December 9, 2005 16:6 806 TFJF307-03-145844

Natural Convecti on Heat Transfer

from Verti cal Hel i cal Coi l s i n Oi l
MOHAMED E. ALI
QUERY SHEET
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December 9, 2005 16:6 806 TFJF307-03-145844
Heat Transfer Engineering, 27(3):17, 2006
Copyright C Taylor & Francis LLC
ISSN: 0145-7632 print / 1521-0537 online
DOI: 10.1080/01457630500458617
Natural Convecti on Heat Transfer
from Verti cal Hel i cal Coi l s i n Oi l
MOHAMED E. ALI
Mechanical Engineering Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
An experimental study has been conducted on steady-state natural convection heat transfer from vertical helical coil tubes in
heat transfer oil of a Prandtl number range of 250400. Fifteen coils are used in this experiment. These coils are classied
into ve groups; each group has a specied coil diameter-to-tube diameter ratio for two, ve, and ten turns. The helix coil
to tube diameter ratio are 30, 20.83, 17.5, 13.33, and 10. The heat transfer data were generated and correlated using coil
length as a characteristic length. Correlations are presented to calculate the average Nusselt number in terms of Rayleigh
number for each group of coils, and an overall correlation covering all the coils is obtained. Furthermore, two more general
correlations covering the current data and those of Ali [1] are obtained, and the results showthat the average Nusselt number
for oil is higher than that for water at the same Grashof number.
5
INTRODUCTION
Helical coiled tubes are used in many engineering applica- 10
tions, such as heating, refrigerating, and HVAC systems. They
are used also in steam generator and condenser design in power
plants because of their large surface area per unit volume. In
spite of their widespread use, the literature available on the fun-
damentals of natural convection from such coils is limited. The 15
rst experiment to deal with the subject is a study by Ali [1], who
developed correlations for natural convection fromvertical heli-
cal coils in water over a Prandtl number range 3.44 Pr 5.30.
In this experiment, ten coils were used, with four coil diameter-
to-tube diameter ratios and ve pitch-to-tube diameter ratios. 20
It was concluded that the average heat transfer coefcient de-
creases with an increasing coil length for tube diameter d =
0.012 m but increases with an increasing coil length for d =
0.008 m. For comparison, the correlation for d =0.012 m, using
the coil length as a characteristic length, is cited: 25
Nu
L
= 0.685 Ra
0.295
L
, 3 10
12
Ra
L
8 10
14
(1)
Xin and Ebadian [2] reported an experimental study on lami-
nar natural convection heat transfer from helicoidal pipes in air
in vertical and horizontal orientations. In their experiment, three
test coils were used, and the heat transfer data were generated by
Q1
heating the coil electrically, two correlations were developed for 30
Address correspondence to Dr. Mohamed E. Ali, Mechanical Engineering
Department, King Saud University, O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia.
E-mail: mali@ksu.edu.sa
the overall average Nusselt number for the coils oriented verti-
cally or horizontally. Ali [3] has reported an experimental study
on laminar natural convection heat transfer fromhorizontal coils
in air. The experiment was carried out for four coils heated elec-
trically by constant heat ux of 5005000 W/m
2
. The developed 35
correlation for the average heat transfer coefcient shows that in
the laminar regime, the heat transfer coefcient decreases with
increasing the number of coil turns, and it has wavy variations
in the transition regime. Furthermore, an experimental study of
two sets of coils oriented vertically in air was reported by Ali 40
[4]. His rst set of coils has a constant surface heat ux, and the
developed correlations showed a Nusselt number dependence on
the heat ux when the tube diameter is used as a characteristic
length. On the other hand, when the coil axial distance is used as
a characteristic length in the correlation of the rst set of coils, 45
all of the data were collapsed to one unique curve independent of
the heat ux. Recently, Ali [5] reported an experimental inves-
tigation of laminar- and transition-free convection heat transfer
from the outer surface of helical pipes with a nite pitch ori-
ented vertically in a 57% glycerol-water solution by mass. His 50
experimental ambient solution has a Prandtl number range of
2836. More recently, an experimental study was reported by
Prabhanjan et al. [6] for vertical coils in a hot water medium
using three coils and different characteristic length. They con-
cluded that their correlation for these coils did not have a high 55
correlation coefcient, and further study is required to develop
better Nusselt number relations to cover a wide range of sizes
and congurations. However, their experimental study shows a
good method to predict the outlet temperature from the coils.
1
December 9, 2005 16:6 806 TFJF307-03-145844
2 M. E. ALI
Furthermore, many experiments have been reported to study 60
the turbulent heat transfer coefcient inside the coils using the
criterion for transition to turbulent in curved pipes, which was
established by Ito [7]. Such an experiment is that by Rogers
and Mayhew [8], who used water owing through steam-heated
tubes for D/d
i
=10.8, 13.3, and 20.1, and the following correla- 65
tion was developed to predict the inside heat transfer coefcient
Nu
d
i
= 0.023 Re
0.85
d
i
Pr
0.4
_
d
i
D
_
0.1
(2)
This paper presents the results of the experimental investiga-
tion of natural convection heat transfer from the outer surface of
helical pipes with nite pitch oriented vertically in a heat transfer
oil of Prandtl number range 250 Pr 400. However, because
70
the experiments of Ali [1, 5] are for a Prandtl number of order
10, the present experimental study is focused on a high Prandtl
number of order 100 in order to obtain an overall correlation
using the Prandtl number as a parameter.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND PROCEDURE 75
In these experiments, the coil is heated by pumping through
turbulent hot water. The temperature at the inlet and exit fromthe
coil is measured when the steady state is reached. Aschematic of
the test coil showing the thermistor locations and the coil dimen-
sions is sketched in Figure 1. The test coil is xed in an ambient
80
temperature bath (0.76 0.76 0.98 m
3
), which serves as a
coolant. This ambient bath has a Petromin heat transfer oil [9].
The coils are formed initially from straight tubing (brass 70%
Cu and 30% Zn, with thermal conductivity k =111 Wm
1
k
1
,
[10]). The physical dimensions of the test coils are given in
85
Table 1. To allow for the obliquity of the helix, the slanted outer
turndiameter D
s
for eachturnis measuredusinga vernier caliper,
Figure 1 Schematic of the coils used showing the physical dimensions and
thermistor locations.
Table 1 Physical dimensions of the test coils
Coil no. d
i
(m) d
o
(m) D
s
(m) L (m) N D/d
o
1 0.011 0.012 0.360 11.314 10 30.0
2 0.011 0.012 0.360 5.657 5 30.0
3 0.011 0.012 0.360 2.263 2 30.0
4 0.011 0.012 0.250 7.854 10 20.833
5 0.011 0.012 0.250 3.929 5 20.833
6 0.011 0.012 0.250 1.571 2 20.833
7 0.011 0.012 0.210 6.600 10 17.50
8 0.011 0.012 0.210 3.300 5 17.50
9 0.011 0.012 0.210 1.320 2 17.50
10 0.011 0.012 0.160 5.531 11 13.33
11 0.011 0.012 0.160 2.513 5 13.33
12 0.011 0.012 0.160 1.006 2 13.33
13 0.011 0.012 0.120 3.770 10 10.00
14 0.011 0.012 0.120 1.886 5 10.00
15 0.011 0.012 0.120 0.754 2 10.00
and the helix coil diameter is obtained from the following equa-
tion:
D =

