Wastewater treatment by adsorption onto Carpobrotus edulis used as natural

adsorbent
Mohamed CHIBAN
1
, Amina SOUDANI
1
, Hassan EDDAOUDI
1
, Fouad SINAN
1
and Michel
PERSIN
2
1: Equipe de Matriaux, Photocatalyse et Environnement, Facult des Sciences d!"adir, #P$ %1&' Cit (a)hla, Maroc
*: +nstitut Europen des Membranes, C,-S, -./'0/, 1111 ,oute Mende, 02*103Montpellier, France
Co!!es"ondin# au$ho!% &el' ( 2122)22*+,-, Fa.' (2122)22*1**, E/mail add!ess' mmchi0an12ahoo%3!%

ABSTRACT
&he aim o3 $he "!esen$ "a"e! is $o s$ud2 $he e33icienc2 o3 a ne4 "!ocess 3o! 4as$e4a$e!
$!ea$men$ 02 adso!"$ion on$o mic!o/"a!$icles o3 d!2 "lan$ usin# $he 0a$ch e5uili0!a$ion $echni5ue%
&hese mic!o/"a!$icles a!e o0$ained 3!om #!inded and d!ied Carpobrotus edulis "lan$% &he !esul$s
sho4 $ha$ $he mic!o/"a!$icles o3 C$ edulis "lan$ "!esen$ a #ood !e$en$ion o3 hea62 me$als, ni$!a$e
and "hos"ha$e ions 3!om !eal 4as$e4a$e!% &his !e$en$ion inc!eased 4i$h inc!easin# o3 con$ac$
$ime% &he !emo6al "e!cen$a#e o3 hea62 me$als 3!om indus$!ial 4as$e4a$e! 02 C$ edulis "a!$icles
4as +7 8 3o! Cd9II:, +1 8 3o! Cu9II:, ++ 8 3o! P09II: and +)8 3o! ;n9II:% &he ma.imum
adso!"$ion ca"aci$2 4as de"endin# on $he $2"e o3 ions 9a$omic 4ei#h$, ionic !adius and
s$!uc$u!e<:% &he !esul$s indica$e $ha$ $he chemical o.2#en demand 9COD: 6alues dec!ease a3$e!
con$ac$ 4i$h mic!o/"a!$icles o3 d!2 C$ edulis "lan$% &he !esul$s o0$ained a!e com"a!ed 4i$h $hose
o0$ained 3!om /i: dis$illed 4a$e! and /ii: 3!om la0o!a$o!2 solu$ions 4i$h 6a!ious concen$!a$ions%
&hese !esul$s indica$e $ha$ $he mic!o/"a!$icles o0$ained 3!om #!inded and d!ied C$ edulis "lan$
could 0e used 3o! !emo6al o3 hea62 me$als and "ollu$an$ mine!als 3!om 4as$e4a$e!%
Key words' mic!o/"a!$icles o3 C$ edulis "lan$, adso!"$ion, 4as$e4a$e! $!ea$men$, hea62 me$als%
INTRODUCTION
Se6e!al indus$!ial 4as$e4a$e! s$!eams ma2 con$ain hea62 me$als such as Cd, C!, Cu, P0,
;n, e$c% includin# $he 4as$e li5uids #ene!a$ed 02 me$al 3inishin# o! $he mine!al "!ocessin#
indus$!ies% &he $o.ic me$als mus$ 0e e33ec$i6el2 $!ea$ed=!emo6ed 3!om $he 4as$e4a$e!s% I3 $he
4as$e4a$e!s 4e!e discha!#ed di!ec$l2 in$o na$u!al 4a$e!s, i$ 4ill cons$i$u$e a #!ea$ !is> 3o! $he
a5ua$ic ecos2s$em, 4hils$ $he di!ec$ discha!#e in$o $he se4e!a#e s2s$em ma2 a33ec$ ne#a$i6el2 $he
su0se5uen$ 0iolo#ical 4as$e4a$e! $!ea$men$% In !ecen$ 2ea!s, $he !emo6al o3 hea62 me$al 3!om
se4a#e, indus$!ial and minin#4as$e e33luen$s has 0een 4idel2 s$udied% &hei! "!esence in s$!eams
and la>es has 0een !es"onsi0le 3o! se6e!al $2"es o3 heal$h "!o0lems in animals, "lan$s and human
0ein#s% Amon# $he man2 me$hods a6aila0le $o !educe hea62 me$al concen$!a$ion 3!om
4as$e4a$e!, $he mos$ common ones a!e chemical "!eci"i$a$ion, ion/e.chan#e, and !e6e!se
osmosis% Mos$ o3 $hese me$hods su33e! 3!om some d!a40ac>s such as hi#h ca"i$al and o"e!a$ional
cos$s, incom"le$e me$al !emo6al, lo4 selec$i6i$2, hi#h ene!#2 !e5ui!emen$s% Ne4 a""!oaches 3o!
