CHEM 1411 Lab Solids: Mass, Volume, and Density 23

SOLIDS: Mass, Volume and Density Measurements

A. Oerie!
Review Sections 1.4 - 1.6 in your textbook (Chemistry: The Central Science, 9th Ed. , Brown, LeMay,
Bursten, & Burde!
"#is ex$eri%ent wi&& introduce you to a very i%$ortant conce$t in science, es$ecia&&y c#e%istry'
DENSITY. (ensity is t#e re&ations#i$ between t#e %ass o) an ob*ect and t#e vo&u%e w#ic# it occu$ies.
So&id substances enera&&y #ave t#e reatest density, nor%a&&y in t#e rane o) 1 - +, -c%
.
. Most
&i/uids #ave densities between 0., - , -%L, w#i&e t#e density o) %ost ases under nor%a& conditions o)
$ressure and te%$erature is &ess t#an , -L. "#e density o) a substance is a va&uab&e too& in
deter%inin t#e identity o) a substance.
"#e &aboratory tec#ni/ues w#ic# you wi&& $er)or% are $rovided as two exercises, eac# o) w#ic# you
s#ou&d be ab&e to co%$&ete in .0 - 4, %inutes. 1t is not necessary t#at you do t#e two exercises in order
as t#ey a$$ear in t#e &aboratory %anua&, but you %ust co%$&ete bot# exercises durin t#e &aboratory
$eriod.
NOTE: Each experiment for CHEM 1411 is written for stuents to wor! with one"
two" or three partners# This experiment re$uires %roups of three or four# &'ease o not wor! a'one
un'ess otherwise instructe#
You wi'' recor (our measurements an resu'ts in the Data Ta)'es as Tria' 1# Your 'a) partners*
measurements an resu'ts are recore as Tria's +" ," an 4#
1n 2xercise 1, you wi&& deter%ine t#e density o) a so&id o) reu&ar eo%etric s#a$e, and identi)y t#e
co%$osition o) t#e so&id by co%$arin t#e density wit# re$orted va&ues. 1n 2xercise +, you wi&&
deter%ine t#e density o) $ennies by water dis$&ace%ent.
". #ro$edures
Exercise 1# Density o% A &e'ular Solid
Apparatus' 2&ectronic ba&ances, beakers, reu&ar-s#a$ed so&ids, vernier ca&i$ers
Safety Equipment' a$rons, o&es
Chemicals' 3one
O)-ecti.es: 1n t#is exercise you wi&&'
1. &earn to o$erate t#e e&ectronic ba&ance $ro$er&y to %easure t#e %ass o) an ob*ect.
+. &earn #ow to read a vernier ca&i$er
.. ca&cu&ate vo&u%es and densities )ro% %easure%ents o) %ass and distances
4. $rovide answers to t#e $ro$er nu%ber o) sini)icant diits

