Chapter

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Provisional restorations
John Radford, David Ricketts
CHAPTER CONTENTS
Introduction 177
Characteristics of a provisional restoration 178
Custom-formed resin replica provisional
crowns 179
How to make a custom-formed provisional
restoration 179
Modifications to the technique 181
Establishing the occlusion and aesthetics with
custom-formed provisional restorations 181
Establishing gingival contours with
custom-formed provisional restorations 182
Preformed provisional crowns 183
Provisional polycarbonate crowns 183
Other provisional restorations 183
Provisional replacement of missing teeth 185
Advice during the provisional stage 185
Summary 186
INTRODUCTION
During the time period between tooth preparation and
fit of an indirect restoration it is important in most situa-
tions to provide a patient with a high-quality provisional
restoration. Failure to do so could lead to the early
demise of the definitive restoration for reasons which
will be outlined in this chapter. This comes at great
expense to both patient and dentist, in terms of both
monetary and biological cost, and professional relation-
ship and trust.
Some may argue, why waste precious time crafting a
bespoke provisional restoration only for it to be replaced
within weeks? Moreover, the cynic would argue that
acceptance of the definitive restoration can be problem-
atic if the dental aesthetic and function of the provisional
restoration is comparable to that of the final restoration.
To the contrary, when the dentist appreciates the relation-
ship between form and function of a provisional restora-
tion and its relationship to the immediate and long-term
health of the teeth, supporting structures and the defini-
tive restoration, its importance is unquestioning; the den-
tist/health care professional now only has to acquire the
knowledge and skills to construct one.
Oral health care and treatment planning for advanced
operative procedures follows a logical sequence as out-
lined in the earlier chapters of this textbook: initially sta-
bilizing (including preventing further) dental diseases,
evidence of oral health and then the possible reconstruc-
tion of teeth. The success of each stage of management
depends upon the success of the preceding stage. The
same is true when providing laboratory-fabricated indirect
restorations. It is unacceptable to provide a laboratory-
fabricated restoration without the prior placement of a
provisional restoration. Whilst it is true that a less than
ideal provisional restoration might not always influence
long-term outcome of the definitive restoration, it may
result in a lengthy fit appointment. A health care profes-
sional would not be discharging their responsibility if any
aspect of their treatment is substandard, including the
placement of provisional restorations. The synergy
between an empowered patient, dentist and dental techni-
cian can and should provide a seamless continuum of
dental care and provisional restorations are a part of this.
With respect to terminology, there is a facile debate as
to whether or not such restorations should be called
2011 Elsevier Ltd.
177
provisional or temporary. The debate is perhaps academic
and in this section they will be referred to as provisional
restorations.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
A PROVISIONAL RESTORATION
When considering provisional restorations it is most
logical to consider features that must be achieved and
then other value-added functions of the restoration.
Before exploring these, at the centre of every carers ethic
is Primum nil nocere (First, do no harm). Preparing a
tooth for a laboratory-fabricated restoration will, how-
ever, by necessity:

Compromise its dental aesthetic if in the smile line

Degrade the tooths function as a result of occlusal

reduction

Result in an unstable occlusion due to occlusal and

approximal reduction

Render a vital tooth sensitive due to unprotected

freshly cut dentine

Compromise the coronal seal to root-filled teeth.

A provisional restoration should therefore restore the
characteristics that have been lost and additionally allow
optimum home care. First, do no harm also applies to
something seemingly as trivial as providing a provisional
restoration. Consider the provisional crowns provided
in Figures 14.1 and 14.2. The provisional restoration in
Figure 14.1 demonstrates an adequate fit cervically and
home care should therefore not be compromised. In con-
trast, the provisional restoration that has been placed on
the molar tooth in Figure 14.2 had overhanging margins
and during the short time in situ adequate oral hygiene
has not been possible and gingival inflammation has
ensued.
Specifically, therefore, a provisional restoration must:

Establish and/or maintain the dental aesthetic. A value-

added function of a provisional restoration would be
to evaluate a patients satisfaction with the dental
aesthetics if this is to be changed in the definitive
restorations. A diagnostic wax-up can be made of the
ideal aesthetics for the tooth/teeth. This can then be
duplicated in stone to allow a vacuum-formed splint
to be made which can then be used to make a custom-
formed temporary crown(s) (see later).

