %ith sales# another %ith production and so on$ !hese
groups then <run= the company$ Decisions are made and actions are taken$ !he
probable result o" these decisions in terms o" pro"itability is then calculated$
8usiness games typically re'uire trainees to assume arious roles in a company
0e$g$# president# marketing ice president1 %here they are gien seeral year&s %orth
o" in"ormation on the company&s products# technology# and 6Rs and asked to deal
%ith the in"ormation in a compressed time period 0seeral %eeks or months1$ !hey
make decisions regarding production olumes# inentory leels# and prices in an
enironment in %hich other competitors are running competitor companies$
!he most success"ul business games keep the "ocus on speci"ic corporate ob)ecties
or problems such as pro"its# customer serice# or labor costs$
Sensiti-it(
T"ainin
!his method also called !+Group training and laboratory training$ In this method# a
small group o" about > to (- indiiduals %ork together to deelop interpersonal or
team+building skills$ Meetings hae no agenda# and held a%ay "rom %orkplaces# and
'uestions deal %ith the <here and no%= o" the group process to describe issues o"
interest or concern to them$ !rainees are put into situations in %hich?
i$ the behaior o" each indiidual in the group is sub)ect to examination and
comment by the other trainees2
ii$ the behaior o" the group 0or groups1 as a %hole is examined$
!he trainer is a psychologist2 sociologist or a person %ho has himsel" receied
special training$
!he purpose is to help trainees deelop as indiiduals# to improe listening skills# to
gain insights into %hy indiidual behae as they do# or to practice ne% %ays o"
behaing in an enironment %here "eedback and practice are allo%ed$
1eha-io"
Mo.e'in
8ehaior modeling is 'uickly gro%ing as a techni'ue "or training managers on
interpersonal and communication skills$ 8ased on 8andura&s theory o" social learning#
the method consists o" "our consecutie components?
attention 0%atching someone per"orm a behaior usually through ideotapes12
retention 0processes to help the trainee retain %hat %as obsered12
motor reproduction or behaioral rehearsal 0using role+plays to practice ne%
behaiors12 and
motivation or "eedback@rein"orcement 0receiing "eedback on the behaiors
per"ormed1$
!he success o" this approach to training is based on the notion that many o" us learn by
obsering others$
3estibu'e :estibule training re'uires trainees to do the %hole )ob# using the same tools and
Methods of Training/3
T"ainin machines that are used on the )ob$ 6o%eer# the training takes place in a estibule# or
separate %orkshop used )ust "or training$ 5 trainer is present at all times# and the
trainees are protected "rom the hustle and pressure that occur on the )ob itsel"$

:estibule training proides a ery high rate o" trans"er o" training$
Co&#ute"
Assiste.
Inst"uction
4CAI5
Computer 5ssisted Instruction 0C5I1 is an outgro%th o" the programmed learning
methods$ In these applications# the computer simply presents a block o" in"ormation and
then asks the trainee 'uestions to assess his or her mastery$ I" the trainee&s ans%er is
correct# the computer proceeds to the next block o" in"ormation$ I" the trainee&s ans%er is
%rong# the program may repeat the same material or may branch to a di""erent remedial
exercise# depending on %hich %rong ans%er the trainee gae$
Inte"acti-e
3i.eo
T"ainin
!he latest high+tech training method is called Interactie :ideo !raining 0I:!1$ !his is
computer based training %ith the addition o" a ideodisc player and a color monitor$ It
has the adantages o" C8! plus the ability to use sound and high 'uality moing
pictures to demonstrate learning content and proide problems "or trainees to sole$
Methods of Training/4