CHEM 1411 Lab Solids: Mass, Volume, and Density 24
Instructions:
"#e e&ectronic ba&ances are very sensitive to bu%$s and %oves, etc. DO (O) MOVE O& *(#L*+
)HE ELEC)&O(IC "ALA(CES. O(L, ,O*& I(S)&*C)O& MA, MOVE O& *(#L*+
)HE "ALA(CES.
1. 4btain a vernier ca&i$er and a reu&ar-s#a$ed so&id (bar, cy&inder, or s$#ere! )ro% t#e cart at
t#e )ront o) t#e &aboratory. Record t#e nu%ber or &etter o) t#e so&id on your (ata S#eet.
+. Measure t#e %ass o) t#e cy&inder on an e&ectronic ba&ance to t#e nearest 0.001 ra%.
a. 5&ace an e%$ty ,0- or 100-%L beaker on t#e ba&ance $an. 5ress t#e 6"are6 button unti&
t#e diita& dis$&ay reads 60.000 6.
b. 5&ace t#e so&id inside t#e beaker. Record t#e %ass o) t#e so&id direct&y )ro% t#e diita&
dis$&ay on t#e (ata S#eet.
c. 5ass t#e so&id to one o) your $artners, w#o wi&& wei# t#e so&id on a di))erent ba&ance.
d. Re$eat t#is $rocess unti& eac# $artner #as wei#ed t#e so&id.
.. (eter%ine t#e averae %ass )ro% t#e %easure%ents and record t#is va&ue on t#e (ata S#eet.
Ea$- member o% t-e 'rou. !ill .er%orm t-e %ollo!in' ste.s !it- a di%%erent ernier $ali.er.
4. 5&ace t#e so&id between t#e teet# o) t#e vernier ca&i$er, and record t#e %easure%ent o) one
di%ension (&ent#, dia%eter, etc.! to 0.01 c% in t#e (ata "ab&e under "ria& 1.
a. 7ind t#e 8ero %ark on t#e s&idin sca&e. "#e )irst two diits are )ound on t#e )ixed
sca&e above.
1n t#e drawin, t#e 606 on t#e s&idin sca&e is between ... and ..4 on t#e )ixed sca&e.
b. 7ind t#e &ine on t#e s&idin sca&e w#ic# is a&ined wit# a &ine o) t#e )ixed sca&e. 1n t#e
drawin, t#is is t#e t#ird &ine $ast t#e 606.
c. "#e %easure%ent is t#ere)ore ,#,, cm#
,. Rotate t#e so&id to %easure a second di%ension in t#e sa%e %anner. Measure t#e #ei#t o) t#e
cy&inder to t#e nearest 0.1 %%. Record as a second di%ension under "ria& 1. 1) necessary,
re$eat t#is ste$ )or t#e t#ird di%ension.
a. 1) t#e so&id is a rectanu&ar s#a$ed bar, you wi&& need to %easure &ent#, widt#, and
#ei#t.
b. 1) t#e so&id is a cy&inder, you wi&& %easure t#e dia%eter and #ei#t.
c. 1) t#e so&id is a s$#ere, you wi&& on&y need to %easure t#e dia%eter.

+
. 4
0 1
CHEM 1411 Lab Solids: Mass, Volume, and Density 25
6. 5ass t#e so&id to anot#er %e%ber o) t#e rou$, w#o wi&& re$eat ste$s 4 and ,. "#is se/uence is
re$eated unti& eac# student #as co%$&eted t#e %easure%ents.

9. (eter%ine t#e averae va&ue )or t#e t#ree di%ensions and record t#is va&ue on t#e (ata S#eet.
:a&cu&ate t#e vo&u%e o) t#e so&id )ro% t#e averae va&ues. ;se t#e averae %ass and averae
vo&u%e to deter%ine t#e density o) t#e so&id.
<. Return t#e so&id and ca&i$er to t#e cart.
=. (eter%ine t#e $ossib&e identity o) t#e so&id )ro% t#e ex$eri%enta& density. :a&cu&ate t#e >
error )ro% t#e acce$ted density.
Exercise +# Density o% a Solid o% Irre'ular +eometri$ S-a.e by /ater Dis.la$ement
"#e density o) water at roo% te%$erature is 1.00 -%L. ? so&id wit# a density reater t#an
water wi&& dis$&ace an e/ua& vo&u%e o) water as t#e ob*ect.
Apparatus' 2&ectronic ba&ance, beaker, raduated cy&inder, irreu&ar so&id
Safety Equipment' a$rons, o&es
Chemicals' ta$ water
O)-ecti.es: 1n t#is exercise you wi&&'
1. %easure t#e vo&u%e o) an irreu&ar so&id by water dis$&ace%ent.
Instructions:
1. 5&ace an e%$ty ,0-%L beaker on an e&ectronic ba&ance and tare t#e ba&ance to 8ero.
+. ?dd .0-., ra%s o) t#e irreu&ar so&id to t#e beaker. (eter%ine t#e %ass o) t#e so&id to 0.01 ra%.
.. 5our a$$roxi%ate&y .0 %L o) ta$ water into your ,0-%L raduated cy&inder. Record t#e vo&u%e o) t#e
water in t#e cy&inder (esti%ate to t#e nearest 0.1 %L! on t#e (ata S#eet.
4. :are)u&&y s&ide t#e so&id into t#e cy&inder containin t#e water. Be care)u& t#at you do not s$i&& any
water. 1n addition, be care)u& t#at you do 34" BR2?@ t#e raduated cy&inder.
,. Record t#e vo&u%e o) t#e water &eve& in t#e raduated cy&inder wit# t#e so&id inside to t#e nearest 0.1
%L on t#e (ata S#eet.
6. S&ow&y $our t#e water )ro% t#e raduated cy&inder in t#e sink. :o&&ect t#e so&id on a $a$er towe&. (ry
t#e so&id and $our it into t#e Aet 1rreu&ar So&id container.
9. Re$eat ste$s 1 B 6 wit# a +0-+, ra% sa%$&e o) irreu&ar so&id and +, %L o) ta$ water.
<. (eter%ine t#e density o) t#e so&id )ro% eac# tria&, and t#e averae density o) t#e so&id.