Confirm that the tooth preparation is adequate. This

includes sufficient occlusal reduction and intra- and
extracoronal design characteristics, including
maintaining occlusal stability (the prepared tooth
must not be allowed to drift or overerupt in an
uncontrolled fashion). A value-added function of a
provisional restoration is as a tool to help the
dentist maintain a conformative approach to the
occlusion.

Prevent tooth sensitivity by covering all exposed, freshly

cut dentinal tubules in vital teeth and preventing fluid
movement in the dentinal tubules.

Prevent bacterial leakage at the provisional/tooth

tissue interface in vital teeth and non-vital, root-filled
teeth. The former reduces pulpal inflammation and
Figure 14.1 This provisional restoration demonstrates an
adequate fit, cervically. Home care should therefore not be
compromised and periodontal health maintained.
Figure 14.2 A poorly fitting provisional crown has been
removed from the upper left first molar tooth. The
overhanging margins mesially and palatally have prevented
adequate home care with resultant plaque accumulation and
gingival inflammation.
Advanced Operative Dentistry: A Practical Approach
178
the latter maintains a good coronal seal to the root
canal filling.

Allow optimum home care. Ledges are unacceptable, but

anecdote would suggest it is preferable to have a
negative (tooth) ledge when compared with a positive
(restoration) ledge (Figure 14.2).
Provisional restorations can be either custom-formed
to each individual situation or preformed by manufac-
turers in standard shapes and sizes and adjusted to fit
at the chairside. The custom-formed temporaries are
preferred, but are perhaps a more demanding technique
to master.
CUSTOM-FORMED RESIN REPLICA
PROVISIONAL CROWNS
The most appropriate material to be used for a custom-
formed resin replica provisional restoration is a chemically
cured bis-acrylic composite resin, for example Protemp
Plus Temporisation Material (3M ESPE) or Integrity Temp-
Grip Temporary Crown and Bridge Material (Dentsply).
The merit of using this as a provisional restorative material
is that it can be customized so that its internal aspect cus-
tom fits the preparation and its external surface reproduces
accurate contact points and occlusion with the opposing
arch.
It is important that the provisional restoration is made
before the impression is taken. This is because the provi-
sional restoration can be used to affirmthat the tooth prepa-
ration characteristics are satisfactory. These include whether
sufficient tooth/core has been prepared to accommodate
the definitive restoration (Figure 14.3) and other prepara-
tion characteristics such as whether the preparation is under-
cut or not (Figures 14.4 and 14.5). If deficiencies in the
preparationare found these can be remedied and the tempo-
rary can be relined or remade. An impression of the prepara-
tion can nowbe made with reassurance that the preparation
is satisfactory.
How to make a custom-formed
provisional restoration (Figure 14.6)
Firstly a sectional impression of the tooth to be prepared
is made. A full arch impression is unnecessary for this
and would make it more difficult to relocate on the teeth.
This can be done in a number of materials:

An addition cured silicone putty is preferred as this

can be disinfected and given to the patient
(Figure 14.6). If the temporary is lost or breaks in
function in the ensuing weeks whilst the crown is
being made, the impression can be reused (as it is
dimensionally stable) to make a new custom-formed
Figure 14.3 An Iwanson gauge can be used to measure the
thickness of the provisional restoration in relation to the buccal
cusp occlusal reduction, for example. If it is shown that there is
insufficient tooth reduction, further preparation is carried out
and the provisional restoration is relined.
Figure 14.4 Bis-acrylic composite provisional restoration,
affirming a satisfactory preparation for a gold overlay. This
provisional restoration shows mesial and distal gingival bevels
to the proximal box preparation.
Figure 14.5 The provisional restoration shown in Figure 14.4
in situ.
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provisional restoration. Such a material has the
advantage over alginate, in that it can be used
repeatedly without tearing.

Alginate is cheaper, but cannot easily be reused or

kept by the patient should the provisional restoration
fail in function.

Some clinicians use softened modelling wax. This has

the advantage that it can easily be adjusted and
smoothed with a hot instrument (see later) but is not
suitable where there are deep undercuts as it would
easily distort. Whilst cost effective and convenient to
make, it cannot be stored and used again, unlike the
silicone matrices. For this reason the technique is
suitable for simple and single restorations that copy
the original shape of the tooth.

