UNIT-II

VECTOR CALCULUS
Directional derivative
The derivative of a point function (scalar or vector) in a particular
direction is called its directional derivative along the direction.
The directional derivative of a scalar point function in a given
direction is the rate of change of in the direction. It is given by the
component of grad in that direction.
The directional derivative of a scalar point function
(x,y,z) in the direction of

a is given by

a
a .
.
Directional derivative of is maximum in the direction of .
Hence the maximum directional derivative is grad or
Unit normal vector to the surface
If (x, y, z) be a scalar function, then (x, y, z) = c represents
A surface and the unit normal vector to the surface is given by

Equation of the tangent plane and normal to the surface
Suppose

a is the position vector of the point ) , , (

0 0 0
z y x
On the surface (x, y, z) = c. If

+ + = k z j y i x r is the position vector of
any point (x,y,z) on the tangent plane to the surface at

a , then the
equation of the tangent plane to the surface at a given point

a on it is
given by 0 . =
|

\
|


grad a r
If

r is the position vector of any point on the normal to the surface

at the point

a on it. The vector equation of the normal at a given point

a on the surface is 0 =
|

\
|


grad a r
The Cartesian form of the normal at ) , , (
0 0 0
z y x on the surface

(x,y,z) = c is

z
z z
y
y y
x
x x
o

0 0


Divergence of a vector
If ) , , ( z y x F

is a continuously differentiable vector point function in

a given region of space, then the divergences of

F is defined by
z
F
k
y
F
j
x
F
i F div F

= =

.
=
x
F
i

If

+ + = k F j F i F F
3 2 1
,then ) .(
3 2 1

+ + = k F j F i F F div
i.e.,
z
F
y
F
x
F
F div

3 2 1


Solenoidal Vector
A vector

F is said to be solenoidal if 0 =

F div (ie) 0 . =

F

Curl of vector function
If ) , , ( z y x F

is a differentiable vector point function defined at each

point (x, y, z), then the curl of

F is defined by


= F F curl
=
z
F
k
y
F
j
x
F
i

=
x
F
i

If

+ + = k F j F i F F
3 2 1
,then ) (
3 2 1

+ + = k F j F i F F curl


3 2 1
F F F
z y x
k j i
F curl

=
(

+
(

y
F
x
F
k
z
F
x
F
j
z
F
y
F
i
1 2 1 3 2 3

Curl

F is also said to be rotation

F

Irrotational Vector
A vector

F is called irrotational if Curl 0 =

F
(ie) if 0 =

F
Scalar Potential
If

F is an irrotational vector, then there exists a scalar function

Such that =

F . Such a scalar function is called scalar potential of

F

Properties of Gradient

1. If f and g are two scalar point function that ( ) g f g f = (or)
( ) gradg gradf g f grad =
Solution: ( ) ( ) g f
z
k
y
j
x
i g f
|
|

\
|

=


= ( ) ( ) ( )
|
|

\
|

g f
z
k g f
y
j g f
x
i
=
z
g
k
z
f
k
y
g
j
y
f
j
x
g
i
x
f
i

=
|
|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

z
g
k
y
g
j
x
g
i
z
f
k
y
f
j
x
f
i
= g f

2. If f and g are two scalar point functions then ( ) f g g f fg + = (or)
ggradf fgradg fg grad + = ) (
Solution: ( ) = fg ( ) fg
z
k
y
j
x
i
|
|

