____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER AND EMERGING SCIENCES, ISLAMABAD

Prepared by: Engr.Fakhar Abbas, Version: 2.0
Last Edited by: Engr. Fakhar Abbss, 20
th
October , 14
Verified by: Dr. Ata Ul Aziz Ikram Updated: Fall 2014


Instrumentation and Measurement
(EL-220)
LABORATORY MANUAL








Engr. Fakhar Abbas
Introduction to Operational Amplifier LM 741
(LAB # 07)
Student Name: ______________________________________________
Roll No: ________________ Section: ____
Date performed: _____________, 2014
Manual Submission Date: _____________, 2014
MARKS AWARDED: ________ / 100

Instrumentation &
Measurement Lab
National University
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad
Roll No: __________
L
a
b

#

07
(EL220) Fall 2014
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 2 of 15

Lab # 07: Introduction to Operational Amplifier LM 741

Learning Objectives:
1. To understand principle, working and applications of OP-Amps.
2. Implement Op-Amp as Inverting and Non-Inverting Amplifier on Bread Board as well as on
MultiSim
3. Implement Op-Amp as Summing and Difference Amplifiers on Bread Board as well as on
MultiSim
4. Implement Instrumentation Amplifier on Bread Board as well as on MultiSim

Equipment Required:
1. Digital Multimeter (DMM)
2. Breadboard
3. LM 741 ICs
4. DC Power Supply
5. Function Generator
6. Oscilloscope and Probes
7. Resistors (as required)
8. Connecting Wires

Introduction:
OP- AMP Basics:-
The Pin diagram of LM 741 is shown as
Operational amplifiers are convenient building blocks
that can be used to build amplifiers, filters, and even an
analogue computer. Op-amps are integrated circuits
composed of many transistors & resistors such that the
resulting circuit follows a certain set of rules.

The most common type of op-amp is the voltage
feedback type and that's what we'll use
The schematic representation of an op-amp is shown above.
There are two input pins (non-inverting and inverting), an output pin, and two power pins. The
ideal Op-Amp has infinite gain. It amplifies the voltage difference between the two inputs and that
voltage appears at the output. Without feedback this op-amp would act like a comparator (i.e.
when the non-inverting input is at a higher voltage than the inverting Input the output will be high;
when the inputs are reversed the output will be low).


Instrumentation &
Measurement Lab
National University
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad
Roll No: __________
L
a
b

#

07
(EL220) Fall 2014
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 3 of 15


Two rules will let you figure out what most simple op-amp circuits do:
1. No current flows into the input pins (i.e. infinite input impedance)
2. The output voltage will adjust to try and bring the input pins to the same voltage (this rule is
Valid for the circuits shown below)


Inverting Amplifier:-
The inverting Op-Amp is shown as, the output
voltage

= - (R2/R1)

and Voltage Gain

= -R2/R1
Take R1= 1 K and R2 = 5K, +Vcc= 12V and
Vcc = -12V, Generate a sinusoidal signal of
frequency 1 KHz and 1V (peak to peak) on
Oscilloscope.
a) Measurements:-
Calculate

= __________________
Measured

= _________________
Calculate Voltage Gain= ________________
Measured Voltage Gain = ___________________
Compare the measured and calculated values? Why does measured value deviate from calculated
value?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
b) Now replace R1=5K, see the results again, now compare calculated and measured values
again?
Calculate

= __________________
Measured

= _________________
Calculate Voltage Gain= ________________
Measured Voltage Gain = ___________________
Conclusion:-

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________









Instrumentation &
Measurement Lab
National University
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad
Roll No: __________
L
a
b

#

07
(EL220) Fall 2014
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 4 of 15


c) Software Part: - MultiSim Implementation of Inverting Amplifier
Implement the inverting amplifier circuit in MultiSim, paste snapshot of schematic diagram as
well as oscilloscope output. Oscilloscope must show two waveforms, also use Measurement
Probes for verification of voltages/currents in schematic diagram.








































Instrumentation &
Measurement Lab
National University
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad
Roll No: __________
L
a
b

#

07
(EL220) Fall 2014
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 5 of 15