!emo6in# me$als 0ased on 0ioso!"$ion usin# al#ae o! 0ac$e!ia ha6e 0een !e"o!$ed ?Dos San$os
92***:, Mad!id 91++):@% Al$hou#h $hese ma$e!ials "!esen$ 0indin# si$es, includin# amines,
ca!0o.2l and $hiol #!ou"s, $hei! use 3o! e33luen$ $!ea$men$ "u!"oses ma2 no$ 0e sui$a0le due $o
$hei! "oo! na$u!al a0undance% On $he o$he! hand, $he use o3 o$he! na$u!al ma$e!ials, such as "eanu$
shells, so20ean hulls and co!nco0s, 4hich a!e a6aila0le in la!#e 5uan$i$ies, ma2 "!esen$ hi#he!
"o$en$ials as ine."ensi6e so!0en$s 3o! 4as$e4a$e! $!ea$men$ ?Ma!shall 91+++:, Aa34o2o 91+++:,
Bau#han 92**1:@% In addi$ion, al$hou#h $he use o3 $hese ma$e!ials is s$ill no$ 6e!2 common, in
#ene!al, $he2 "!esen$ #ood adso!"$ion ca"aci$2 ?Dushen>o6 91++,:, Baile2 91+++:@ ha6e
"!esen$ed an in$e!es$in# !e6ie4, 4hich 3ocuses on $he "o$en$ial o3 a 4ide 6a!ie$2 o3 lo4 cos$
so!0en$s 3o! hea62 me$als% Acco!din# $o $hese au$ho!s, a lo4 cos$ so!0en$ can 0e assumed i3 i$
!e5ui!es less "!io! "!ocessin#, is a0undan$ in na$u!e, o! is ei$he! a 02/"!oduc$ o! 4as$e ma$e!ial
3!om ano$he! indus$!2% &hese ma$e!ials could 0e al$e!na$i6es 3o! e."ensi6e $!ea$men$ "!ocesses% In
$his sense, 6a!ious na$u!al ma$e!ials can 0e used 3o! $hese "u!"oses%
&he adso!"$ion o3 hea62 me$als, ni$!a$e and o!$ho"hos"ha$es 02 $hese "a!$icles o3 C$ edulis
"lan$ mi#h$ 0e mainl2 a$$!i0u$ed $o $hei! "!o$ein, ca!0oh2d!a$es and "henolic com"ound con$en$s
?Benhima 92**2:, Chi0an 92**-0:@, con$ainin# me$al/0indin# 3unc$ional #!ou"s li>e ca!0o.2l,
h2d!o.2l, sul3a$e, "hos"ha$e and amino #!ou"s ?Benhima 92**1, 2**C:, AmDe#hal 92**C:,
F!iedman 91+-2:, Chi0an 92**-a:@% &he s"a$ial dis$!i0u$ion o3 $hese 0indin# #!ou"s in $he C$
edulis "lan$ is no$ 4ell !esol6ed% The grinded and dried plant selected for this study
grown in Mediterranean zones (Sou$hEAes$e!n Mo!occo:% &he mic!o/"a!$icles o3 C$
edulis "lan$ a!e >no4n $o 0e non $o.ic as $hese "a!$icles a!e used in medical $!ea$men$s ?Cha!no$
91+7,:, Mon$ilia 91++*:, Ahmad 91++*:@ ma>in# $hem #ood candida$es 3o! $he de6elo"men$ o3
"!ocesses aimed $o be used in a#!icul$u!e o! domes$ic a""lica$ions% &hei! choice 4as 0ased on
$hei! !ela$i6e a0undance in 6a!ious Dones o3 Mo!occo and $hei! 5uasi a0sence o3 comme!cial
6alue% Recen$l2, !esea!che!s also loo>ed 3o! so!0en$s issued 3!om a#!icul$u!al and 3o!es$!2
sou!ces% Fo! e.am"le, B!o4n and col% 92**1: used Peuraria lobata oh4i 9FudDu: as so!0en$ $o
!emo6e 6a!ious hea62 me$al ions such as cadmium, co""e! and Dinc 3!om a5ueous solu$ions,
Reddad and col% 92**2: used su#a! 0ee$ "ul" 3o! $he !emo6al o3 nic>el and coo"e! ions, A0del/
Halim and col% 92**C: used Echornia Speciosa 9Nile !ose: 3o! $he !emo6al o3 lead ions, and Al/
Su0u and Salim and col% 92**2, 1++7: used Cupressus sempervirens 9c2"!ess:, Eucalyptus
lon"i5olia 9cinchona: and Pinus halepensis 9"ine: 3o! $he !emo6al o3 lead, aluminium and
cadmium ions% Gene!all2 $hese 0ioma$e!ials sho4ed a #ood e33icienc2 3o! $he $!ea$men$ o3
"ollu$ed li5uid media%
&he aim o3 $he "!esen$ "a"e! is $o s$ud2 $he e33icienc2 o3 a ne4 "!ocess 3o! 4as$e4a$e!