\
|

= ( ) ( ) ( )
|
|

\
|

fg
z
k fg
y
j fg
x
i
=
|

\
|

+
|
|

\
|

+
|

\
|

z
f
g
z
g
f k
y
f
g
y
g
f j
x
f
g
x
g
f i
=
|
|

\
|

+
|
|

\
|

z
f
k
y
f
j
x
f
i g
z
g
k
y
g
j
x
g
i f
= f g g f +

3. If f and g are two scalar point function then
2
g
g f f g
g
f
=
|
|

\
|
where
0 g
Solution: =
|
|

\
|

g
f
|
|

\
|
|
|

\
|

g
f
z
k
y
j
x
i
=

|
|

\
|

g
f
x
i
=

|
|
|
|

\
|

2
g
x
g
f
x
f
g
i
=
|

\
|

x
g
i f
x
f
i g
g
2
1

= [ ] g f f g
g

2
1


4. If

+ + = k z j y i x r such that r r =

,prove that

= r nr r
n n 2

Solution:
n n
r
z
k
y
j
x
i r
|
|

\
|

=


=
|
|

\
|

z
r
k
y
r
j
x
r
i
n n n

=
z
r
nr k
y
r
nr j
x
r
nr i
n n n

1 1 1

=
(

+ +

r
z
k
r
y
j
r
x
i nr
n 1

=
(

+ +

k z j y i x
r
nr
n 1

=

r
r
nr
n 1


5. Find a unit normal to the surface 4 2
2
= + xz y x at (2,-2, 3)
Solution: Given that xz y x 2
2
+ =

) 2 (
2
xz y x
z
k
y
j
x
i +
|
|

\
|

=


= ( ) ( ) ( ) x k x j z xy i 2 2 2
2

+ + +
At (2,-2, 3)

( ) ) 4 ( ) 4 ( 6 8

+ + + = k j i
=

+ + k j i 4 4 2

6 36 16 16 4 = = + + =
Unit normal to the given surface at (2,-2,3)

=
6
4 4 2


+ + k j i

=
|

\
|
+ +

k j i 2 2
3
1


6. Find the directional derivative of xyz xz yz x + + =
2 2
4 at (1,2,3) in the
direction of

+ k j i 2
Solution: Given xyz xz yz x + + =
2 2
4

) 4 (
2 2
xyz xz yz x
z
k
y
j
x
i + +
|
|

\
|

=


= ( ) ( ) ( )

+ + + + + + + k xy xz y x j xz z x i yz z xyz 8 4 2
2 2 2

At (1, 2, 3)



+ + = k j i 28 6 54
Given:

+ = k j i a 2
6 1 1 4 = + + =

=
a
a
D D . .
=
6
2 2
. 28 6 54


+
|

\
|
+ +
k j i
k j i
= [ ] [ ] 86
6
1
28 6 108
6
1
= +

7. Find the angle between the surface 5
2 2 2
= + + z y x and
5 2
2 2 2
= + + x z y x at (0,1,2)
Solution: Let
2 2 2
1
z y x + + = and x z y x 2
2 2 2
2
+ + =
z
z
y
y
x
x
2 , 2 , 2
1 1 1
=

z
z
y
y
x
x
2 , 2 , 2 2
2 2 2
=

+ + = k z j y i x 2 2 2
1



+ + = k z j y i x 2 2 ) 2 2 (
2

At (o,1,2)


+ = k j 4 2
1



+ + = k j i 4 2 2
2

Cos
6 4 4 4 16
4 2 2 . 4 2
.
2 1
2 1
+ + +
|

\
|
+ +
|

\
|
+
=


=

k j i k j




24 20
20
24 20
16 4
cos =
+
=
|

\
|
=

24 20
20
cos
1

=
|
|

\
|

24
20
cos
1


8. Find the angle between the surfaces 1 log
2
= y z x and z y x = 2
2
at the
point (1,1,1)
Solution: let z x y log
2
1
= and z y x + =
2
2


z
x
z
y
y
z
x
=

1 1 1
, 2 , log


1 , , 2
2 2 2 2
=

z
x
y
xy
x



+ = k
z
k
j y i z 2 ) log (
1


= k j 2
2


Cos
6 5
1
1 1 4 1 4
1 2 .
2 1
2 1
=
+ + +

=


=



|

\
|
=

6 5
1
cos
1


9. Find ( )
n
r
2

Solution: ( )
n
r
2
= ( )
n
r .
= ( ) ( ) ( )
n n n
r
z
k r
y
j r
x
i

=
z
r
nr k
y
r
nr j
x
r
nr i
n n n

1 1 1



+ + = k z j y i x r

2 2 2
z y x r r + + = =

2 2 2 2
z y x r + + =

r
x
x
r
x
x
r
r =

2 2

r
y
y
r
y
y
r
r =

2 2

r
z
z
r
z
z
r
r =

2 2
( ) =
n
r
2
(

+ +

r
z
k
r
y
j
r
x
i nr
n 1

=
(

+ +

k z j y i x nr
n 2

=
(

r nr
n 2

Since

+ =
|

\
|
u div u u .
( )
|

\
|
=

r nr r
n n 2 2

= ( )

+
|

\
|
r nr r nr
n n
. .
2 2

|

\
|
+ +
|
|

\
|

=

k z j y i x
z
k
y
j
x
i r .
=1+1+1 = 3

( ) ( )

