Statistics knowledge from numbers

Inferential Statistics
probabilities of sample to infer conclusions about population
Nonparametric Data :
Nominal Category. No order of objects. (male 1, female 2)
Ordinal Category. rdered.
Parametric Data :
Interval rdered wit! a measurement ("#$"2). No true %ero
Ratio rdered wit! a measurement. &rue %ero. ' income means no income.
Probability (se mat! to find likeli!ood of occurrence of random e)ents
Probability
Distribution
*istribution of output
Mean Central tendency (only in parametric data)
Normal Distribution +ell,-!aped Cur)e
One/two tailed nly in parametric tests
ne &ailed (.'.) &wo &ailed (.'2.)
Null Hypothesis -ample same as population, P!"# $ reject null /ypot!esis
%lternative Hypothesis
-ample different from population.
Si&nificance 'P( 0robability null !ypot!esis is correct
1ounded off to .'. or .'1 p 2 .'.
Not rounded off p 3 .21#
4f .''' p 2.''1
Report includes &est e5uation )alue, d.freedom, 6 of cases, one7two tailed 8
significance
)est Result 9ac! test !as its mat!ematical e5uation. 1esult of t!e e5uation
De&ree of
*reedom
Number of fre5uencies allowed to )ary. 6 of obser)ations , 6
constraints
+HI,S-.%R/ (:
2
( (distribution of non,parametric data among different categories)
+orrelation 'one variable varies with another(
Perfect Positive +orrelation$
increase ; e5ual increase in <.
Perfect Ne&ative +orrelation$
increase ; e5ual decrease in <
+orrelation +oefficient 'r(: -trengt! of relations!ip between parametric data
- 1: perfect pos., ': no relation, ,1: perfect neg.
- r 3 .1 to .# (small), r 3 .# to .. (moderate ), r$.. (strong)
Parametric and Nonparametric Data$
- 0arametric data use Pearson0s r,
- ne )ariable is nonparametric use Spearman0s 1 (r!o).
- =!en )ariables )ary toget!er it does not necessary mean t!ey cause t!at c!ange.
Sometimes relationship is curvilinear not linear
Regression:
- Regression equation to predict is = a + bx (a:intercept, b:slope)
- Regression line best approximates all of the points.
- Residual Distance beteen the line and the actual obser!ation
Multiple Regression
- "se more than one independent !ariable to explain the dependent !ariable.
- Dependent !ariables are usuall# parametric data, but #ou can also use dummy variables. $his t#pe of !ariable
uses binar# data (% or &) and can be included in the model.
4. T-TESTS
Compare means of two groups. -ee if difference between t!e two means greater t!an
)ariance between t!e two groups.
5- ANOA !Analysis o" arian#e$
't is multiple t tests. 'nstead of doing a t(test for each group and their combination, e do an )*+,) to quic-l#
chec- the means of each group ith each other.