$!ea$men$ 02 adso!"$ion on$o mic!o/"a!$icles o3 d!2 "lan$ usin# $he 0a$ch e5uili0!a$ion $echni5ue%
&hese mic!o/"a!$icles o3 d!2 "lan$ a!e o0$ained 3!om Carpobrotus edulis "lan$%
MATRIA!S AND MT"ODS
#$ Materials
&he adso!0en$s used in $his s$ud2 4e!e o0$ained 3!om #!ound d!ied "lan$ o0$ained 3!om
Carpobrotus edulis "lan$ as "!e6iousl2 !e"o!$ed in ou! 4o!> else4he!e ?Chi0an 92**-0, 2**H,
2**,:, Benhima 92**), 2**C:@% A !ecen$ sc!eenin# ?Chi0an 92**-a, 2**-0:@ 3o! chemical
com"osi$ion and su!3ace cha!ac$e!iDa$ion has sho4n $ha$ $he maIo! 3unc$ional #!ou"s on C$ edulis
"lan$ a!e "ola! h2d!o.2l, aldeh2dic and ca!0o.2lic #!ou"s% &hese #!ou"s has made C$ edulis "lan$
$o ha6e #!ea$ "o$en$ial as an adso!0en$ 3o! me$al ions in a5ueous solu$ions% &hese mic!o/"a!$icles
o3 C$ edulis "lan$ a!e also >no4n $o 0e non $o.ic ?Cha!no$ 91+7,:, Mon$ilia 91++*:, Ahmad
91++*:@% &hei! selec$ion 4as made in !ela$ion $o $hei! !ela$i6e a0undance in $he Medi$e!!anean
Dones 4he!e $he2 a!e conside!ed as a 4o!$hless ma$$e!% &he #!inded "lan$ ma$$e! used 3o! $his
s$ud2 is cons$i$u$ed o3 3!a#men$s inc!easin#l2 o3 less s"he!ical $he mean diame$e! 0ein# lo4e! o!
e5ual $o ,** Jm% &he s"eci3ic su!3ace o3 $he C$ edulis "a!$icles 4as de$e!mined 02 $he N2=BE&
me$hod 9Mic!ome!i$ics ASAP 2*1*: and 3ound $o 0e 2%H mK=#% $he su!3ace s$!uc$u!e, mo!"holo#2
and $he elemen$s o3 C$ edulis "a!$icles 4e!e measu!ed 02 scannin# elec$!on mic!osco"e
9HI&ACHI S/7,**: 9Ins$i$u$ Eu!o"Len des Mem0!anes de Mon$"ellie! en F!ance: and SEM=EDM
anal2sis 9NEICA/S/2H* 9Ins$i$u$ Eu!o"Len des Mem0!anes E Mon$"ellie! / F!ance::%
Se6e!al 4as$e4a$e! sam"les 4e!e collec$ed and s$o!ed in "ol2e$h2lene 0o$$les 3!om $4o
Dones o3 A#adi! o3 Mo!occo' domes$ic and indus$!ial Dones% &hese sam"les 4e!e decan$ed and
3il$e!ed on "a"e! o3 *%7, Om "o!osi$2% &he "ollu$an$ cha!#e o3 4as$e4a$e! sam"les has 0een
de$e!mined% &he "H 6alues o3 $he 4as$e4a$e! sam"les 4e!e measu!ed 02 a Me$$le!/&oledo me$e!
9MP 12*:%
All glassware and sample bottles were washed with a detergent solution,
rinsed with tap water, soaked with 1.0 subboiled !"#
$
for at least 1% h, and
&nally rinsed with Milli'( water three times.