+ = r r n nr r
n n n
. 3
2 2 2

= ( )( )
2 4 2
. 2 3 r r n n nr
n n
+
= ( )( )
2 2
2 3

+
n n
r n n nr

( ) [ ] ( )
2 2 2 2
1

+ = + =
n n n
r n n n n r r


10. If

+ + = k z j y i x r and r r =

.Prove that

r r
n
is solenoidal if 3 = n and

r r
n
is irrotational for all vectors of n.
Solution:

r r
n

+ + = k r j y r i x r
n n n

div ( ) ( ) ( ) z r
z
y r
y
x r
x
r r
n n n n

=
|

\
|

(1)
Now
2 2 2 2
z y x r + + =
Differentiating partially w.r.to x,


r
x
x
r
x
x
r
r =

2 2
Similarly,
r
y
y
r
y
y
r
r =

2 2

r
z
z
r
z
z
r
r =

2 2
Now ( ) ( )
n n n
r
x
r
r
r
x x r
x
+

.
= x.n
n n
r
r
x
r +
1

( )
n n n
r y nr y r
y
+ =

2 2


( )
n n n
r z nr z r
z
+ =

2 2

From (1) we have
( )
n n n
r z y x nr r r div 3
2 2 2 2
+ + + =
|

\
|

=
n n
r nr 3 +
=( )
n
r n 3 +
The vector

r r
n
is solenoidal if
|

\
|

r r div
n
= 0
( ) 0 3 = +
n
r n
0 3 = + n
3 = n

r r
n
is solenoidal only if n = -3
Now
z r y r x r
z y x
k j i
r r curl
n n n
n

=
|

\
|

= ( ) ( )

|
|

\
|

y r
z
z r
y
i
n n

=

|
|

\
|

z
r
y nr z
y
r
nr i
n n 1 1

=

\
|

r
z
y nr z
r
y
nr i
n n 1 1

= ( )

yz nr yz nr i
n n 2 2

= 0
Curl (

r r
n
) =

+ + k j i 0 0 0 =0

Curl (

r r
n
) = 0 for all values of n
Hence

r r
n
is irrotational for all values of n.


11. Prove that ( ) ( )

+ + + = k xz j x y i z x y F
2 3 2
3 4 sin 2 cos is irrotational and
find its scalar potential
Solution:


2 3 2
3 4 sin 2 cos xz x y z x y
z y x
k j i
F curl
+

=
|

\
|

= [ ] [ ] [ ] 0 cos 2 cos 2 3 3 0 0
2 2
= +

x y x y k z z j i

F is irrotational.

To Find such that grad F =

( ) ( )
z
k
y
j
x
i k xz j x y i z x y

= + + +


2 2 2
3 4 sin 2 cos
Integrating the equation partially w.r.to x,y,z respectively
) , ( sin
1
3 2
z y f xz x y + + =
) , ( 4 sin
2
2
z x f y x y + =
) , (
3
3
y x f xz + =
, 4 sin
3 2
C y xz x y + + = is scalar potential


12. Prove that ) .( ) .(

=
|

\
|
B curl A A curl B B A div
Proof : ) .(

=
|

\
|
B A B A div
=

\
|

B A
x
i
=

|
|
|

\
|

+
|
|
|

\
|

B
x
A
i
x
B
A i
=

|
|
|

\
|

+
|
|
|

\
|

B
x
A
i A
x
B
i
=

|
|
|

\
|

+
|
|
|

\
|

B
x
A
i A
x
B
i . .
=

|

\
|
+
|

\
|
B A curl A B curl . .

13.Prove that


|

\
|
=
|

\
|
F F F curl curl
2

Solution:

|

\
|
=
|

\
|

F F curl curl
By using

|

\
|

\
|
=
|

\
|
c b a b c a c b a . .
= ( )


|

\
|
F F . .
=


|

\
|
F F
2
.


VECTOR INTEGRATION
Line, surface and Volume Integrals


Problems based on line Integral
Example 1:
If ( )

+ + = k xz j yz i y x F
2 2
20 14 6 3 Evaluate

C
dr F. from (0,0,0) to
(1,1,1) along the curve
3 2
, , t z t y t x = = =

Solution: The end points are (0, 0, 0) and (1, 1, 1)
These points correspond to t = 0 and t = 1

2
3 , 2 , t dz t dy dt dx = = =

C
dr F. = ( )

+ +
C
dz xz yzdy dx y x
2 2
20 14 6 3
= ( ) ( ) ( )

+ +
1
0
2 7 5 2 2
3 20 2 14 6 3 dt t t tdt t dt t t
= ( )

+
1
0
9 6 2
60 28 9 dt t t t
= ( )
1
0
10 7 3
6 4 3 t t t +
= ( ) [ ] 5 0 6 4 3 = +

Example 2:
Show that

+ + = k z j y i x F
2 2 2
is a conservative vector field.