CHEM 1411 Lab Solids: Mass, Volume, and Density 26
Exercise ,# Density o% #ennies by /ater Dis.la$ement
"#e density o) water at roo% te%$erature is 1.00 -%L. ? so&id wit# a density reater t#an
water wi&& dis$&ace an e/ua& vo&u%e o) water as t#e ob*ect.
Apparatus' 2&ectronic ba&ance, raduated cy&inder, wei#in boat ($a$er!
Safety Equipment' a$rons, o&es
Chemicals' ta$ water
O)-ecti.es: 1n t#is exercise you wi&&'
1. deter%ine t#e density o) $ennies by water dis$&ace%ent.
)-e %ollo!in' is a brie% $-ronolo'y o% t-e .enny. )-e in%ormation is ta0en %rom t-e %ollo!in'
!ebsite.
#tt$'--www.us%int.ov-aboutCt#eC%int-)unC)acts-index.c)%DactionE)unC)acts+
)-e Com.osition o% t-e Cent
7o&&owin is a brie) c#rono&oy o) t#e %eta& co%$osition o) t#e cent coin ($enny!'
"#e co%$osition was $ure co$$er )ro% 19=. to 1<.9.
7ro% 1<.9 to 1<,9, t#e cent was %ade o) bron8e (=, $ercent co$$er, and )ive $ercent tin and 8inc!.
7ro% 1<,9, t#e cent was << $ercent co$$er and 1+ $ercent nicke&, ivin t#e coin a w#itis#
a$$earance.
"#e cent was aain bron8e (=, $ercent co$$er, and )ive $ercent tin and 8inc! )ro% 1<64 to 1=6+.
(3ote' 1n 1=4., t#e coinFs co%$osition was c#aned to 8inc-coated stee&. "#is c#ane was on&y )or t#e
year 1=4. and was due to t#e critica& use o) co$$er )or t#e war e))ort. Gowever, a &i%ited nu%ber o)
co$$er $ennies were %inted t#at year. Hou can read %ore about t#e rare, co&&ectib&e 1=4. co$$er $enny
in 6A#atFs So S$ecia& about t#e 1=4. :o$$er 5enny.6!
1n 1=6+, t#e centFs tin content, w#ic# was /uite s%a&&, was re%oved. "#at %ade t#e %eta& co%$osition
o) t#e cent =, $ercent co$$er and , $ercent 8inc.
"#e a&&oy re%ained =, $ercent co$$er and , $ercent 8inc unti& 1=<+, w#en t#e co%$osition was
c#aned to =9., $ercent 8inc and +., $ercent co$$er (co$$er-$&ated 8inc!. :ents o) bot# co%$ositions
a$$eared in t#at year.
Instructions:
.. 5&ace an e%$ty wei#in boat on an e&ectronic ba&ance and tare t#e ba&ance to 8ero.