&he "ollu$an$s $!ea$ed 4as$e4a$e!s 4e!e anal2Ded 4i$h'
/ Ba!ian model 22* FS a$omic a0so!"$ion s"ec$!o"ho$ome$e! 3o! me$al ions%
/ HP model s"ec$!o"ho$ome$e! 3o! o!$ho"hos"ha$e%
/ HACH model s"ec$!o"ho$ome$e! 3o! chemical o.2#en demand 9COD:%
/ Aa$e!s model ca"illa!2 elec$!o"ho!eses 3o! ni$!a$es%
%$ Bat&' adsorption e(periments
Adso!"$ion s$udies 4e!e ca!!ied ou$ 02 0a$ch "!ocess% 7* ml o3 a 4as$e4a$e! solu$ion o3 a
#i6en me$al ca$ions 9o! "ollu$an$ mine!als: a$ concen$!a$ion CI 4as mi.ed 4i$h a one #!am o3
d!ied and #!inded "lan$ 4i$hou$ an2 "!e/$!ea$men$% &he solu$ions "u$ in con$ac$ 4i$h $he "lan$
ma$$e! 4e!e main$ained a$ a cons$an$ $em"e!a$u!e o3 2,PC in a 4a$e! 0a$h $he!mos$a$, $he mi.$u!e
0ein# 6i#o!ousl2 s$i!!ed 02 means o3 a ma#ne$ic s$i!!e!% &he sam"led solu$ions 4e!e cen$!i3u#ed
a$ ,*** !"m 3o! 1, min 4i$h a Bio3u#e model cen$!i3u#a$ion machine, He!aeus Ins$!umen$s%
&he 6a!ia$ion o3 $he adso!0ed ions concen$!a$ion 9C!: !e"!esen$ed in $he 3i#u!es is de3ined
as C! Q C* / C3 3o! $he !a$io 2, #=l o3 mass=solu$ion, and $he !emo6al "e!cen$a#e o3 "ollu$an$ 3!om
4as$e4a$e! 9E: on mic!o/"a!$icles o3 C$ edulis "lan$ 4as calcula$ed 3!om
1**
C
C / C
98:
*
3 *
= E
4he!e C* and C3 a!e $he ini$ial and e5uili0!ium concen$!a$ion o3 "ollu$an$ solu$ion 9m#=l:,
!es"ec$i6el2%
&he ca"aci$2 9m#=#: o3 "ollu$an$s adso!0ed 3!om 4as$e4a$e!s 02 mic!o/"a!$icles o3 C$
edulis "lan$ 4as calcula$ed 3!om
v q
a
=
m
C / C
3 *
4he!e B is $he $o$al solu$ion 6olume 9ml:, m $he 4ei#h$ o3 $he 0ioma$e!ials 9#:%
RSU!TS AND DISCUSSION
1. C. edulis &'ara&terisation
Su!3ace mo!"holo#2 o3 $he adso!0en$s 4as anal2Ded 02 scannin# elec$!onic mic!osco"2
9SEM, HI&ACHI S/7,**: and 02 SEM cou"led 4i$h ene!#2 dis"e!si6e M/!a2 anal2sis 9EDM,
NEICA/S/2H*:%

)i*ure # + Scannin# elec$!on mic!o#!a"h o3 C$ edulis "a!$icles 9R ,** Om:%
Scannin# elec$!on mic!osco"ic "ho$o#!a"hs o3 C$ edulis "a!$icles sho4n in 3i#u!e 1 !e6eal
$he su!3ace $e.$u!e and "o!osi$2 o3 $he sam"le% SEM ima#es o3 mic!o/"a!$icles o3 d!2 C$ edulis
"lan$ indica$e $he "!esence o3 #!ains and o!#anic 3i0!es in $he s$!uc$u!e% &he mo!"holo#2 o3 $his
ma$e!ial can 3acili$a$e $he adso!"$ion o3 me$als, due $o $he i!!e#ula! su!3ace o3 $he C$ edulis
"a!$icles, $hus ma>es "ossi0le $he adso!"$ion o3 me$als in di33e!en$ "a!$s o3 $his ma$e!ial% So,
0ased on $he mo!"holo#2, as 4ell as on $he 3ac$ $ha$ hi#h amoun$s o3 amino acid and $annins
?Chi0an 92**-a:@, i$ can 0e concluded $ha$ $his ma$e!ial "!esen$s an ade5ua$e mo!"holo#ical
"!o3ile $o !e$ain me$al ions% &he 5uali$a$i6e EDM s"ec$!a 3o! mic!o/"a!$icles o3 d!2 C$ edulis "lan$
93i#u!e 2: indica$ed $ha$ O.2#en, Ca!0on, Calcium, Silicon, Sul"hu!, Alumunium, soduim, and
Mn#anisium a!e $he main cons$i$uen$s% &hese had 0een >no4n as $he "!inci"al elemen$s o3 C$
edulis "a!$icles%
C
O
Na
Na
Mg
Mg
Al
Al
Si
Si
S
S
Cl
Cl
K
K
Ca
Ca
Ca
Ca
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe Pt
Pt
Pt
keV
0
500
1000
1500
0 10.00
)i*ure % ' EDM s"ec$!um o3 C$ edulis "a!$icles 9R ,** Om:%
#$ Composition wastewater samples
Ene!#ie 9FeB:


I
n
$
e
n
s
i
$
2

9
a
%
u
:
&4o di33e!en$ $2"es 4as$e4a$e! 4e!e s$udied% AnDa and MS;a! 4as$e4a$e! sam"les a!e
indus$!ial and domes$ic 4as$e4a$e! o3 A#adi! Dones 9in sou$hE4es$e!n Mo!occo:% &he
com"osi$ion o3 !eal 4as$e4a$e! sam"les is sho4n in $a0le 1%
6able 1: Composition o5 domestic and industrial 4aste4aters$
M,-ar wastewater
7m"8l9
An.a wastewater
7m"8l9
NEVMA ?AFNOR 91++7:@
7m"8l9
/b
%0
*%7* H%*+C *%*,*
Cd
%0
* *%*H) *%**,
Cu
%0
*%-, 2%1C1 1
-n
%0
1%1C 1-%C,1 ,
NO1
2
12C%, 2%+-H ,*
/O3
12
+)%, )1%,) *%*,
DCO 12-7 1,-,%CC C*
MS 1*2C 1*C7%CC 2,
p" -%H- 2%2C H%,R"HR+%,
T 45C6 27 27%CC R 2,
E:!: !vera"e concentration o5 pollutants o5 !n;a 4aste4ater 7m"8l9 5or several samples$
E:M: concentration o5 pollutants o5 M<ar 4aste4ater samples 7m"8l9
-E(=: European norms in drin)in" 4ater 7m"8l9
&hese !esul$s indica$e $ha$ MSDa! 4as$e4a$e! con$ain a lo4 concen$!a$ion o3 hea62 me$als
0u$ hi#h concen$!a$ion o3 "ollu$an$ mine!als, includin# NOC
/
, PO7
C/
% I$ sho4s also $he hi#h COD
9&he Chemical O.2#en Demand: 6alues% &he 6alue o0$ained 3o! ni$!a$es and "hos"ha$es ions a!e
su"e!io! $o 4a!d $he Eu!o"ean no!ms% F!om $hese 6alues, 4e no$e $ha$ $he AnDa 4as$e4a$e!