N
i =1
_
D
2
s

_
P

_
2
N
(3)
The effective coil length was measured before forming it, and 90
the coil turns are separated fromeach other using plexiglas spac-
ers with a specic length to x the pitch of the coil such that the
ratio of P/d
o
is xed (=2.5) for all the test coils. The temperature
of the hot water tank is heated to a maximum of 80

C before
entering the test coil, and readings are taking every 5

C for each 95
run. The experiments are designed such that the outer (exter-
nal tubeside) overall average heat transfer coefcient, can be Q2
calculated using the measured temperatures, the predicted inner
(internal tubeside) heat transfer coefcient, and the coil-known
thermal conductivity. The volume ow rate of water inside the 100
tubes is 0.833 10
4
m
3
/s and the corresponding estimated
minimum Reynolds number is 14417. This Reynolds number
ensures that the ow inside the coil is turbulent when compared
to the critical Reynolds number of ow in helices (Re
c
= 7386
at the same diameter ratio) [11]. 105
ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENT
In this section, the physical properties of the hot water owing
inside the tube coil test section are assumed constant along the
coil length and evaluated at the average bulk temperature for
each run. Heat loss from the coil can be calculated from 110
Q = mc [(t
c
)
in
(t
c
)
out
] (4)
where Q is the heat loss from the coil, m is the hot water ow
rate, (t
c
)
in
is the coil inlet temperature, (t
c
)
out
is the coil outlet
temperature, andc is the hot water-specic heat. Havingobtained
a value for the heat transfer rate Q, the thermal resistance R
th
is
heat transfer engineering vol. 27 no. 3 2006
December 9, 2005 16:6 806 TFJF307-03-145844
M. E. ALI 3
Figure 2 Density calibrations of the Petromin heat transfer oil used in the
experiment, = 873.7 0.7 t.
calculated from 115
Q =
t
lm
R
th
, t
lm
=
(t
c
)
in
(t
c
)
out
ln
_
(t
c
)
in
t
a
(t
c
)
out
t
a
_ (5)
and R
th
is dened as
R
th
=
_
1
h
i
A
i
+
ln (d
o
/d
i
)
2k L
+
1
h
o
A
o
_
(6)
Once R
th
is calculated from Eq. (5), h
i
is evaluated from Eq. (2),
k for the coil material is given, and then the outer heat transfer
coefcient h
o
can be calculated from Eq. (6). In calculating the
physical properties of the oil, the bulk arithmetic mean temper- 120
ature is used:
= 0.5 [0.5 ((t
c
)
in
+(t
c
)
out
) +t
a
] (7)
The physical properties of the oil were taken from Petromin
oils product guide [9] and laboratory experiments for density
and viscosity, as seen in Figures 2 and 3 for density and vis-
cosity, respectively. It should be mentioned that the coefcient 125
of thermal expansion of the oil is a weak function of tempera-
ture. Therefore, , which is not provided by the Petromin oils
product guide [9], was taken as a constant value (0.7 10
3
K
1
) corresponding to the unused engine oil at similar oil char-
acteristics [12]. The inlet and outlet temperature of the water 130
owing inside the coil were measured using the YSI 703 tem-
perature probes (tubular thermistor, stainless steel probe with
time constant 3.6 s). The temperature readings were taken using
a digital ohmmeter with an accuracy of 10 ohms correspond-
ing to 0.06

C. The uncertainty analysis in calculating the heat 135

transfer rate was made using the procedure outlined in Holman
[13], and it was found to be 15.55% at most corresponding to a
Figure 3 Viscosity calibrations of the Petromin heat transfer oil used in the
Experiment, = 8.4e-5(2.33e-6) t + (1.84e-8) t
2
+ (2.0e-12) t
3
.
minimum temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of
the coils of 0.4

