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Batuan Karbonat
Formation of carbonates
Shallow Marine Late Proterozoic to
Modern
Deep Marine Rare in Ancient &
commoner in Modern
Cave Travertine and Spring Tufa both
Ancient & Modern
Lakes Ancient to Modern
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SHELF CARBONATE PLATFORM REEFAL SEDIMENTATION
RESTRICTED OPEN MARINE
SHELF
MARGIN
SLOPE
BASIN
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Controls on Carbonate Formation
Temperature (climate) -Tropics & temperate regions
favor carbonate production: true of ancient too!
Light Photosynthesis drives carbonate production
Pressure CCD (calcite compensation depth)
dissolution increases with depth
Agitation of waves - Oxygen source & remove CO
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Organic activity - CaCO
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factories nutrient deserts
Patch Reefs
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Patch Reefs
Sand Shoal Apron
Joulters Cay - Bahamas
Kendall Photo
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Heron Island Reef Heron Island Reef
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Base of Carbonate Slope - Bahamas
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Mineralogi Mineralogi
Aragonite Aragonite high temperature mineral high temperature mineral
Calcite Calcite stable in sea water & near surface crust stable in sea water & near surface crust
Low Magnesium Calcite Low Magnesium Calcite
High Magnesium Calcite High Magnesium Calcite
Imperforate foraminifera Imperforate foraminifera
Echinoidea Echinoidea
Dolomite Dolomite stable in sea water & near surface stable in sea water & near surface
Komponen batuan karbonat
1. Fragments: - skeletal
- non skeletal
- carbonate
- non carbonate
2. Mikrit (micrite microcrystalline calcite)
3. Semen
4. Porositas
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Fragments Fragments
carbonate, non skeletal carbonate, non skeletal
Ooids
Grapestones and other intraclasts
Pellets
Ooids Ooids Ooids
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Grapestones Grapestones & intraclasts & intraclasts
Intraclast
Pellets
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Pelloids
Fragments Fragments skeletal skeletal
Calcite, e.g. brachiopods, bryozoans, ostracodes,
echinoderms, foraminifera, red algae echinoderms, foraminifera, red algae
Aragonite, e.g. corals, orals, stromatoporoids stromatoporoids, most molluscs, , most molluscs,
green algae green algae
Silica, e.g. sponge spicules & radiolarians sponge spicules & radiolarians
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Fragments Fragments non carbonate non carbonate
Detrital minerals: quartz, feldspar, etc
Rock fragments
Non-carbonate fossils
Lime Mud or Micrite
Lime Mud or Micrite
Mechanical breakdown
Bioerrosion
Chemical precipitation
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Semen Semen
Crust or rims coat grains Crust or rims coat grains
Syntaxial overgrowth Syntaxial overgrowth optical continuity optical continuity
with skeletal fabric with skeletal fabric
Blocky equant Blocky equant - - final void fill final void fill
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Porositas Porositas
1. Primer
- Interclast
- Intraclast
2. Sekunder
- Dissolution
- Fractures
C. G. St. C. Kendall
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Moldic porosity
1.02 mm
Channel porosity
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Vug porosity
Klasifikasi
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Klasifikasi
Embry& Embry& Klovan Klovan (1971) Limestone Classification (1971) Limestone Classification
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Lithifikasi Lithifikasi / Diagenesis / Diagenesis
1. Kompaksi
2. Pressure solution
3. Sementasi
4. Dissolution
5. Dolomitisisasi
6. De-dolomitisasi
7. Fracturing
8. Neomorphism
9. etc
0.5 mm
Non-ferroan calcite spar
PPL PPL
DIAGENESIS CEMENTATION
0.5 mm
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DIAGENESIS MECHANICAL COMPACTION
0.5 mm
Compaction due to burial diagenesis
PPL PPL
0.25 mm
DIAGENESIS - DISSOLUTION

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