sam"les con$ain hi#he! concen$!a$ions o3 hea62 me$als $han $he MSDa! 4as$e4a$e! sam"les%
&he adso!"$ion s$udies o3 all "ollu$an$s 3!om 4as$e4a$e! on$o C$ edulis adso!0en$ a!e
s$udied usin# $he a6e!a#e concen$!a$ion o3 $hese "ollu$an$s 3!om se6e!al 4as$e4a$e! sam"les% &he
6alues o3 "H and &em"e!a$u!e o3 MSDa! 4as$e4a$e! sam"les a!e -%H- and 27PC !es"ec$i6el2%
&hese 6alues donT$ "!esen$ a dan#e! 3o! 3lo!a and 3auna%
%$ Nitrates and ort'op'osp'ates adsorption 7rom real wastewater
&he 6a!ia$ions o3 $he concen$!a$ions o3 ni$!a$es and o!$ho"hos"ha$es ions !e$ained 3!om
domes$ic and indus$!ial 4as$e4a$e!s selec$ed 6e!sus $he con$ac$ $ime a!e "lo$$ed in 3i#u!es C and 7
3o! C$ edulis "lan$ as adso!0en$%
)i*ure 1 + Adso!"$ion o5 ->0
?
and P>2
0?
ions 5rom M<ar 4aste4ater by one "ram o5 C$ edulis plant:
C* 9NOC
/
: Q12C%, m#=l, C* 9PO7
C/
: Q+)%,m#=l, m8v@*/"8l$
)i*ure 3 : Adso!"$ion o5 ->0
?
and P>2
0?
ions 5rom !n;a 4aste4ater by one "ram o5 C$ edulis plant :
C* 9NOC
/
: Q2%+-m#=l, C* 9PO7
C/
: Q)1%,)m#=l, m8v@*/"8l$
F!om $hese !esul$s, 4e no$e $ha$ $he adso!0en$ usin# mic!o/"a!$icles o3 C$ edulis "lan$
"!esen$ a #ood !e$en$ion o3 ni$!a$e ions% &his !e$en$ion inc!eased 4i$h an inc!ease o3 con$ac$ $ime%
&he "!ocess o3 o!$ho"hos"ha$es ions u"$a>e 02 $he C$ edulis a""ea!ed $o 3ollo4 a $4o "hase
"!ocess cha!ac$e!ised 02 an ini$ial 3as$ !e$en$ion s$e" las$in# a$ $he ma.imum less $han C*
minu$es, and co!!es"ondin# $o an u"$a>e concen$!a$ion o3 a0ou$ -C $o -- 8 o3 $he ini$ial PO7
C/
concen$!a$ion o3 $he AnDa 4as$e4a$e!, 3ollo4ed 02 a much slo4e! s$e" las$in# 3o! hou!s and
$endin# $o a s$ead2 s$a$e% E5uili0!ium is a$$ained in less $han H hou!s% Ni$!a$es, sho4s !a"id
adso!"$ion >ine$ics 4i$h u" $o +) 8 ni$!a$e ion !emo6al in $he 3i!s$ C* minu$es% A3$e! $he 3as$
ini$ial "!ocess, $he adso!"$ion "!oceeds a$ a slo4e! !a$e, 0e3o!e !eachin# a "la$eau% &he 3inal
ni$!a$e ions concen$!a$ions 9C3 R C m#=l: a!e much lo4e! $han 2, m#=l, 4hich is $he no!m o3
d!in>in# 4a$e! ?AFNOR 91++7:@%
Unde! $hese e."e!imen$al condi$ions $he ma.imum e33icienc2 3o! ni$!a$es and
o!$ho"hos"ha$es ions u"$a>e 02 uni$ o3 4ei#h$ o3 "lan$ is hi#he! $han 7%) m#=#% &hese 6alues
de"end on $he $2"e o3 anions as $he u"$a>e o3 NOC
/
is hi#he! $han $ha$ 3o! PO7
C/
, indica$in# some
s"eci3ici$2 o3 $he in$e!ac$ions 0e$4een $he ni$!a$e and o!$ho"hos"ha$es anions and $he si$es o3 $he
C$ edulis "lan$ !es"onsi0le 3o! $he ion u"$a>e% &hese !esul$s a!e much lo4e! in com"a!ison 4i$h
$hose o0$ained 3o! la0o!a$o!2 solu$ion% &he concen$!a$ions !e$ained 02 C$ edulis o3 ni$!a$e and
o!$ho"hos"ha$es ions 3!om a5ueous solu$ion a!e C #=l 3o! NOC
/
and *%H2 #=l 3o! PO7
C/
!es"ec$i6el2
?Chi0an 92**H:@%
&hese e."e!imen$s con3i!m $he e33icienc2 o3 $he adso!0en$ issued 3!om d!ied C$ edulis
"lan$ o3 $he sou$he!n Mo!occo $o !e$ain 4a$e! solu0le ni$!a$e and "hos"ha$e anions% &he 6e!2 3as$
adso!"$ion >ine$ics, o0se!6ed 3o! C$ edulis "lan$, !e"!esen$s a >e2 ad6an$a#e 3o! desi#nin# 4a$e!