C. The average Nusselt and Rayleigh numbers

were generated using the coil length as a characteristic length to 140
determine the range of the Rayleigh and Nusselt numbers and
its relation to the region of natural convection.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Experimental data points were obtained for helical coils ori-
ented vertically in Petromin heat transfer oil. Results are
145
Figure 4 Average Nusselt number for the test coils number 1, 2, and 3 for
D/d
o
= 30, solid line presents the correlation given by Eq. (8).
heat transfer engineering vol. 27 no. 3 2006
December 9, 2005 16:6 806 TFJF307-03-145844
4 M. E. ALI
presented for the Rayleigh number range 4.37 10
10
5.5
10
14
and Prandtl number range 250400.
The behavior of the outer heat transfer coefcient can be seen
in a nondimensional form of Nu
L
and Ra
L
in Figure 4 for coil
numbers 1, 2, and 3, corresponding to ten, ve, and two turns,
150
respectively. This set of coils has a diameter ratio of 30 (see
Table 1). The solid line presents the tting curve through the
experimental data points using a least-squares power law t that
yields the following correlation where the correlation coefcient
R = 99%. 155
Nu
L
= 0.287 Ra
0.323
L
, 7.35 10
11
Ra
L
5.5 10
14
(8)
It can be seen from this gure that the Nusselt number increases
as the Rayleigh number increases, and in spite of the fact that
the heat transfer rate to the ambient medium (heat transfer oil)
is directly proportional to the number of turns, the heat transfer
coefcient is inversely proportional to the number of turns, as
160
will be seen later. The reason for that could be attributed to the
fact that the plume rises from the lowest to the highest turns
successively, thereby reducing the effectiveness of the upper
turns [14]. In other words, the plume from the lower turns has
two effects on the heat transfer of the upper turns. First, the
165
plume makes the boundary layer thicker on the next turn and
reduces the heat transfer. Second, the plume provides an initial
velocity and increases the intensity of the ow to be turbulence
for the next turn, which could improve the heat transfer fromthe
upper turns. However, the rst effect is dominated, which makes
170
the average heat transfer coefcient from the ten turns coil to be
lower than that of ve turns coil (see [2, 4]).
Equation (8) agrees with the above discussion beacuse h
o
de-
creases as L increases. Consequently, to see the effect of the coil
length on the average heat transfer coefcient, Eq. (8) suggests
175
Figure 5 Average Nusselt number for the test coils number 7, 8, and 9 for
D/d
o
=17.5, solid line presents the correlation given by Eq. (10) with constants
a and b given in Table 2.
Figure 6 Average Nusselt number for the test coils number 10, 11, and 12
for D/d
o
= 13.33, solid line presents the correlation given by Eq. (10) with
constants a and b given in Table 2.
that
h
o
L
0.031
(9)
Therefore, h
o
decreases as the coil length increases, which sug-
gests that the convection regime is similar in laminar to the verti- Q3
cal cylinder in different uids [15] and for vertical coils in water
[1]. The laminar regime is characterized by a decreasing heat
180
transfer coefcient similar to natural convection froma at plate
[16].
Figures 57 showsimilar results of the average Nusselt num-
ber vs. Rayleigh number on a log-log scale for coil diameter
ratios 17.5, 13.33, and 10, respectively. The correlations cover-
185
ing the experimental data point is of the form:
Nu
L
= a Ra
b
L
(10)
Figure 7 Average Nusselt number for the test coils number 13, 14, and 15 for
D/d
o
= 10, solid line presents the correlation given by Eq. (10) with constants
a and b given in Table 2.
heat transfer engineering vol. 27 no. 3 2006
December 9, 2005 16:6 806 TFJF307-03-145844
M. E. ALI 5
Table 2 Coefcients a, b, Ra range, the correlation coefcient, and the gure
number for Eq. (10)
D/d
o
a b Ra range R Fig. Number
17.5 0.343 0.322 1.58 10
11
to 1.19 10
14
98.95% 5
13.33 0.885 0.287 7.06 10
10
to 7.04 10
13
96.97% 6
10.0 1.733 0.264 4.37 10
10
to 2.24 10
13
94.68% 7
20.833 0.202 0.336 2.66 10
11
to 1.92 10
14
95.82% 8
where a and b are constants given in Table 2 with the
