Biology Chapter 1

Biology Scientific Study of Life

Concept 1.1 Biologists explore life from the microscopic scale to the global scale
- the hierarchy of biological organization: biosphere ecosystem communities
populations organisms organs and organ systems tissues cells
organelles molecules
- roducers are plants and other photosynthetic organisms that con!ert light energy
to chemical energy
- Consumers feed on producers and other consumers
- Chromosomes are partly made of deoxyribonucleic acid or "#$
- "#$ is the substance of genes
- %enes contain a se&uence of nucleotides 'hich code for proteins 'hich ser!e a
function in the cell
- %enetic code is uni!ersal
- (he entire se&uence) *library+ of genetic instructions is the genome
- ro,aryotic cells include those of bacteria and archaea -no nucleus.) "#$ is not
separated from the rest of the cell by a membrane
- /u,aryotic cells ha!e !arious membrane-enclosed organelles) including a nucleus.
Concept 1.0 Biological systems are much more than the sum of their parts
- /mergent properties are ne' properties that 'ere not sho'n in the le!el belo'
usually due to the 'ay the parts from the lo'er le!el react as a 'hole
- 1eductionism is reducing complex systems to more manageable components that
are more manageable to study
- Systems biology is the study of the dynamic beha!iour of 'hole biological
systems
- #egati!e feedbac, a reaction mechanism in 'hich the product created limits the
system
- ositi!e feedbac, a reaction mechanism 'here the end product speeds up the
reaction
Concept 1.2 Biologists explore life across its great di!ersity of species
- Scientists ha!e identified and named about 1.3 million species
- (axonomy the branch of biology in 'hich the identification and naming of
species occurs
- "omain Bacteria and "omain $rchaea used to be ,ingdom 4onera
- "omain /u,arya contains all eu,aryotic cell containing life
Concept 1.5 /!olution $ccounts for Life6s unity and di!ersity
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Concept 1.7 $ Set of (hemes Connects (he Concepts of Biology
- (here are ele!en themes that unify biology
- (he Cell t'o main types -eu,aryotic8pro,aryotic.
- 9eritable information the information encoded in our "#$
- /mergent properties of biological systems $s ne' le!els emerge from the ones
belo' ne' properties emerge as a result of the combinations
- 1egulation- :eedbac, systems regulate biological systems
- ;nteraction 'ith the en!ironment an organism is an open system and exchanges
materials and energy 'ith its en!ironment< its en!ironment includes other
organisms and nonli!ing factors
- /nergy and life all organisms must perform 'or, 'hich re&uires energy. /nergy
flo's from sunlight to producers to consumers
- =nity $nd "i!ersity 2 domains of life) 'e all share similar genetic code
- /!olution explains unity and di!ersity) accounts for population adaption
- Structure and function form and function are correlated on all le!els of
biological function
- Scientific in&uiry Based on obser!ation based disco!ery and testing of
hypothesis-based in&uiry.
- Science) technology and society many tech. $re goal oriented