CAEDSInjectionCastingDesign

Pressfits1
PressFits
TechnicalUniversityofGabrovoYordankaAtanasova
Thesurfacesofthepartsmakingupajointarecalledenveloping(hole)andenvel
oped(shaft),andtheirdiameters,enveloping(holediameter)andenveloped(shaft
diameter),respectively.
The difference between the enveloping and enveloped dimension determines the
natureofthejointandiscalledafit.Thefitshowsthegreaterorsmallerfreedomof
relativemotionofthepartsandthestrengthoftheirimmovablejoint.
Whentheholedimensionisgreaterthantheshaftdimension,theirpositivediffer
enceiscalledclearance(J).
Whentheholedimensionissmallerthantheshaftdimension,theabsolutevalueof
theirnegativedifferenceiscalledinterference(S).
Thetypeofthefitdependsonthesizeandthemutuallocationofthemargintoler
ances of the holeshaft joint. Depending on this, fits are divided into three groups
(Fig.1):
a) Clearancefitstheyguaranteethejointclearance;
b) Pressfits/interferencefitstheyguaranteethejointinterference;
c) Transitionfitsdependingonthesizeandthelocationofthemargintoler
ance,therecanbeeitherinterference,oraclearanceinthejoint.
Itisimportanttoformthedifferentfitsinsuchawaythatoneofthepairofparts,
calledbasicpart,hasamargintolerancewhichisconstantinvalueandlocationfor
allfitsofacertaingradeandacertainrangeofdimensions.
Whenthebasicholeispermanent,thenthesystemoffitswithdifferentclearances
and interferences is produced by fitting different shafts with this hole. In this case
thesystemiscalledbasichole(SAN).
Whenthebasicshaftispermanent,thenthesystemoffitswithdifferentclearances
and interferences is produced by fitting different holes with this shaft. In this case
thesystemiscalledbasicshaft(SArN).
Therearedifferentgradesinthestandardsystemoftolerancesandfits,depending
on the dimension of the tolerance. In each grade the tolerance changes approxi
mately in proportion to D

. To avoid the need for having an individual margin

toleranceforeachdimension,theentirescopeofdimensionsisbrokenintoranges.
The same tolerance is assumed for all diameters in each range and it is calculated
using the mean value of the diameter. The standards cover the three ranges of
dimensions:from0to500mm,from500to3150mmandfrom3150to10000mm.
The tolerances and fits discussed in the standards refer to parts measured at a
temperatureof20
0
.
Productsmadeofpolymermaterialsarejoinedtogetherorwithothermaterialsby
meansofpressfits.Theyareproducedbypressinginorastheplasticshrinkswhile
coolingdown.
Definitionsand
dependences

Productionof
pressfitsof
plasticjoints

CAEDSInjectionCastingDesign
Whenajointisproducedbypressingin(asisthecasewithmetalproducts),thereis
ariskofdamagingthesurfaceoftheproductsbeingjoined.Therefore,pressfitsin
plasticproductsaremoreoftenproducedbyshrinkingtheproductwithahole,for
example,abush.

Basicholesystem,Basicshaftsystem
Transition
fits
Running
fits
Press
fits
Transition
fits
Running
fits
Press
fits
Margin tolerance of the hole Margin tolerance of the shaft;

Fig.1.Groupsoffits
Pressfitsofplasticproductsdonotrequirebigefforts,duetothesmallerresistance
asaresultofthelowcoefficientofdryfrictionforpolymermaterials.
To produce a press fit, the bushes are heated to a temperature depending on the
materialtype/Table1/
Thesizeofthebushandtheinterferencevaluecanbecalculatedusingthedatain
Table1.
Table1
Pressfits2
Material Linear expan
sion
coefficient,
1061
Heating tempera
ture,
Linear shrink
age,%
ABS 80 90120 0,6
PMMA 70 70100 0,2
PEHD 180 90130 2,0
PELD 220 80110 1,8
PP 150 70120 1,7

Bushes made of polymer materials must have interference greater than the calcu
lated value, since the actual interference, due to the considerable deformability of
thesematerials,especiallywhenheated,islower.
The specific features of plastics as structural materials are manifested especially
whendeterminingthefitsoftheproductsandthetolerancesoftheirdimensions.

Dimensioning

CAEDSInjectionCastingDesign

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Pressfits3
CAEDSInjectionCastingDesign

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Pressfits4
CAEDSInjectionCastingDesign
Pressfits5
The conditions under which these tolerances are valid are temperature +20;
relativehumidityofair65%;doortodoortime(beforetakingmeasurement)12h
gradesuptoJT12,6hforJT13andJT14,and3hforJ15andhigher.
Some of the margin tolerances for plastic products regulated by the standard are
giveninTable.2.Additionalmargintolerancesay,azandzeforshaftsand,AZ
and ZE for holes are envisaged for specific occasions, for example great linear
shrinkagecoefficient.
RecommendedfitsforplasticstoplasticsaregiveninTable.3.
The following margin tolerances are recommended for fitting plastic to metal
products:
forshaftsh7,h8,h9,hl0,h11,hl2;
forholesH7,8,9,10,11,12