corresponding correlation coefcient. Although the exponents
in the correlation given by Eq. (8) are sensitive to experimental
scatter in the data, the results are clearly adequate to show that 190
the exponents are less than 1/3 where the heat transfer coefcient
decreases as the coil length increases, which conrms that the
laminar convection regime is achieved. However, the correlation
covering the data of Figure 8 shows an exponent greater than 1/3
(see Table 2) where the heat transfer coefcient scales as L
0.008
195
therefore, the heat transfer mode is in the transition regime.
The overall correlation covering all of the experimental data
points for all test coils used for number of turns 2, 5, and 10 is
presented in Figure 9 as a solid line. The best t through the data
is obtained with a correlation coefcient R = 98 % as: 200
Nu
L
= 0.619 Ra
0.3
L
, 4.37 10
10
Ra
L
5.5 10
14
10.00
D
d
o
30.00 (11)
It can be seen from this gure that Nu increases as Ra increases.
Also, from the denition of the Nusselt number, one can show
that for the same coil (where the coil length is xed and the
changes in Nu and Ra are solely due to the temperature change),
the heat transfer coefcient increases as Nu increases. However,
205
increasing the coil length tends to decrease the heat transfer co-
efcient in spite of increasing the Nusselt number, as described
earlier.
Figure 8 Average Nusselt number for the test coils number 4, 5, and 6 for
D/d
o
= 20.833, solid line presents the correlation given by Eq. (10) with con-
stants a and b given in Table 2.
Figure 9 Overall average Nusselt number against Rayleigh number for all
coils used for three different turns.
Figure 10 is constructed to give an overviewabout the change
of average dimensional heat transfer coefcient h versus the
210
outer surface area of the test coils used. It should be mentioned
that the heat transfer coefcient in this gure is the mathemat-
ical average value of all data taken for each coil. Hence, each
symbol in the gure presents the average heat transfer for one
coil. The dashed lines separate the region of laminar convection
215
on the left and right while the transition regime is on the middle.
This gure shows that for A 0.1, the heat transfer coefcient
decreases, which corresponds to a laminar regime as discussed
earlier. Furthermore, for 0.1 < A 0.25, the heat transfer coef-
cient is unstable, which means that we have a transition regime
220
heat transfer. Moreover, for A>0.25, the rst effect of the plume
discussed earlier is dominated where the heat transfer coefcient
decreases, and the effect of increasing the area of the coil is to
suppress the transition regime at N=5 turns. Therefore, we have
Q4
Figure 10 Variation of average outer heat transfer coefcient h with coils,
outer surface area for different number of turns, showing the laminar and tran-
sition regimes.
heat transfer engineering vol. 27 no. 3 2006
December 9, 2005 16:6 806 TFJF307-03-145844
6 M. E. ALI
Figure 11 Average Nusselt number of the present data and those of Ali [1]
showing the overall correlation using Prandtl number as a parameter; solid lines
present the correlation given by Eq. (12).
a laminar regime heat transfer again. It should be noted that the 225
denition of the laminar and transition regimes as dened here
are based solely on the changing in the heat transfer coefcient,
which is increasing or decreasing. Consequently, more experi-
ments should be done using a visualization technique to conrm
this result. 230
Finally, the present data are used to come up with an overall
correlation to cover the average Prandtl number of 345 with
those of Ali [1], of an average Prandtl number 4.4 for vertical
coils in water. Figure 11 shows the present experimental data
and those of Ali [1] using the Prandtl number as a parameter on
235
a log-log scale of the Nusselt number vs. the Grashof number,
where the solid lines present the tting given by Eq. (12) with a
Figure 12 Average Nusselt number of the present data and those of Ali [1]
showing the overall correlation using Rayleigh number; solid line presents the
correlation given by Eq. (13).
correlation coefcient of about 97%:
Nu
L
= 0.555 Gr
0.301
L
0.314
Pr , 1 10
8
Gr
L
5 10
14
4.4