$!ea$men$ s2s$ems 0ased on $his "!inci"le%
&he !esul$s o3 adso!"$ion on$o mic!o/"a!$icles o3 C$ edulis "lan$ 4i$h $he dis$illed 4a$e!
sho4s $ha$ $he ne#li#i0le 5uan$i$ies o3 ni$!a$e and "hos"ha$e ions a!e !elease 02 $hese mic!o/
"a!$icles o3 C$ edulis "lan$ 9U!el 9NOC
/
: R *%*1 m#=#, a3$e! 27 hou!s o3 con$ac$ $ime:%
1$ "ea8y metals adsorption and &'emi&al o(y*en demand 7rom domesti& and industrial
wastewater samples
&he MS;a! 4as$e4a$e! sam"les con$ain a lo4 concen$!a$ion o3 hea62 me$als includin#
Cu9II:, Cd9II:, P09II: and ;n9II:% I$ is no$ necessa!2 $o s$ud2 $he adso!"$ion "!ocess a$ di33e!en$
con$ac$ $ime% &he adso!"$ion o3 hea62 me$als 02 mic!o/"a!$icles o3 d!2 "lan$ a3$e! C hou!s o3 con$ac$
$ime has 0een s$udied% &he !esul$s sho4 $ha$ $he adso!"$ion ca"aci$2 o3 C$ edulis "lan$ 4as 3ound
$o 0e *%*2, m#=# 3o! Cu9II:, *%*1H m#=# 3o! P09II: and *%*C7 m#=# 3o! ;n9II:% &hese e."e!imen$al
!esul$s o3 $he adso!"$ion "!ocess on ne4 adso!0en$ o0$ained 3!om C$ edulis "lan$ sho4ed $ha$
$hese adso!0en$s ha6e #!eed ca"aci$2 $o !emo6e hea62 me$als ions 3!om !eal 4as$e4a$e!%
&he 6a!ia$ions o3 $he concen$!a$ions o3 hea62 me$als ions adso!0ed 02 mic!o/"a!$icles o3
d!2 C$ edulis "lan$ 3!om AnDa 4as$e4a$e!s 6e!sus $he con$ac$ $ime a!e "lo$$ed in Fi#u!e ,%
)i*ure 9 ' Adso!"$ion o5 heavy metals 5rom !n;a 4aste4ater by one "ram o5 C$ edulis plant : C* 9Cd: Q *%*H)
m#=l, C* 9Cu: Q 2%1C1 m#=l, C* 9P0: QH%*+C m#=l, C* 9;n: Q 1-%C,1 m#=l, m8v@*/"8l$
&he !esul$s o3 hea62 me$als adso!"$ion 3!om AnDa 4as$e4a$e! indica$es $ha$ ' i: &he
adso!"$ion o3 Cu9II:, Cd9II:, P09II:, and ;n9II: ions 02 C$ edulis "lan$ a!e a0ou$ --%22, 2%,*,
27C%C- and H-H%7C O#=# !es"ec$i6el2 and ii: $he $!ea$ed 4as$e4a$e! on$o mic!o/"a!$icles o3 d!ied
C$ edulis "lan$ 3ul3ills $he !e5ui!emen$s o3 Ao!ld Heald O!#anisa$ion 9AHO, 1+-1:% &he !emo6al
"e!cen$a#e o3 hea62 me$als 02 C$ edulis 4as +78 3o! Cd9II:, +18 3o! Cu9II:, ++8 3o! P09II: and
+)8 3o! ;n9II:% &hese 6alues a!e much lo4e! in com"a!ison 4i$h $hose o0$ained 3o! la0o!a$o!2
solu$ion a$ 6a!ious concen$!a$ions, i%e% $he concen$!a$ions adso!0ed 02 $hese 0ioma$e!ials o3 hea62
me$al 3!om la0o!a$o!2 solu$ion a!e 7%C-, #=l, *%- #=l, 1%1C and *%+H 3o! lead, cadmium, co""e! and
Dinc !es"ec$i6el2 ?Chi0an 92**H:@% A simila! $!end has 0een o0se!6ed in $he !emo6al o3 di6alen$
me$al ions 9Cu9II:, Cd9II:, ;n9II: and P09II:: 02 o$he! "lan$s such us Peuraria lobata oh4i
9FudDu: ?B!o4n 92**1:@, Echornia Speciosa 9Nile !ose: ?A0del/Halim 92**C:@, Cupressus
