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BBH 31102 RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
KAEDAH PENYELIDIKAN
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Fakulti Pedidika Tekikal da
!oka"ioal# $i%e&"iti Tu
Hu""ei O Mala'"ia
(H)* + 013,-./0 .001
(O23e + 00-,4/0 40111
(Fak" + 00-,4/30/./1
Faculty of Technical and Vocational Education
Module 1: WHAT IS EDUCATIONAL Module 1: WHAT IS EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH? RESEARCH?
The word research has been used in many different ways and sometimes rather
loosely giving rise to confusion and sometimes with the intention to deceive. The claim
that the majority of dentists used the particular brand of toothpaste is misleading as there
is not mention as to how many dentists were interviewed and whether they are
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CHAPTER LEARNING OUTCOMES
When you have co!"e#e$ #h%& cha!#e' you (%"" )e a)"e #o*
Identify the different methods of acquiring knowledge
efine what is educational research
iscuss the importance of educational research and its characteristics
Identify the criteria of research
escribe the steps involved in the research process
Identify a research problem
!ist the criteria of a good research problem
INTRODUCTION
Research has shown that 4 out of 5 teachers interviewed used
LSD to ensure active class interactive method
Years of research has shown that SlimTex Capsules will reduce
your
ei!ht in a matter of wee"s
#$lan is doin! research %rowsin! throu!h consumer reports&
Catalo!ues& %rochures and mar"et surveys %efore decidin!
hat car to %uy
'on! (en! is sur)n! the internet doin! research on the
Symptoms of *+, #+DS
-ahman is mum%lin! and start as"in! his friend a%out the
+ssues on S(#./(S
ACTIVITY 1.1
Identify the different ways in which the word "research# has been used in
the statements above.
ACTIVITY 1.1
Identify the different ways in which the word "research# has been used in
the statements above.
Faculty of Technical and Vocational Education
representative of all dentists in the country. $ith regards to the advertisement on
slimming pills% research on the use of various types of medicine and supplements by
humans tend to be inconclusive. It would be difficult to make a claim that it will reduce
weight as there are many other contributory factors such as gender% level of health%
weight and so forth. In the strictest sense of the term what &'lan and (ong )eng are
doing is not research. !ooking up facts and writing them down is nothing more than fact
finding and fact transcribing *!eedy% +,-./. There is even the tendency to call the written
work a 0research report0 which is not accurate. It may be a report but not a research
report. There needs to be a distinction between true research and the accumulation of
facts. 1esearch is a way of thinking2 it involves thinking what we want to study% how we
go about collecting data% analysing the data and deriving conclusions.
3ver the centuries% humans have accumulated vast amount of knowledge and the
amount of knowledge produced is doubling every two years. There are many ways in
which we obtain knowledge about a given phenomenon% event or situation. There are si4
ways in acquiring knowledge and they are2 through our beliefs% intuition% authority%
empiricism% rationalism and science *see 5igure +/
METHO DS OF ACQUIRING
KNOWLEDGE
+%,u'e 1 Me#ho$& o- Ac.u%'%n, /no("e$,e
6Source7 adaptation of 8.9. :elmstadter% 1esearch concepts in human behaviour.
;ew <ork7 &ppleson=9entury=9rofts>
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METHODS OF ACQURING KNOWLEDGE
Intuition )eliefs
@4perience
@mpiricism
&uthority
Acience
Faculty of Technical and Vocational Education
)eliefs7 These are all superstitious beliefs people hold on to as though they are
fact. 5or e4ample% wear your a lucky shirt when making deals which you strongly
believe will bring you good fortune.
Intuition7 &n approach in acquiring knowledge that is not based on reasoning or
inferring. Intuitive knowledge is not scientific but is knowledge that originates
from gut feeling or predictions by soothsayers% astrologers and fortune=tellers.
&uthority7 (nowledge that originates from persons or sources that are highly
respected. 5or e4ample% various religions have a sacred te4t that represents the
facts% which are considered indisputable% final and cannot be challenged.
@4perience7 This approach of acquiring knowledge is based on the statement
which says% BIf I have e4perienced it% then it is valid and trueC. In other words%
only facts that are in agreement with e4perience are accepted% and those that do
not are rejected. :owever% reliance on e4perience has its shortcomings because
our perceptions of people% events and objects are affected by many factors. 5or
e4ample% we constantly add% delete and reconstruct our e4periences.
1ationalism7 This approach uses reasoning to arrive at knowledge and assumes
that valid knowledge is acquired through correct reasoning. &ncient philosophers
believed that knowledge derived from reasoning was just as valid as knowledge
gained from observation. 1easoning is regarded as the beginning of the scientific
process where hypotheses are proposed.
Acience7 It is a process that is followed in generating knowledge and has been
accepted as the best method of acquiring knowledge. It lists a series of steps to be
followed when acquiring knowledge using the scientific method. :owever% it has
been argued that strictly following the scientific method prevents us from
studying in depth human behaviour 6$e will discuss this issue in 9hapter -=,
under qualitative research>.
&ccording to the $ebster#s dictionary% research is diligent scientific search or
inquiry to discover facts. The $ikipedia encyclopaedia describes research as an active%
diligent and systematic process of inquiry in order to discover% interpret or revise facts%
events% behaviours or theories. (erlinger defines research as Bthe systematic% controlled%
empirical and critical investigation of natural phenomena guided by theory and
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RESEARCH DEFINED
LEARNING ACTIVITY
+. Identify the different methods by which we acquire knowledge. 8ive
specific e4amples for each method.
2. $hich method has contributed most towards our understanding of
how children learnD 8ive specific e4amples.
LEARNING ACTIVITY
+. Identify the different methods by which we acquire knowledge. 8ive
specific e4amples for each method.
2. $hich method has contributed most towards our understanding of
how children learnD 8ive specific e4amples.
Faculty of Technical and Vocational Education
hypotheses about the presumed relations among the phenomenaC *p.+E/. <ou will notice
certain key words in these definitions of research7
Acientific 9ontrolled
Aystematic process Theory% hypotheses
Inquiry or Investigation Presumed relations