A custom vacuum-formed plastic mould can be made

from a study model or a model made from a
diagnostic wax-up (see later).
The tooth is prepared for the chosen design of restoration,
which in Figure 14.6 is a full coverage gold crown. A thin
layer of petroleum jelly can be smeared onto the prepara-
tion to facilitate the removal of the provisional restoration
from the tooth once set; this is not always necessary. The
bis-acrylic composite resins used are supplied in cartridges
which fit into dispensing guns onto which double helix
mixer tips are attached. Before syringing the material into
the impression, some of the material should be dispensed
onto the bracket table or a mixing pad to ensure it is
completely mixed (occasionally, base or catalyst moves
into the double helix mixer tip ahead of the other and
hence emerges in an unmixed state) and to monitor its
set. The bis-acrylic composite resin is then syringed into
the sectional impression of the tooth that has been
prepared and the impression is relocated in the mouth,
ensuring it is fully seated over the teeth; an obvious click
is often felt as the impression passes over the bulbosity
of the remaining teeth.
Before complete polymerization of the bis-acryl resin,
remove the impression. At this stage the resin on the
pad or bracket table will feel rubbery. This is an
important step as waiting for the final set may result in
difficulty in removing the temporary restoration as it can
set into existing undercuts. For this reason at the rubbery
stage carefully move the matrix up and down with a small
amplitude so as to ensure no setting occurs into such
undercuts. The provisional restoration that has formed
may either stay on the tooth or will be removed in the
impression. In the former situation, gently ease it off the
preparation as soon as possible using an instrument
beneath the contact points. If this is not done, the bis-
acrylic composite will completely polymerize into the
interdental undercuts, making it impossible to remove
without destroying the provisional restoration. If the pro-
visional is removed in the impression, let it set completely
as trying to remove it in a partially polymerized stage
could lead to distortion and damage.
Once removed from the mouth or impression, any
material flash and ledges can be removed with a high
Figure 14.6 The stages involved in making a custom-formed resin replica provisional crown. From left to right and top to
bottom: an impression is taken of the tooth prior to preparing it for a crown. The tooth is then prepared, the impression of
the tooth is filled with a bis-acryl resin and reseated fully in the mouth. Once the bis-acryl resin has almost set (rubbery stage) the
impression is removed. The provisional restoration is removed from the tooth and trimmed.
Advanced Operative Dentistry: A Practical Approach
180
speed diamond bur or abrasive polishing discs, paying
particular attention to the interdental areas where the
material goes into the undercut areas beneath the bulbos-
ity of the adjacent teeth. Following this, confirmation of
an adequate tooth preparation can be carried out as
described earlier and in Figures 14.3 and 14.4, comparing
the fit surface of the provisional restoration with that of
the prepared tooth. The marginal fit and occlusion are
checked with the provisional restoration in situ and
adjusted if necessary; ideally, the provisional restoration
should be removed and adjusted outside of the mouth.
Finally, the patient should be shown the restoration to
confirm that the dental aesthetic is satisfactory. The provi-
sional restoration can then be cemented with a temporary
luting cement such as a non-eugenol temporary cement
(TempBond NE, Kerr Dental). It is argued that eugenol-
containing cement would inhibit the polymerization of
a permanent resin luting cement. Excess temporary
cement is then meticulously removed from the margins,
carefully using dental floss interdentally. To avoid dislod-
ging the provisional restoration by pulling the floss back
through the contact point, the floss can be pulled out buc-
cally/labially.
Modifications to the technique
Occasionally it is necessary, before preparing the tooth, to
modify its shape with soft wax or resin composite (placed
and cured but not etched and bonded to the tooth or
core) to achieve a better contour for the provisional resto-
ration. This is necessary in situations where the core or
shape of the tooth is inadequate. For example, the amal-
gam core seen in Figure 14.7 has no disto-buccal cusp cre-
ated in the core and it is not in occlusal contact in this
area with the opposing teeth. Minimal or no occlusal
reduction is needed in this area but using the custom-
formed technique for making provisionals as described
above would lead to a very thin layer or no provisional
material in the unprepared area and a corresponding per-
foration in the provisional restoration would result. To
address this, wax or composite can be placed to build