CHEM 1411 Lab Solids: Mass, Volume, and Density 27
4. :#oose a$$roxi%ate&y +0 $ennies )ro% various years )ro% t#e su$$&y beakers. "#e beakers are &abe&ed
as I1=,0 B 1=<0J and I1=<4 B +00<J. ?dd 1, B +0 $ennies to t#e wei#in boat. (eter%ine t#e %ass
o) t#e $ennies to 0.01 ra%.
.. 5our a$$roxi%ate&y .0 %L o) ta$ water into your ,0-%L raduated cy&inder. Record t#e vo&u%e o) t#e
water in t#e cy&inder (esti%ate to t#e nearest 0.1 %L! on t#e (ata S#eet.
4. :are)u&&y s&ide t#e $ennies into t#e cy&inder containin t#e water. Be care)u& t#at you do not s$i&& any
water. 1n addition, be care)u& t#at you do 34" BR2?@ t#e raduated cy&inder.
<. Record t#e vo&u%e o) t#e water &eve& in t#e raduated cy&inder wit# t#e so&id inside to t#e nearest 0.1
%L on t#e (ata S#eet.
=. S&ow&y $our t#e water )ro% t#e raduated cy&inder in t#e sink. :o&&ect t#e $ennies on a $a$er towe&.
(ry t#e so&id and $our it into t#e IAet 5enniesJ container.
9. :a&cu&ate t#e density o) t#e $ennies. :o%$are your resu&ts wit# your &ab $artners, and ca&cu&ate t#e
averae density o) t#e $ennies )or t#e two ti%e )ra%es re/uested.

CHEM 1411 Lab Solids: Mass, Volume, and Density 28
C. Laboratory &e.ort
"#e &aboratory re$ort is t#e )ina& stae o) te&&in w#at you do in t#e &aboratory. 1t s#ou&d $rovide
backround in)or%ation, co&&ected data, and a discussion, $&us /uestions.
Re)er to t#e descri$tion o) &aboratory re$orts on $ae x o) t#e 1ntroduction section. "#e )o&&owin ite%s
are s$eci)ic to t#is ex$eri%ent.
Your instructor wi'' inform (ou of the /01 containin% the E2CE1 spreasheet which (ou
must comp'ete as part of the experiment# The spreasheet can )e printe an inserte in
the resu'ts section as the ata#
:a&cu&ated va&ues
Samp'e ca'cu'ation of each t(pe" comp'ete with units
1dentity o) unknown(s!
> 2rror catcu&ations
(iscussion and :onc&usions
Discuss (our resu'ts" -ustif(in% (our choice of un!nown ientification from the
experimenta' ata an resu'ts#
Inc'ue a iscussion of possi)'e sources of error" )ase upon 3 error etermination#
4uestions
?nswer t#e )o&&owin /uestions at t#e end o) your &aboratory re$ort.
1. A#y was it necessary to %easure eac# di%ension o) t#e reu&ar so&id to 0.01 c%D
Gow wi&& your answers be a))ected i) you c#ose on&y to %easure t#e va&ue to t#e nearest 0.1 c%D
+. A#at is ?rc#i%edesF 5rinci$&eD Brie)&y describe #ow a kin or /ueen cou&d use t#e $rocedure )ro% t#e
&aboratory to deter%ine i) $ure o&d was used to %ake #is (#er! crown.
.. "#e ca&cu&ated va&ues )ro% t#e s$reads#eet %ay be di))erent )ro% t#e va&ues t#at you deter%ined
durin t#e &aboratory $eriod. Brie)&y describe any di))erences in va&ues and $rovide a $&ausib&e
ex$&anation )or t#e di))erences.
Densities o% Common Materials

CHEM 1411 Lab Solids: Mass, Volume, and Density 29
N5ME
SYM6O1 DENSITY 7%8cm
,
9
Aluminum Al 1.231
Bis%ut# Bi =.9,
:#ro%iu% :r 9.1<
:oba&t :o <.=0
Co..er Cu 4.45
(ia%ond : ..,1
Kra$#ite : +.+,
Ko&d ?u 1=..+
Iron 6e 2.47
Lead #b 11.87
Ma'nesium M' 1.284
Mananese Mn 9.+1
Mercury G 1..,=
3icke& 3i <.=0
5&atinu% 5t +1.4,
"in Sn 9..0
9in$ 9n 2.11
"rass Cu:9n 4.3
Steel 6e:C:Mn 2.;
A$ryli$ Clear 1.14
(ylon /-ite 1.18
#VC +rey 1.43
/ood <Oa0, #ine, #o.lar= 3.7 > 3.2
5 samp'e cop( of ata for the Exce' spreasheet is %i.en )e'ow# :hen (ou open the spreasheet" (ou wi''
input ata into the ce''s surroune )( out'ines# The other ce''s are esi%ne to automatica''( ca'cu'ate
the .a'ues for (ou#

