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ORACLE INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

Oracle Concepts and Architecture Database Structures


1. What are the components of physical database structure of Oracle database?
Oracle database is comprised of three types of files. One or more datafiles, two are
more redo log files, and one or more control files.
2. What are the components of logical database structure of Oracle database?
There are tablespaces and database's schema objects.
. What is a tablespace?
! database is di"ided into #ogical $torage %nit called tablespaces. ! tablespace is
used to grouped related logical structures together.
&. What is $'$T() tablespace and when is it created?
("ery Oracle database contains a tablespace named $'$T(), which is
automatically created when the database is created. The $'$T() tablespace
always contains the data*dictionary tables for the entire database.
+. (,plain the relationship among database, tablespace and data file.
(ach databases logically di"ided into one or more tablespaces one or more data
files are e,plicitly created for each tablespace.
-. What is schema?
! schema is collection of database objects of a user.
.. What are $chema Objects?
$chema objects are the logical structures that directly refer to the database's data.
$chema objects include tables, "iews, se/uences, synonyms, inde,es, clusters,
database triggers, procedures, functions pac0ages and database lin0s.
1. 2an objects of the same schema reside in different table spaces?
'es.
3. 2an a tablespace hold objects from different schemes?
'es.
14. What is Oracle table?
! table is the basic unit of data storage in an Oracle database. The tables of a
database hold all of the user accessible data. Table data is stored in rows
and columns.
11. What is an Oracle "iew?
! "iew is a "irtual table. ("ery "iew has a /uery attached to it. 5The /uery is a
$(#(2T statement that identifies the columns and rows of the table5s6 the "iew
uses.6
12. 7o a "iew contain data?
8iews do not contain or store data.
1. 2an a "iew based on another "iew?
'es.

1&. What are the ad"antages of "iews?
9ro"ide an additional le"el of table security, by restricting access to a predetermined
set of rows and columns of a table.* :ide data comple,ity.* $implify commands for
the user.* 9resent the data in a different perspecti"e from that of the base table.*
$tore comple, /ueries.
1+. What is an Oracle se/uence?
! se/uence generates a serial list of uni/ue numbers for numerical columns of a
database's tables.
1-. What is a synonym?
! synonym is an alias for a table, "iew, se/uence or program unit.
1.. What are the types of synonyms?
There are two types of synonyms pri"ate and public.
11. What is a pri"ate synonym?
Only its owner can access a pri"ate synonym.
13. What is a public synonym?
!ny database user can access a public synonym.
24. What are synonyms used for?
)as0 the real name and owner of an object.* 9ro"ide public access to an object*
9ro"ide location transparency for tables, "iews or program units of a remote
database.* $implify the $;# statements for database users.
21. What is an Oracle inde,?
!n inde, is an optional structure associated with a table to ha"e direct access to
rows, which can be created to increase the performance of data retrie"al. <nde, can
be created on one or more columns of a table.
22. :ow are the inde, updates?
<nde,es are automatically maintained and used by Oracle. 2hanges to table data
are automatically incorporated into all rele"ant inde,es.
2. What are clusters?
2lusters are groups of one or more tables physically stores together to share
common columns and are often used together.
2&. What is cluster 0ey?
The related columns of the tables in a cluster are called the cluster 0ey.
2+. What is inde, cluster?
! cluster with an inde, on the cluster 0ey.
2-. What is hash cluster?
! row is stored in a hash cluster based on the result of applying a hash function to
the row's cluster 0ey "alue. !ll rows with the same hash 0ey "alue are stores
together on dis0.
2.. When can hash cluster used?
:ash clusters are better choice when a table is often /ueried with e/uality /ueries.
=or such /ueries the specified cluster 0ey "alue is hashed. The resulting hash 0ey
"alue points directly to the area on dis0 that stores the specified rows.
21. What is database lin0?
! database lin0 is a named object that describes a >path> from one database to
another.
23. What are the types of database lin0s?
9ri"ate database lin0, public database lin0 ? networ0 database lin0.
4. What is pri"ate database lin0?
9ri"ate database lin0 is created on behalf of a specific user. ! pri"ate database lin0
can be used only when the owner of the lin0 specifies a global object name in a $;#
statement or in the definition of the owner's "iews or procedures.
1. What is public database lin0?
9ublic database lin0 is created for the special user group 9%@#<2. ! public database
lin0 can be used when any user in the associated database specifies a global object
name in a $;# statement or object definition.
2. What is networ0 database lin0?
Aetwor0 database lin0 is created and managed by a networ0 domain ser"ice. !
networ0 database lin0 can be used when any user of any database in the networ0
specifies a global object name in a $;# statement or object definition.
. What is data bloc0?
Oracle database's data is stored in data bloc0s. One data bloc0 corresponds to a
specific number of bytes of physical database space on dis0.
&. :ow to define data bloc0 siBe?
! data bloc0 siBe is specified for each Oracle database when the database is
created. ! database users and allocated free database space in Oracle data bloc0s.
@loc0 siBe is specified in init.ora file and cannot be changed later.
+. What is row chaining?
<n circumstances, all of the data for a row in a table may not be able to fit in the
same data bloc0. When this occurs, the data for the row is stored in a chain of data
bloc0 5one or more6 reser"ed for that segment.
-. What is an e,tent?
!n e,tent is a specific number of contiguous data bloc0s, obtained in a single
allocation and used to store a specific type of information.
.. What is a segment?
! segment is a set of e,tents allocated for a certain logical structure.
1. What are the different types of segments?
7ata segment, inde, segment, rollbac0 segment and temporary segment.
3. What is a data segment?
(ach non*clustered table has a data segment. !ll of the table's data is stored in the
e,tents of its data segment. (ach cluster has a data segment. The data of e"ery
table in the cluster is stored in the cluster's data segment.
&4. What is an inde, segment?
(ach inde, has an inde, segment that stores all of its data.
&1. What is rollbac0 segment?
! database contains one or more rollbac0 segments to temporarily store >undo>
information.
&2. What are the uses of rollbac0 segment?
To generate read*consistent database information during database reco"ery and
torollbac0 uncommitted transactions by the users.
&. What is a temporary segment?
Temporary segments are created by Oracle when a $;# statement needs a
temporary wor0 area to complete e,ecution. When the statement finishes e,ecution,
the temporary segment e,tents are released to the system for future use.
&&. What is a datafile?
("ery Oracle database has one or more physical data files. ! database's data files
contain all the database data. The data of logical database structures such as tables
and inde,es is physically stored in the data files allocated for a database.
&+. What are the characteristics of data files?
! data file can be associated with only one database. Once created a data file can't
change siBe. One or more data files form a logical unit of database storage called a
tablespace.
&-. What is a redo log?
The set of redo log files for a database is collecti"ely 0nown as the database redo
log.
&.. What is the function of redo log?
The primary function of the redo log is to record all changes made to data.
&1. What is the use of redo log information?
The information in a redo log file is used only to reco"er the database from a system
or media failure pre"ents database data from being written to a database's data files.
&3. What does a control file contains?
7atabase name* Aames and locations of a database's files and redo log files.* Time
stamp of database creation.
+4. What is the use of control file?
When an instance of an Oracle database is started, its control file is used to identify
the database and redo log files that must be opened for database operation to
proceed. <t is also used in database reco"ery.

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