up the cusp to form and function before the preoperative
impression is taken, ensuring the provisional restoration
is intact and correctly contoured.
An alternative method to overcome such problems is
that the impression itself can be adjusted in the relevant
areas using a scalpel blade or instrument such as an excava-
tor. The amount of impression material removed is arbi-
trary and the provisional restoration often needs more
adjustment. Advocates of using softened wax as an impres-
sion material claim that the wax is easier to remove and
can be smoothed with a hot instrument.
Establishing the occlusion and
aesthetics with custom-formed
provisional restorations
When placing crowns and/or bridges on anterior teeth
which have lost their original form, for example through
tooth wear or repeated restoration over many years, the
shape of the teeth needs to be re-established; the occlu-
sion and aesthetics can be piloted on provisional restora-
tions. Ideally, guidance (anterior/incisal) should be
produced on the crowns and this can be created in a diag-
nostic wax-up on articulated study models. Once this and
the appearance are satisfactory, the wax-up can be dupli-
cated in stone and a vacuum-formed mould (template/
splint) made. At the patients subsequent visit, the ante-
rior teeth can be prepared and the mould used to make
custom-formed provisional restorations to the new occlu-
sal scheme and appearance created in the diagnostic wax-
up. The patient can then wear the provisional restorations
for some time until happy with the form and function
(Figure 14.8). During this time the occlusion and appear-
ance (shape of the teeth) can be altered by removing
provisional material with a bur or the addition of a
colour-matched composite, if necessary.
The guidance created in such provisional restorations
can be transferred to the definitive restorations using a
technique such as a customized formed incisal guidance
table (Figure 14.9). In this technique, impressions of the
upper (including the provisional restorations) and lower
arches are made and the resultant models mounted on a
semi-adjustable articulator as described in Chapter 6. Lat-
eral and protrusive movements are reproduced on the
articulated models. As this is done the incisal pin raises
up off the incisal guidance table according to the steepness
of the guidance created on the provisional restorations.
The technician then places cold cure acrylic on the incisal
guidance table and repeats the excursive movements, the
Figure 14.7 Poorly contoured amalgam restoration which is to
act as a core for a full coverage crown. The occlusal surface
can be modified using composite or wax to create the ideal
occlusal form, prior to taking an impression for a custom-
formed resin replica provisional restoration.
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incisal guidance pin moulding (scoring) the setting acrylic.
The so-called customized incisal guidance table is therefore
formed.
Impressions of the tooth preparations are then made
and the resultant master model mounted on the articula-
tor to the lower model. As the definitive restorations are
being made, the technician repeatedly makes the excursive
movements, now guided by the custom-formed incisal
guidance table. The palatal contours of the crowns are
adjusted to have simultaneous contact with the incisal
pin on the guidance table, so reproducing the guidance
of the provisional restorations in the definitive crowns.
Fortunately for most circumstances a diagnostic wax-up
produced by a technician can satisfy the aesthetic demands
of a patient. Using the guides described in Chapter 15, the
form and shape of restorations can be made to comple-
ment the mouth. However, on occasion, some patients
can have a high aesthetic demand. In these situations the
initial provisional crown may be altered or replaced to
achieve the demands of the patient. Chairside alterations,
provided they are minor, can be undertaken by removing
and reshaping with burs or adding small amounts of provi-
sional material. More extensive changes may need a
replacement provisional restoration; this is more likely on
upper anterior teeth where the aesthetic demands of most
people are higher. After agreement on the restoration
shape, an alginate impression can be recorded to help the
technician reproduce the result in the final restoration.
Establishing gingival contours
with custom-formed provisional
restorations
In certain situations custom-formed provisional crowns
can allow shaping of the gingival tissues in order to
achieve a satisfactory emergence profile of the definitive
restoration. This is indicated particularly when restoring
bone-level dental implants. For details on this the reader
should refer to a text on implantology.
Figure 14.8 Establishing incisal/anterior guidance on the
provisional restorations. Note light if any contact on pontic
upper right lateral incisor to minimize unfavourable forces