CHEM 1411 Lab Solids: Mass, Volume, and Density 30
(ame:

Densit( of a 0e%u'ar ;eometric So'i
6ar
Sa%$&e 3u%ber
"ria&
1 + .
Mass 14.147 12.;41 12.584
Lent# 1.37 1.3; 1.37 c%
Aidt# 1.42 1.47 1.42 c%
Gei#t 1.42 1.47 1.42 c%
Lo&u%e ;.41 ;.43 ;.85 c%
.
(ensity 1.48 1.2; 1.41 -c%
.
5.era%e Densit( +#<= %8cm
,
Ientit( of /n!nown Samp'e 5'uminum
?cce$ted (ensity 1.21 %8cm
,
&ercent Error 8.14?

1areo Communit( Co''e%e
Science Department CHEM 1411 1a)orator( 31
SOLIDS: Mass, Volume, and Density Measurements
(ame: Se$tion Date
5artner(s!
S-o! all $al$ulations.
Exercise 1# Density o% a Solid o% &e'ular +eometri$ S-a.e
S#a$e o) So&id
Sa%$&e 3u%ber Sa%$&e :o&or
Student 1 Student + Student . Student 4 ?verae
Mass
(1! c% c% c% c% c%
(+! c% c% c% c% c%
(.! c% c% c% c% c%
Lo&u%e
c%
.
c%
.
c%
.
c%
.
c%
.
(ensity -c%
.

1dentity o) your unknown is .
:a&cu&ate t#e > error )or your ex$eri%enta& density. >.
Show samp'e ca'cu'ations )e'ow#

CHEM 1411 Lab Solids: Mass, Volume, and Density 32
Exercise +# Density o% a Solid o% Irre'ular +eometri$ S-a.e
Sa%$&e 3u%ber
"ria& 1 "ria& +
Mass o) So&id
Lo&u%e o) Aater %L %L
Lo&u%e o) Aater wit# So&id %L %L
Lo&u%e o) Aater (is$&aced %L %L
Lo&u%e o) So&id
c%
.
c%
.
(ensity o) So&id
-c%
.
-c%
.
?verae (ensity -c%
.
> 2rror >
Show samp'e ca'cu'ations )e'ow#
Exercise ,# Density o% #ennies by /ater Dis.la$ement
Sa%$&e 3u%ber
CHEM 1411 Lab Solids: Mass, Volume, and Density 33
Student 1 Student +
Mass o) 5ennies
Lo&u%e o) Aater %L %L
Lo&u%e o) Aater wit# 5ennies %L %L
Lo&u%e o) Aater (is$&aced %L %L
Lo&u%e o) 5ennies
c%
.
c%
.
(ensity o) 5ennies
-c%
.
-c%
.
?verae (ensity
-c%
.
Hears' CCCCCCCCCCCCCC Student . Student 4
Mass o) 5ennies
Lo&u%e o) Aater %L %L
Lo&u%e o) Aater wit# 5ennies %L %L
Lo&u%e o) Aater (is$&aced %L %L
Lo&u%e o) 5ennies
c%
.
c%
.
(ensity o) 5ennies
-c%
.
-c%
.
?verae (ensity
-c%
.
Based u$on t#e years o) t#e $ennies used, a$$roxi%ate&y w#at va&ue wou&d you ex$ect )or t#e density
o) t#e $enniesD -c%
.
A#at are your $ercent errorsD (1! > M (+! > M (.! > M
(4! >
Show samp'e ca'cu'ations )e'ow#