Geol.

11 Volcanism & Volcanic Hazards

2nd Sem AY 2013-14 U.P. Baguio
1/11/2014
1
Volcanism and
Volcanic Hazards
Geology 11 Principles of Geology
A. M. P. Tengonciang & D.D. N. javier
Department of Physical Sciences
University of the Philippines, Baguio
Volcanism
Encompasses all processes associated with the
transfer of molten rock and gases from the
interior of the Earth to its surface
Volcano an opening in the crust through
which molten lava and gases erupt
Eruption when magma rises from its source
or from a storage reservoir and reaches the
Earths surface
Why does magma rise?
Physical properties (temperature, composition,
viscosity, relative buoyancy)
Input of fresh magma into magma reservoir
Pushes magma upwards
Can cause magma chamber to expand/break
Degassing
Magma becomes less dense
The gas exerts pressure on overlying & surrounding
rocks
Squeezed out by overlying & surrounding rocks
Eruption styles
Effusive dominated by the outpouring of
lava onto the ground
http://mail.colonial.net/~rpavlik/pavlikweb/images/geohazitem_143.jpg
http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca.earth-
sciences/files/images/whitehorse/images/img74.jpg
Lava fountain
Geol. 11 Volcanism & Volcanic Hazards
2nd Sem AY 2013-14 U.P. Baguio
1/11/2014
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2006 effusive eruption, Mayon volcano, Albay
Eruption styles
Effusive dominated by the outpouring of
lava onto the ground
Explosive fragmentation of magma caused
by exsolution & expansion of magmatic gases
Eruption mechanisms
Decompression and exsolution of magmatic
gas
Interaction of water with ascending magma
explosive!!!
Explosivity of eruptions is
affected by
Composition (silica content)
Temperature
Dissolved gases
SiO
2
MAGMA
TYPE
TEMP. (
o
C) VISCOSITY GAS
CONTENT
ERUPTION STYLE
~50% mafic ~1100 low low nonexplosive
~60% intermediate ~1000 intermediate intermediate intermediate
~70% felsic ~800 high high explosive
Ref: http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/Controls.html
Geol. 11 Volcanism & Volcanic Hazards
2nd Sem AY 2013-14 U.P. Baguio
1/11/2014
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Magma viscosity
Viscosity
the degree to which a
substance resists flow
depends on T,
composition, & gas
content (H
2
O, CO
2
, SO
2
,
H
2
S, SO
3
, CO, COS, CH
4
,
HCl, HF, H
2
, O
2
, N
2
, CS
2
,
NH
4
, B, Br)
In silicate magmas,
SiO
4
4-
tends to
polymerize by sharing
oxygens, forming
irregularly-shaped
groupings
silica content, T, gas content = viscosity
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Viscosity.gif
Products of eruption
1. Lava
Aa -characterized by a rough or rubbly surface
composed of broken lava blocks called clinker
Pahoehoe -smooth, billowy, undulating, or ropy surface
Pillows
2. Pyroclastic material (Tephra)
ash (<2 mm)
lapilli (2-64 mm) also called cinders
blocks and bombs (>64 mm)
3. volcanic gases
water vapor, H
2
O
carbon dioxide, CO
2
sulfur dioxide, SO
2
and others
Aa lava
Pahoehoe lava
Pillow lava
- typically formed when lava emerges from an
underwater volcanic vent or a lava flow enters the
ocean
http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3154/2882768195_fefd780424_o.jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nur05018.jpg
Geol. 11 Volcanism & Volcanic Hazards
2nd Sem AY 2013-14 U.P. Baguio
1/11/2014
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Products of eruption
2. Pyroclastic material (Tephra)
ash (<2 mm)
lapilli (2-64 mm) also called cinders
blocks and bombs (>64 mm)
Volcanic ash shards from Mt Erebus, Antarctica
Field of view= 400 microns
http://geoinfo.nmt.edu/labs/microprobe/images/bit161-big.jpg
Mount Pinatubo ash
http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/ash/build/32923351-028_large.jpg http://www.uwec.edu/jolhm/EH2/Lennon/ash.jpg
Lapilli (also called cinders)
Andesitic lapilli scoria from Mt St Helens
http://eiu.edu/~cfrbj/parks/MSHE/lapilli.jpg
Geol. 11 Volcanism & Volcanic Hazards
2nd Sem AY 2013-14 U.P. Baguio
1/11/2014
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Volcanic bombs
http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jpg/Photoglossary/30410914-028_large.JPG
Volcanic bombs are usually
expelled while molten
http://www.sfll.bnu.edu.cn/default//
/Unit%209%20of%20HW/Volcanic%20Bombs.files/cowpieB.jpg
http://www.sfll.bnu.edu.cn/default//
/Unit%209%20of%20HW/Volcanic%20Bombs.files/brdcrst2.jpg
http://www.sfll.bnu.edu.cn/default//
/Unit%209%20of%20HW/Volcanic%20Bombs.files/fusiform3.jpg
Volcanic block- solid rock fragment greater than
64 mm in diameter that was ejected from a
volcano during an explosive eruption
http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/images/pglossary/block.php http://www.volcano.si.edu
Volcanic gases
water vapor, H
2
O
carbon dioxide, CO
2
sulfur dioxide, SO
2
hydrochloric acid, HCl