during protrusion and excursion.
Figure 14.9 Customized incisal table replicating the palatal contours of those established in the provisional restorations made in
Figure 14.8 (left), and for another patient whose guidance is being replicated in replacement crowns (right).
Advanced Operative Dentistry: A Practical Approach
182
PREFORMED PROVISIONAL CROWNS
A number of preformed provisional crowns are available.
These can be tooth coloured (polycarbonate crowns) or
clear plastic crown forms which can be filled with bis-
acryl composite resin (for use within the smile line), or
they can be metal based. Each type of crown is provided
as a series with different tooth morphologies and sizes.
This poses two problems: (1) it is unlikely that a pre-
formed crown will fit cervically, occlusally and interden-
tally with any degree of accuracy and, as such, will
require chairside adjustment; and (2) a large bank of
crowns (at a monetary cost) is required to fit any eventu-
ality. This having been said, they are particularly useful in
situations where an impression of the tooth prior to
crown preparation does not exist, for example when a
patient presents following trauma and significant loss of
coronal tooth tissue.
Provisional polycarbonate crowns
Polycarbonate crowns (e.g. Directa, JS Dental Manufacturing
Inc.) are tooth-coloured shells which have a morphology to
meet all anterior and bicuspid teeth (Figure 14.10). These
products have been available for more than 35 years and in
use are sublined with an acrylic such as Trim (PEMA
temporary resin acrylic). First, a polycarbonate shell is
selected that is slightly larger than the preparation dimen-
sion (Figure 14.11). A bur such as a large pink stone in a
straight handpiece is then used to pare it back until it is of
the correct preparation dimension and seats fully over the
tooth preparation without bedding into the gingiva. A thin
smear of petroleum jelly is applied to the tooth preparation
and the acrylic resin (Trim) is spread into the fit surface of
the crown. This is then seated over the preparation and
positioned such that the aesthetic is satisfactory. When the
acrylic has polymerized to a granular/dough stage, the shell
is carefully removed and replaced, before finally removing
to allow the acrylic to polymerize fully outside the mouth.
The provisional restoration is then trimmed until the fit is
acceptable (Figure 14.12). If the crown is overbuilt, blanch-
ing of the gingiva will occur and further trimming is indi-
cated. Following impression taking, the provisional crown
can be cemented with a temporary luting cement.
Other provisional restorations
In a similar way to the use of the polycarbonate crowns,
clear plastic crown forms (Figure 14.13) can be selected
and trimmed until they seat fully over the tooth prepara-
tion without traumatizing the gingiva. These are thin
and can easily be trimmed with a scissors. Prior to filling
with a bis-acryl composite resin, small holes can be made
with a probe at the cusp/canine tips and incisal angles. Figure 14.10 Polycarbonate Directa crowns.
Figure 14.11 Adequate definitive restorations spawn from
satisfactory tooth preparations and provisional restorations.
These are the preparations for the provisional restorations as
seen in Figure 14.12.
Figure 14.12 Adequate provisional restorations on the upper
right central and lateral incisor made from polycarbonate
Directa crowns. The buccal contour of the provisional
restoration on the upper left central incisor is poor.
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This allows air to escape, reducing the risk of bubbles form-
ing within the resin. Once the bis-acryl composite resin has
set, the clear plastic crown form can be removed, the mar-
gins and occlusion can be checked and adjusted as neces-
sary, and the crown cemented with a temporary cement.
Metal aluminium and stainless steel provisional crowns
are also available for use on posterior teeth (Figure 14.14).
Their margins are more difficult to adjust and ledges and
sharp margins are more likely to cause soft tissue trauma
(Figure 14.15). Some metal provisional crowns are
provided with a crimping device that can be used to mould
the margins of the crown to the tooth shape.
Occasionally, if replacing a crown, the original crown can
be modified and used as a temporary. Consider the crown in
Figure 14.16 which is being replaced because of distal caries.
It has been partially sectioned, and following caries removal
and refinement of the preparation, has been relined with a
bis-acrylic composite resin and cemented temporarily.
If the original crown is planned to be used as a provi-
sional restoration, consideration should be given to its
removal with a WAMkey (WAM). The WAMkey system is
a set of three elevators, each with an oval end of increas-
ing diameter. A hole is cut in the buccal aspect of the
crown at the interface between the occlusal surface of