Solution: If

F is conservative then 0 =

F
Now 0 0 0 0
2 2 2
= + + =

k j i
z y x
z y x
k j i
F

F is a conservative vector field.

Surface Integrals
Definition: Consider a surface S. Let n denote the unit outward normal to the
surface S. Let R be the projection of the surface x on the XY plane. Let

f be
a vector valued defined in some region containing the surface S. Then the
surface integral of

f is defined to be dy dx
k n
n f
ds n f
R S
.
.
.
.

=
Example 1;
Evaluate ds n f
S

. where

+ = k z y j x i z F
2
and S is the surface of
the cylinder 1
2 2
= + y x included in the first octant between the planes z = 0
and z = 2.
Solution: Given

+ = k z y j x i z F
2


1
2 2
+ = y x



+ = j y i x 2 2

2 2
4 4 y x + =
=2
2 2
y x +
=2
The unit normal

n to the surface =

= yj xi
yj xi
+ =
+
2
2 2

xy xz j y i x k z y j x i z n F + =
|

\
|
+
|

\
|
+ =

. .
2









[
.. = 12- ~ - 3y
. z 6
1 1
= 7 (6 (12- ~ - 3y) -36 + 18y} .. 7 (36 - 1 ~
- ff F. n dS
= If 36 - 12x
R 7
dxdy
~ ..
s
I n . k I
- ,....
Jf F. n dS
s
: If (6- 2x)ttxdy
R
Given plane equation is 2x + 3y + 6z = 12 in XOY area .z = 0.
2x+3y = 12
3y = 12- 2x
12- 2x
y =
3
12 - 2x
: . y varies from C> to
3
in X plane y = 0, z = 0
. . 2x 12
X
- 6
:. x v-.>ries from 0 to 6
6 12 - 2x
f J 3 (6 - 2x)dydx
0 0
6 12 - 2K
= f (6y - 2x:Y)
0
3
dx
0






e
. . 24
VOLUME INTEGRALS
The volume integral of F (x, y, z) over a region enclosing a volume V is
givtn by fff F (x,y, z)dV or fff F (x,y,z)dxdydz.
v v
I I PROBLEMS BASED ON VOLUME INTEGRAlS
.. .. .. .. ..
Ewopk ZJ.16. Jr F = - 31) I - 11)' j - 4x II. mluate f f f V >< F whm
v
V Is the regi6D bounded by x = 0, y = 0, z == 0 and lx + 2y + z 4 .
Solution :
..
..... .....
i
j k

(J
()
a
V X F
- iJ x
iJy 02

- 4%
... ... ...
= i (O) + j(-3+4)+ k(-2y-O)
... -
-_j-2yk
.. f f f v X F dV - l !
2
f 2x- <i"- 2y k) dz dy dx
v 0 0 0
2
2-x _. _.4 -2x-2y
= f f (zj- 2yzk)
0
dy dx
oo
2
ff
2- ..
"' (4 -:a- 2y)j- 2y (4- 2r- 2y)kJ dydx
0 0
2 [ .... ( 3) ]2- X
=! (4y-'Jxy-i)J - k
0
dx





INTEGRAL THEOREMS
(i) Gausss divergence theorem
(ii) Stokes theorem
(iii) Greens theorem in the plane


Greens Theorem
Statement:
If M(x,y) and N(x,y) are continuous functions with continuous
partial derivatives in a region R of the xy plane bounded by a simple closed
curve C, then
dxdy
y
M
x
N
ndy Mdx
R c
|
|

\
|

= + , where C is the curve described in the

positive direction.


















Verify Greens theorem in a plane for the integral ( ) xdy dx y x
c
+

2
taken around the circle 4
2 2
= + y x
Solution: Greens theorem gives
dxdy
y
M
x
N
Ndy Mdx
R c
|
|

\
|

= +
Consider ( ) xdy dx y x
c
+

2
M = x 2y N = x
1 , 2 =

x
N
y
M

dxdy
y
M
x
N
R
|
|

\
|

( )