hydrogen fluoride, HF
hydrogen sulfide, H
2
S
carbon monoxide, CO
hydrogen gas, H
2
ammonia, NH
3
methane, CH
4
tetrafluorosilane, SiF
4
Gases in Magmas
Major gases
Water vapor (H2O)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Nitrogen (N2)
Minor gases
Sulfur compounds (SO2, H2SO4, etc.)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Chlorine (Cl2)
Fluorine (F2, HF)
High silica (rhyolitic) magmas
generally have more gas than low
silica (basaltic) magmas
H2O 67.7
CO2 12.7
N2 7.65
SO2 7.03
SO3 1.86
S2 1.04
H2 0.75
CO 0.67
Cl2 0.41
Ar 0.20
Gases from a
Hawaiian volcano
Mayon releasing gas
Geol. 11 Volcanism & Volcanic Hazards
2nd Sem AY 2013-14 U.P. Baguio
1/11/2014
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Volcanic landforms
1. Pyroclastic cones
Small volcanoes that grow
from thousands of recurring
incandescent jets made of
molten-to-plastic lumps of
magma (scoria, UK/cinders,
US)
Form steep-sided mounds
with a small summit crater
Commonly occur in clusters
or on the flanks of other
volcanoes (e.g. shield
volcanoes)
http://www.earthonlinemedia.com/ebooks/tpe_3
e/volcanic_landforms/volcano_types_2.html
Puu Oo cinder cone
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Puu_Oo_-_Crater_Lava_pond_1990.jpg
1946 eruption
Paricutin cinder cone, Mexico
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paricutin_30_612.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paricutin_30_613.jpg
Cinder cone in 1943
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paricutin.jpg
Paricutin in 1994
Sunset Crater
http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/sunset-craters
(Tarbuck, E. J., Lutgens, F.K., & Tasa, D. 2009. GEODe: Earth Science v.3)
http://taaltours.blogspot.com/
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagaytay_City
Binintiang Malaki, Taal Home on a cinder cone
http://realestate.yahoo.com/promo/the-home-at-the-top-of-a-volcano.html
Geol. 11 Volcanism & Volcanic Hazards
2nd Sem AY 2013-14 U.P. Baguio
1/11/2014
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Volcanic landforms
2. Composite volcanoes
(aka stratovolcanoes)
Made of innumerable
layers of:
pyroclastic material
lava flow deposits
rubble derived from
the flow & break-up of
brittle lava & dome
rocks
http://web.gccaz.edu/~lnewman/gph111/topic_un
its/Igneous_Vulcanism/14_23d.jpg
Volcanic landforms
Composite volcanoes (aka
stratovolcanoes)
Build a framework that
support the growth of
volcanoes with great
heights
Most stand isolated
several tens of km apart
in elongate chains
http://web.gccaz.edu/~lnewman/gph111/topic_un
its/Igneous_Vulcanism/14_23d.jpg
Volcanic landforms
Composite volcanoes (aka
stratovolcanoes)
Constructed from
multiple eruptions
spanning a few hundred
to hundreds of thousands
of years
http://web.gccaz.edu/~lnewman/gph111/topic_un
its/Igneous_Vulcanism/14_23d.jpg
SE NW
35-40
32-40
From A. Tengonciang
Klyuchevskaya volcano,
Kamchatka peninsula, Russia
http://www.volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=300260
Geol. 11 Volcanism & Volcanic Hazards
2nd Sem AY 2013-14 U.P. Baguio
1/11/2014
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Mount St. Helens, Washington, USA
Before and after eruption
http://www.lethist.lautre.net/mt_st_helens2.jpg
http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/c1050/fig49.jpg
Mount St. Helens, Washington, USA before and after eruption
Volcanic landforms
3. Shield volcanoes
Broad with low slopes,
like overturned shields
Constructed of
solidified lava that was
originally very fluid,
moving at speeds up
to 12 km/hr
Fast lavas can flow
long distances, to
construct gentle slopes
& broad summits,
forming lava plateaus
(Tarbuck, E. J., Lutgens, F.K., & Tasa, D. 2009. GEODe: Earth Science v.3)
http://clasfaculty.ucdenver.edu/callen/1202/Battle/Build/VolcanicEx/Extrusive.html
4. Calderas
Spanish, cauldron
Large craters that form
when the ground
surface above a
partially empty magma
chamber collapses into
the void
Dimensions may range
from a few km to as
large as 60 km in
diameter
Volcanic landforms
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taal_Volcano_satellite_image.gif
www.volcano.si.edu
Taal Caldera Lake
Geol. 11 Volcanism & Volcanic Hazards
2nd Sem AY 2013-14 U.P. Baguio
1/11/2014
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Photo credit: A. Tengonciang
Pinatubo caldera lake
http://64.19.142.11/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thu
mb/1/14/Santorini_Landsat.jpg/280px-Santorini_Landsat.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/The_Santorini_Caldera.jpg
Santorini caldera, Greece
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ia_Santorini-2009-1.JPG
http://www.volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=212040
View of Santorini caldera walls
Eruption on May 27, 1883
Anak Krakatau, May 17, 1997.