Pr 345 (12)
It should be mentioned that the exponents of Gr and Pr in Eq.
(12) are close to each other, and one can use the Rayleigh number 240
as another alternative to present the data, as seen in Figure 12;
in this case, the covering correlation, with the same accuracy as
that of Eq. (12), is given by:
Nu
L
= 0.714 Ra
0.294
L
, 4.35 10
10
Ra
L
8 10
14
(13)
CONCLUSIONS
Experimental studies on steady-state natural convection heat 245
transfer from vertical helical coils in Petromin heat transfer oil
were performed. The following conclusions could be drawn:
1. For coils with N = 2 or 10, the average heat transfer coef-
cient decreases as the diameter ratio increases; therefore,
the heat transfer mode is laminar. However, the average heat 250
transfer coefcient for coils with N = 2 is higher than that
for N = 10.
2. For N = 5, the average heat transfer is unstable as the diam-
eter ratio increases, and this mode of heat transfer could be
classied as a transition regime. 255
3. Results show that the average heat transfer coefcient in-
creases as the coil number of turns decrease for a xed di-
ameter ratio.
4. Three overall empirical correlations are developed: for oil
with 250 Pr 400, the correlation between the Nusselt 260
and Rayleigh numbers is given by Eq. (11); for oil of the
present data and water of [1], the correlation between the
Nusselt and Grashof numbers using the Prandtl number as a
parameter is reported by Eq. (12); an alternative correlation
of oil and water using the Nusselt number as a function of 265
Rayleigh number only is given in Eq.(13).
NOMENCLATURE
A surface area, m
2
a, b correlation tted constants used in Eq. (10)
c specic heat, kJ kg
1
K
1
270
D helix coil diameter, m
d tube diameter, m
g acceleration due to gravity, m/s
2
Gr Grashof number, g(t
1
t
a
)L
3

2
h heat transfer coefcient, kW m
2
K
1
275
k thermal conductivity, W m
1
K
1
L coil length, m
m mass ow rate, kg/s
N number of coil turns
Nu Nusselt number, h L/k 280
heat transfer engineering vol. 27 no. 3 2006
December 9, 2005 16:6 806 TFJF307-03-145844
M. E. ALI 7
P coil pitch, m
Pr Prandtl number, /