the core and occlusal surface of the crown (Figure 14.17).
The appropriate sized WAMkey is inserted at the interface
and rotated, elevating the crown off the preparation with
minimal risk of damaging the core and tooth preparation.
Crown and bridge removers, such as pneumatic crown
and bridge removers, that send a shock wave through
the cement lute to shatter it, should be avoided as these
can lead to decoronation of the tooth.
More recently, preformed malleable composite crowns
have been introduced (Protemp Crown Temporisation
Material; Figure 14.18). These are soft and easily moulded
to the tooth preparation in situ. Once the desired shape is
achieved they can be partially light cured in the mouth. It
is important to only partially light cure the crown in the
mouth for about 23 seconds as complete cure can lead
to difficulties in their removal from the tooth. The crown
Figure 14.13 Clear plastic crown forms, suitable for use with
bis-acryl composite resin.
Figure 14.14 Metal provisional crowns.
Figure 14.15 A poorly trimmed and contoured provisional
aluminium crown. The margins are sharp and there is a ledge
mesially.
Figure 14.16 The partially sectioned crown on the molar
tooth has been relined with a bis-acryl composite resin and
cemented temporarily.
Advanced Operative Dentistry: A Practical Approach
184
is removed and fully cured outside of the mouth. Final
check of fit and any adjustment can be carried out prior
to cementing with a temporary luting cement.
PROVISIONAL REPLACEMENT
OF MISSING TEETH
Where full preparation, conventional bridges are
concerned, provisional restorations can be made in a sim-
ilar manner to custom-formed provisional crowns, using a
diagnostic wax-up of the replacement tooth. Alternatively,
a simple acrylic removable partial prosthesis can be used.
This can be used if a minimum preparation bridge (resin
retained) or implant retained restoration is planned; if
adjacent teeth are to be prepared for a conventional
bridge, the removable prosthesis can be used in conjunc-
tion with provisional crowns.
Another method of provisionally replacing a missing
tooth where no preparation of the adjacent teeth is
planned (Figure 14.19) is to take an impression and place
an acrylic prosthetic tooth in the edentulous space on the
model. A plastic (ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer)
splint can then be made over this and the adjacent teeth
(Figure 14.20). The acrylic tooth can then be secured to
the splint using an adhesive, giving an acceptable appear-
ance (Figure 14.21).
ADVICE DURING THE PROVISIONAL
STAGE
A patient should be urged to disrupt regularly the plaque
biofilm associated with provisional restorations, enlisting
the full armamentarium of cleaning aids. One notable
Figure 14.17 Use of a WAMkey to elevate off a metalceramic
crown which has caries distally. The cast post and core beneath
remain intact following caries removal and preparation
refinement (Inset).
Figure 14.18 Protemp provisional crowns.
Figure 14.19 The upper right central incisor was restored
with a post crown that catastrophically failed. This tooth
was extracted and a bone-level implant placed 8 weeks later.
Note staining due to the use of chlorhexidine following
surgery.
Figure 14.20 Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer splint
with acrylic tooth replacing the upper right central incisor,
secured in place with an adhesive.
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caution is the use of dental floss which could pull out a
provisional restoration if pulled back up through the con-
tact point (it should be pulled out buccally). However, if
the patient does not maintain adequate home care, gingi-
val inflammation will result in an increased volume of
gingival crevicular fluid or even gingival bleeding. At
cementation this could lead to an inadequate cement lute.
It is therefore good practice to advise patients to continue
with routine dental home care.
SUMMARY
A carefully made provisional restoration should have all
the characteristics of a definitive restoration. Unequivo-
cally it is a surrogate marker for a dentist in determining
the appropriateness of the tooth preparation and identi-
fying errors. Custom-formed provisional restorations are
also important when changes are planned to the appear-
ance and occlusion. The demand for a quality provi-
sional restoration is frequently overlooked in the focus
to perfect tooth preparation and ensure an accurate
impression; this is an error that should be avoided at
all costs.
FURTHER READING
Wassell, R.W., St George, G.,
Ingledew, R.P., Steele, J.G., 2002.
Crowns and other extra-coronal
restorations: provisional restorations.
Br. Dent. J. 192, 619622, 625630.
.
Figure 14.21 The acrylic tooth in clear splint has adequate
aesthetics for a provisional tooth replacement (for patient seen
in Figure 14.19). Oral hygiene has to be good.
Advanced Operative Dentistry: A Practical Approach
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