= +
R R
dxdy dxdy 3 2 1

= 3[Area of the circle]
= 3
2
r
=3. 4 .
= 12 (1)
Now

+ Ndy Mdx
We know that the parametric equation of the circle 4
2 2
= + y x
x = 2 cos y = 2 sin
d dx sin 2 = , d dy cos 2 =
( ) xdy dx x x Ndy Mdx + = + 2
= ( )( ) ( ) d d cos 2 cos 2 sin 2 sin 4 cos 2 +
= d
2 2
cos 4 sin 8 sin cos 2 + +
Where various from 0 to 2
( )

+ + = +

2
0
2
4 sin 4 sin cos 2 d Ndy Mdx
C

=
|
|

\
|
+ |

\
|
+

2
0
4
2
2 cos 1
4 2 sin d
= ( )

2
0
2 cos 2 6 2 sin d
=

2
0
2
2 sin 2
6
2
2 cos
(

+
= 12
2
1
12
2
1
= + .(2)
From (1) and (2)












dxdy
y
M
x
N
Ndy Mdx
R c
|
|

\
|

= +
Hence Greens Theorem is verified.


Example 2
Using Greens theorems find the area of a circle of radius r.
Solution: By Greens theorem we know that
Area enclosed by C =

C
ydx xdy
2
1

The parametric equation of a circle of radius r is x = sin , cos r y r =
Where 2 0
Area of the circle =

2
0
) sin ( sin ) cos ( cos
2
1
d r r r r
= ( )

d r r

+
2
0
2 2 2 2
sin cos
2
1

=

2
0
2
2
1
d r
= [ ]
2 2
0
2
2
1
r r

=

Example 3:
Evaluate ( ) [ ]

c
xdy dx y x cos sin where c is the triangle with
vertices (0,0) ,( ) 0 ,
2

and ) 1 ,
2
(

Solution: Equation of OB is
0
2
0
0 1
0

x y

x
y
2
=


















By Greens theorem dxdy
y
M
x
N
Ndy Mdx
R c
|
|

\
|

= +
Here 1 , sin =

=
y
M
y x M
N x
x
N
x sin , cos =

=
( ) [ ] ( )dxdy x xdy dx y x
R C

+ = 1 sin cos sin
In the region R, x varies from x =
2 2

to
y
and y varies from y = 0 to y = 1
( ) =

xdy dx y x
C
cos sin ( )

+
1
0
2
2
1 sin dxdy x
y

= [ ]

+
1
0
2
2
cos

y
x x dy
= dy
y y
(

+
1
0
2 2 2
cos


=
1
0
2
4 2 2
sin
2
(

+
y
y
y

=
2
2
4 2
2

+ = +

Example 4
Verify Greens theorem in the plane for
( ) ( )

+
C
dy xy y dx y x 6 4 8 3
2 2
where C is the boundary of the region defined
by
X = 0 , y= 0, x + y =1
Solution: We have to prove that









dxdy
y
M
x
N
Ndy Mdx
R c
|
|

\
|

= +
M = xy y N y x 6 4 , 8 3
2 2
=
y
x
N
y
y
M
6 , 16 =

By Greens theorem in the plane
dxdy
y
M
x
N
Ndy Mdx
R c
|
|

\
|

= +
= ( )

1
0
1
0
10 dydx y
x

=

1
0
1
0
2
2
10
x
y

= ( )

1
0
2
1 5 dx x
=
( )
3
5
3
1
5
1
0
3
=
(

x

Consider

+ + = +
BO AB OA c
Ndy Mdx
Along OA, y=0 , x varies from 0 to 1

[ ] 1 3
1
0
3
1
0
2
= = = +

x dx x Ndy Mdx
OA

Along AB, y = 1 - x dx dy = and x varies from 1 to 0 .

( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]dx x x x x x Ndy Mdx
AB

+ = +
0
1
2 2
1 6 1 4 1 8 3
=
( ) ( )
0
1
3 2
2 3 2
2 3
2
1 4
3
1 8
3
3
(

x x
x x x

=
3
8
2 3 1 2
3
8
= + +

STOKES THEOREM






If S is an open surface bounded by a simple closed curve C and if a vector
function

F is continuous and has continuous partial derivatives in S and on

C, then


=
c
r d F ds n F curl . . where

n is the unit vector normal to the

surface (ie) The surface integral of the normal component of

F curl is equal
to the integral of the tangential component of

F taken around C.