Pr average Prandtl number

Q heat transfer rate, kW
R correlation coefcient 285
R
th
thermal resistance, K/W
Ra Rayleigh number, g (t
1
t
a
)L
3

1
Re Reynolds number, vd
i
/
t temperature,

C
t
1
average temperature, 0.5 [(t
c
)
in
+ (t
c
)
out
],

C 290
v water velocity inside coil, m/s
Greek Symbols
thermal diffusivity, m
2
s
1
coefcient for thermal expansion, K
1
density of the heat transfer oil, kg/m
3
295
bulk arithmetic mean temperature,

C
kinematic viscosity, m
2
s
1
Subscripts
a ambient medium (heat transfer oil)
c coil 300
i inner
in inlet
L characteristic length
lm logarithmic mean
o outer 305
out outlet
s slanted, or surface
REFERENCES
[1] Ali, M. E., Experimental Investigation of Natural Convection from
Vertical Helical Coiled Tubes, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, vol. 37, 310
no. 4, pp. 665671, 1994.
[2] Xin, R. C., and Ebadian, M. A., Natural Convection Heat Transfer
from Helicoidal Pipes, J. Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, vol.
12, no. 2, pp. 297302, 1996.
[3] Ali, M. E., Laminar Natural Convection from Constant Heat Flux 315
Helical Coiled Tubes, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, vol. 41, no. 14,
pp. 21752182, 1998.
[4] Ali, M. E., Natural Convection fromVertical Helical Coiled Tubes
inAir, 33rdNational Heat Transfer Conference, Paper #NHTC99-
114, August 1517, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1999.
[5] Ali, M. E., Free Convection Heat Transfer From the Outer Sur- 320
face of Vertically Oriented Helical Coils in Glycerol-Water So-
lution, Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 40, no. 8, pp. 615620,
2004.
[6] Prabhanjan, D. G., Rennie, T. J., and Vijaya Raghavan, G. S.,
Natural Convection Heat Transfer from Helical Coiled Tubes, In- 325
ternational Journal of Thermal Sciences, vol. 43, pp. 359365,
2004.
[7] Ito, H., Friction Factors for Turbulent Flowin Curved Pipes, Trans.
ASME, D81, pp. 123134, 1959. Q5
[8] Rogers, G. F., and Mayhew, Y. R., Heat Transfer and Pressure 330
Loss in Helically Coiled Tubes with Turbulent Flow, Int. J. Heat
Mass Transfer, vol. 7, pp. 12071216, 1964.
[9] Saudi Arabian Lubricating Oil Co. (Petrolube), Petromin Oils
Product Guide, pp. 9596, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 2002.
[10] Bejan, A., Heat Transfer, p. 464, Wiley, New York, 1993. 335
[11] Srinivasan, P. S., Nandapurkar, S. S., and Holland, F. A., Friction
Factors for Coils, Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng., vol. 48, pp. T156-T161,
1970.
[12] Incropera, F. P., and DeWitt, D. P., Introduction to Heat Transfer,
3rd ed., p. 762, Wiley, New York, 1996. 340
[13] Holman, J. P., Experimental Methods for Engineers, 5th ed., Ch.
3, McGraw Hill, 1989. Q6
[14] Kern, D. Q., Process Heat Transfer, McGraw Hill, New York,
1950.
[15] Fujii, T., Takeuchi, M., Fujii, M., Suzaki, K., and Uehara, H., Ex- 345
periments on Natural-Convection Heat Transfer from the Outer
Surface of a Vertical Cylinder to Liquids, Int. J. Heat Mass Trans-
fer, vol. 13, pp. 753787, 1970.
[16] Burmeister, L. C., Convection Heat Transfer, Wiley, New York,
1983. 350
Mohamed E. Ali is an associate professor in
thermo-uid section at King Saud University,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. He received his Ph.D. in
1988 from the University of Colorado at Boulder,
Colorado. His main research interests are natural 355
and mixed convection (experimentally, numeri-
cally, and analytically) applied to helical coils and
stretched surfaces, and the stability of Taylor Cou-
ette ow. He has published more than thirty arti-
cles in well-recognized journals and proceedings. 360
He is a reviewer for IJHMT, IJHFF, Phys. of Fluids, HMT, IJThS, and Applied
Thermal Engineering. He was a visiting professor at the University of Colorado
at Boulder, Colorado, and Northwestern University Evanston, Illinois.
heat transfer engineering vol. 27 no. 3 2006