Kaguyak volcano, Alaska
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MountKaguyak.jpg
Volcanic landforms
5. Domes
Domes result from the
slow extrusion of
highly viscous magma
May start as highly
explosive eruptions
that wane into slow,
viscous lava extrusion,
forming thick stubby
flows or bulbous
domes
Geol. 11 Volcanism & Volcanic Hazards
2nd Sem AY 2013-14 U.P. Baguio
1/11/2014
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Santiaguito volcanic dome complex in
Santa Maria volcano, Guatemala
http://www.photovolcanica.com/VolcanoInfo/Santiaguito/Gua07_0528.jpg
http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/activity/methods/deformation/tilt/msh.php
Dome
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PaodeAcucar.JPG
Sugarloaf Mountain, Rio de Janeiro
(granite-gneiss dome)
Volcanic landforms
6. Maar
A small volcano with a
wide crater of
diameters ranging
from several hundred
meters to 1-2 km
Form from steam
explosions that occur
when rising magma
comes into contact
and mixes with
groundwater or
surface water
Seven Lakes of San Pablo, Laguna
http://cdn1.vtourist.com/15/5108108-the_7_lakes_San_Pablo_City.jpg
http://www.pinoymountaineer.com/2008/08/seven-lakes-of-san-pablo.html
Maar de Tazenat, Chane des Puys, France
http://dichamp.pagesperso-orange.fr/englishversion/prinvolce/tazenate.html
Mount Tabaro
http://64.19.142.12/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thu
mb/a/a2/Taal_volcano_crater.jpg/300px-Taal_volcano_crater.jpg
Geol. 11 Volcanism & Volcanic Hazards
2nd Sem AY 2013-14 U.P. Baguio
1/11/2014
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Volcanic landforms
7. Lava plateau (e.g. Giants
Causeway , Northern
Ireland)
http://matadornetwork.com/trips/60-mind-bending-rock-
formations-from-around-the-world-pics/
Flood Basalts
Large volume outpourings of basaltic
magma from fissure vents
Examples: Laki (Iceland), Columbia River
Plateau (Washington, Oregon), Deccan
Traps (India), Siberian Traps (Russia)
Flood Basalt:
Laki, Iceland, 1783
Largest basalt
eruption in recorded
history
Basalt erupted from
a 32 km long fissure
Covered an area
of 565 km
2
with
13 km
3
of lava.
http://64.19.142.11/images.intellicast.com/App_Images/Article/175_18.jpg
http://www.geog.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/eruptions/figures.html
Factors that determine the morphology of a volcanic
feature
What is a volcanic hazard?
A volcanic hazard refers to any potentially dangerous
volcanic process (e.g. lava flows, pyroclastic flows).
What is a volcanic risk?
A volcanic risk is any potential loss or damage as a
result of the volcanic hazard that might be incurred by
persons, property, etc. or which negatively impacts the
productive capacity/sustainability of a population.
Volcanic hazards video
Ash falls
Hot ash flows
Mudflows
Volcanic landslides
Volcanic tsunami
Lava flows
Volcanic gases
Geol. 11 Volcanism & Volcanic Hazards
2nd Sem AY 2013-14 U.P. Baguio
1/11/2014
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Benefits of Volcanism
1. Hot springs
2. Geothermal
energy
3. Oxygen
4. Global cooling
5. Fertile soil
6. Natural beauty
Hot springs and geysers
Bacon-Manito, Philippines
How do we know if a volcano is
active?
Active erupted during the last
10,000 yrs.
Inactive no activity during the last
10,000 yrs.
How many volcanoes are there
in the Philippines?
22 active volcanoes and more than
200 inactive
most active is Mayon Volcano with 47
historical eruptions
7 active volcanoes are being
monitored by PHIVOLCS
Geol. 11 Volcanism & Volcanic Hazards
2nd Sem AY 2013-14 U.P. Baguio
1/11/2014
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Global Distribution of Volcanoes
DIGIT, 2002
Some uses of igneous rocks
Basalt - road pavement
Granite and rhyolite decorative stone
Pumice - abrasives
Andesite and diorite - material for retaining
walls
Obsidian ornamental stone