sempervirens 9c2"!ess:, Eucalyptus lon"i5olia 9cinchona: and Pinus halepensis 9"ine: ?Al/Su0u
and Salim 92**2, 1++7:@%
3$ C'emi&al o(y*en demand 4COD6
&he e33ec$ o3 con$ac$ $ime unde! a#i$a$ion on $he su""lemen$ COD 3!om MS;a! and AnDa
4as$e4a$e!s 02 C$ edulis "a!$icles is illus$!a$ed in 3i#u!e H%
Figure 6 : E55ect o5 contact time variation o5 the C>( supplement by "ram o5 C$ edulis plant :
6@*/.C, m8v@*/"8l and natural pA$
In $he case MSDa! 4as$e4a$e!, $he !esul$s indica$e $ha$ $he !elease o3 o!#anic ma$$e! in
solu$ion 02 adso!0en$ issued 3!om C$ edulis inc!eased 4i$h an inc!ease o3 con$ac$ $ime% Bu$ 3o!
AnDa 4as$e4a$e! sam"les, $hese !esul$s sho4 $ha$ $he COD su""lemen$ dec!ease 4i$h con$ac$
$ime% &his can 0e e."lained 02 $he di33e!en$ in "H o3 4as$e4a$e! sam"les 9"H9AnDa: Q 2%2C,
"H9MS;a!: Q -%H-:%
&he $es$s o3 adso!"$ion "!ocess 4i$h $he dis$illed 4a$e! also sho4ed $ha$ $he C$ edulis
"lan$ can !elease $he amoun$s im"o!$an$ in solu$ion o3 o!#anic ma$$e!, 4ha$ su##es$s $he necessi$2
o3 a "!e/4ash 0e3o!e use o3 $he $hese mic!o/"a!$icles o3 d!ied C$ edulis "lan$ ?Chi0an 92**-0:@%
CONC!USION
&his s$ud2 indica$ed $ha$ $he mic!o/"a!$icles issued 3!om #!inded and d!ied Carpobrotus
edulis "lan$ could 0e used as adso!0en$s 3o! $he $!ea$men$ o3 4as$e4a$e! con$amina$ed 4i$h hea62
me$als and "ollu$an$ mine!als such as V ni$!a$e and "hos"ha$e% &he ma.imum !emo6al o3 ni$!a$es
and "hos"ha$es ions 3!om MS;a! 4as$e4a$e! sam"les 4as 3ound $o 0e +)8 and 718 a$ "H -%H-
and $em"e!a$u!e am0ien$ 3o! C$ edulis "lan$, !es"ec$i6el2% &he !emo6al "e!cen$a#e o3 hea62
me$als 3!om AnDa 4as$e4a$e! on$o C$ edulis "lan$ 4as a0ou$ $o +78 3o! Cd9II:, +18 3o! Cu9II:,
++8 3o! P09II: and +)8 3o! ;n9II:% &he adso!"$ion "!ocess o3 hea62 me$als, ni$!a$es and
o!$ho"hos"ha$es 02 $he di33e!en$ 0ioma$e!ials 4as a33ec$ed 02 6a!ious "a!ame$e!s such as "H
6alues, con$ac$ $ime and ini$ial ions concen$!a$ions in solu$ion% &he ma.imum ca"aci$2 adso!"$ion
4as de"endin# on $he $2"e o3 ions%
A&:nowled*ements
&his Ioin$ "!o#!am 4as made "ossi0le $han>s $o $he ) comi$L Mi.$e in$e! Uni6e!si$ai!e
F!anco/ Ma!ocain 9A%I% NP 12)=MA: *% Ae #!a$e3ull2 ac>no4led#e 3undin# $h!ou#h Ins$i$u$
Eu!o"!en des Mem0!anes 3o! $echnical su""o!$ and anal2$ical sc!eenin# o3 sam"les%
R)RNCS
A0del/Halim, S%H%, Sheha$a, A%M%A% El/Shaha$, M%F%, Aa$e!% Res% C-, "%1H-), 2**C
AFNOR, Recueil des No!mes F!anWaises' Uuali$L de lSeau, En6i!onnemen$% Pa!is% 1++7%