Example 1
Verify Stokes theorem for ( )

= k z y j yz i y x F
2 2
2 where S is the upper
half of the sphere 1
2 2 2
= + + z y x and C is the circular boundary on z = 0
plane.
Solution: By Stokes theorem


=
s c
ds n F curl r d F . .
( )

= k z y j yz i y x F
2 2
2

z y yz y x
z y x
k j i
F curl
2 2
2

= [ ] ( ) ( )

= + + + k k j yz yz i 1 0 0 0 2 2
Here

= k n since C is the circular boundary on z = 0 plane
=

S
area of the circle

=

S
dxdy ds n F curl .
= =
2
) 1 ( .(1)


ON z = 0,


=
s c
ds n F curl r d F . .
On C, x = cos sin , = y
d dy d dx cos , sin = =
varies from 0 to 2







( )( )

d r d F
c
sin sin cos 2 .
2
0
=



= ( )

+


2
0
2
2
0
sin sin cos 2 d d
= ( )

|

\
|
+

2
0
2
0
2
2 cos 1
2 sin d d
=

2
0
2
0
2
2 sin
2
1
2
2 cos
(

+
(

= = + +
2
1
2
1
(2)

From (1) and (2)




=
s c
ds n F curl r d F . .
Hence stokes theorem is verified

Example 2
Verify stokes theorem for ( ) ( )

+ + + = k xz j yz i z y F 4 2 where s is
the surface of the cube x = 0, x = 2, y = 0, y = 2, z = 0 and z = 2 above the xy
plane.
Solution:
By Stokes theorem



=
s c
ds n F curl r d F . .
Given ( ) ( )

+ + + = k xz j yz i z y F 4 2
xz yz z y
z y x
k j i
F curl
+ +

4 2

= [ ] [ ] [ ] 1 0 1 0 + +

k z j y i
= [ ]

+ k z j i y 1























Hence Stokes theorem is verified.
Example 3:
Verify Stokes theorem for

+ + = k x j z i y F where S is the upper half
surface of the sphere 1
2 2 2
= + + z y x and C is its boundary.
Solution: By stokes theorem


-:-+ -:--7
F=y l +z ] +xk
r r
a a a
Curl F=
ax ay az
y Z X
= Tto- 1] - ][1- o] + kto- l] =-
2 ? ?
Now Q> = x + y- + z- - 1
-:-7
V Q> = 2x t + 2yJ + 2zk
IVQ>I = -'-i4x
2
+ 4/ + 4i = 2
v Q> -:-7 -:--7 -:--7
:. n = --= Xl + YJ + zk
IVQ>II

. . curl F fl = - x - y - z
S be the projection on XOY plane gives
d'i = dx dy = dx dy
. z
. . J J (- x - Y- z) dxzdv = J J (- xz- y) dx dy- J J dx dy
s s s
=JJ (- x-y)
s 1 - x
2
-l
Now 1
1
= J J - x-y dxdv
s

By changing to polar coordinates
X = r COS 8, y = r Sin 8 dx dy = rdr d8
r varies from 0 to 1
e varies from 0 to 2n
dx dy- J J dxdy
s














=
s c
ds n F curl r d F . .

Gauss Divergence theorem
Statement:
The surface integral of the normal component of a vector
function F over a closed surface S enclosing volume V is equal to the volume
integral of the divergence of F taken throughout the volume V ,
dv F ds n F
V S


= . .
Evaluate zdxdy x ydzdx x dydz x
2 2 3
+ +

over the surface bounded by z = 0 ,z

= h,
2 2 2
a y x = +
Solution:





16
3
2 2
1
4
3
cos
2
0
4

= =

d



2
3
.
4
a
ds n F
S
=

"
""20a
4
J
3
0
= 5a
4
n h
4
" 3n 5 4 J
T6dz =
4
a n dz
0
Evaluate J J [1. ;(ds where F = 4xz ~ y
2
}1 yz k1.nd s is the surface of
s
the cube bounded by x = 0, x =a, y = 0, y =a, z = 0, z =a [x = 0, x = 1, y = 0,
y = 1, z = 0, z = 1 means a = 1]
rr;p SOLUTION G. - : : : t f 4 -:-t " -:-t k ~
: tven = xz z- y- J + yz
- ~
div F = 4z.- 2y + y = 4z- y
x ; varies from 0 to a
y ; varies from 0 to a
z ; varies from 0 to a
J J -p. -;(ds == f J f div Fdv
,.
({ (( ((
:::: J J J (4z- y) dx dy dz.
0 0 0
a a
=
f f
[4zx- }X]g dy dz
0 0
{l a
=
f J
[4za- ya] dy dz
0 0
~ a-, 4 a
[
3 I 4
== 2cr z- -
2
= 2a :- 2