Ahmad, A%M%, Mi!o, M%, Oce$e, M%A%, XimeneD, X%, Na6a!!o, M%C%, E$hno"ha!macolo#ie' Sou!ces,
mL$hodes, o0Iec$i3s, Pa!is, Me$D, ORS&OM e$ SFE, "%C)+, 1++*%
Al/Su0u% M%M%, Ad6ances in En6i!onmen$al Resea!ch H, "%,H+, 2**2
AmDe#hal, A0d El%, Memo!2 o3 DESA, Facul$2 o3 Sciences, A#adi!, Mo!occo% 2**C%
Baile2, S%E%, Olin, &%X%, B!ic>a, R%M%, Ad!ian, D%D%, Aa$e! Res% CC, "%27H+, 1+++
Benhima, H%, Bouch$alla, S%, Eddaoudi, H%, Sinan% F%, Ann% Chim% Sci% Ma$, 2H, "%C,C, 2**1%
Benhima, H%, Chi0an, M%, Sinan, F%, Se$a, P%, Pe!sin, M%, Collo% and Su!3% B' Bioin$e!3aces H1,
"%1*, 2**)%
Benhima, H%, Chi0an, M%, Sinan, F%, Se$a% P%, RLcen$s P!o#!Ys en GLnie des P!ocLdLs, Ed &ec e$
Doc, Pa!is, )+, "%C,C, 2**C%
Benhima% H%, Na$ional Doc$o!a$e o3 $he Facul$2 o3 Sciences, A#adi!, Mo!occo% 2**2%
B!o4n, P%A%, B!o4n, X%M%, Allen, S%X%, Bio!esou!ce &echnolo#2 -), "%1+,, 2**1%
Cha!no$% A%, &o.icolo#ie au Ma!oc% MLmoi!e de la SociL$L des Sciences Na$u!elles Au Ma!oc%
Ed% SiY#e de lTI%S%, Ra0a$, "%-1-, 1+7,
Chi0an,

M%, Benhima, H% Saadi, B% Nounah, A% Sinan, F%, X% de Ph2si5ue IB, 12C, "%C+C% 2**,%
Chi0an, M%, AmDe#hal, A%, Benhima, H%, Sinan, F%, &ah!ouch, S%, Se$a, P%, Re6ie4s in Biolo#2
and Bio$echnolo#2, H, "%7*, 2**-a%
Chi0an, M%, Benhima, H%, Sinan, F%, Eddaoudi, H%, Se$a, P%, Pe!sin, M%, RLcen$s P!o#!Ys en GLnie
des P!ocLdLs, Ed% SFGP, +C, 2**H%
Chi0an, M%, &hese de Doc$o!a$ de la 3acul$L des Sciences dSA#adi!, Ma!oc, 2**-0%
Dos San$os, M%C%, NenDi, E%, En6i!on% &echnol% 21, "%H1,, 2***
Dushen>o6, B%, Fuma!, P%B%A%N%, Mo$$o, H%, Ras>in, I%, En6i!on% Sci% &echnol% 2+, "%12C+, 1++,%
F!iedman, M%, Aaiss, A%C%, En6i!on% Sci% &ech% H, "%7,-, 1+-2%
Mad!id, Z%, Ba!!io/Co!do0a, M%E%, Cama!a, C%, Anal2s$ 12C, "%1,+C, 1++)%
Ma!shall, A%E%, Aa!$elle, N%H%, Bole!, D%E%, Xohns, M%M%, &oles, C%A%, Bio!es% &echnol% H+, "%2HC,
1+++%
Mon$ilia, M%P%, Ca0, X%, Na6a!!o, M%C%, Risco, S%, XimenD X%, Ane!ios% X%, En$hno"ha!macolo#ie,
Pa!is, ORS&OM e$ SFE, "%CH*, 1++*%
Reddad, ;%, GL!en$e, C%, And!Ys, Z%, Rale$, M%C%, &hi0aul$, X%F%, Ne Cloi!ec, P%, Ca!0ih2d!a$e
Pol2me!s 7+, "%2C, 2**2
Salim, R%, Al/Su0u, M%, Uashou, S%, X% o3 En6i!onmen$al Science and Heal$h A2+, "%2*)-, 1++7
Schmuhl, R%, F!ie#, HM%, FeiDe!, F%, Aa$e! S% A%, 2-, "%1 92**1:%
Bau#han, &%, Seo, C%A%, Ma!shall, A%E%, Bio!esou!% &echnol% -), "%1CC, 2**1%
Aa34o2o, A%, Seo, C%A%, Ma!shall, A%E%, X% Chem% &echnol% Bio$echnol% -7, "%111-, 1+++%
Ao!ld Heal$h O!#aniDa$ion% In$e!na$ional S$anda!ds 3o! D!in>in# Aa$e!C 9C
d
ed%:, Gene6a 1+-1%