Non-Inverting Amplifier:-
The non-inverting Op-Amp is shown as, the output
voltage

= (1+R2/R1)

and Voltage Gain

=
1+R2/R1
Take R1= 1 K and R2 = 5K, +Vcc= 12V and Vcc =
-12V, Generate a sinusoidal signal of frequency 1 KHz
and 1V (peak to peak) on Oscilloscope.
a) Measurements:-
Calculate

= __________________
Measured

= _________________
Calculate Voltage Gain= ________________
Measured Voltage Gain = ___________________
Compare the measured and calculated values? Why does measured value deviate from calculated
value?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
b) Now replace R1=5K, see the results again, now compare calculated and measured values
again?
Calculate

= __________________
Measured

= _________________
Calculate Voltage Gain= ________________
Measured Voltage Gain = ___________________
Conclusion:-

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
















Instrumentation &
Measurement Lab
National University
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad
Roll No: __________
L
a
b

#

07
(EL220) Fall 2014
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 6 of 15


c) Software Part: - MultiSim Implementation of Non-Inverting Amplifier
Implement the non-inverting amplifier circuit in MultiSim, paste snapshot of schematic diagram as
well as oscilloscope output. Oscilloscope must show two waveforms, also use Measurement
Probes for verification of voltages/currents in schematic diagram.








































Instrumentation &
Measurement Lab
National University
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad
Roll No: __________
L
a
b

#

07
(EL220) Fall 2014
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 7 of 15


Summing Amplifier:-
The Summing Op-Amp is shown as, the output voltage

= - [(R4/R1)

+(R4/R2)

+(R4/R3)

] and Voltage Gain

= - R4 [1/R1 + 1/R2 +1/R3] for

Take R1= 1 K , R2 = 2.2K, R3= 3K, and R4= 5K
+Vcc= 12V and Vcc = -12V, Generate a sinusoidal signal of
frequency 1 KHz and 1V (peak to peak) for all 3 input voltages
on Oscilloscope.
a) Measurements:-
Calculate

= __________________
Measured

= _________________
Calculate Voltage Gain= ________________
Measured Voltage Gain = ___________________
Compare the measured and calculated values?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________



























Instrumentation &
Measurement Lab
National University
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad
Roll No: __________
L
a
b

#

07
(EL220) Fall 2014
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 8 of 15


b) Software Part: - MultiSim Implementation of Summing Amplifier
Implement the summing amplifier circuit in MultiSim, paste snapshot of schematic diagram as
well as oscilloscope output. Oscilloscope must show two waveforms, also use Measurement
Probes for verification of voltages/currents in schematic diagram.








































Instrumentation &
Measurement Lab
National University
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad
Roll No: __________
L
a
b

#

07
(EL220) Fall 2014
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 9 of 15



Difference Amplifier:-
The circuit for the difference amplifier is shown as:
a) Write down the equation of output voltage?

= ___________________________

b) Take R1= 1 K , R2 = 5K, +Vcc= 12V and
Vcc = -12V, Generate a sinusoidal signal of
frequency 1 KHz and 1V (peak to peak) for all
input voltages on Oscilloscope.
Calculate

= __________________
Measured

= _________________
Compare calculated and measured value?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________




























Instrumentation &
Measurement Lab
National University
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad
Roll No: __________
L
a
b

#

07
(EL220) Fall 2014
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 10 of 15


c) Software Part: - MultiSim Implementation of Difference Amplifier
Implement the difference amplifier circuit in MultiSim, paste snapshot of schematic diagram as
well as oscilloscope output. Oscilloscope must show two waveforms, also use Measurement
Probes for verification of voltages/currents in schematic diagram.








































Instrumentation &
Measurement Lab
National University
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad
Roll No: __________
L
a
b

#

07
(EL220) Fall 2014
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 11 of 15


Instrumentation Amplifier (IA):-





















Figure 7.6: Instrumentation Amplifier
Instrumentation amplifier is a kind of differential amplifier with additional input buffer stages. The
addition of input buffer stages makes it easy to match (impedance matching) the amplifier with the
preceding stage. Instrumentation is commonly used in industrial test and measurement application.
The instrumentation amplifier also has some useful features like low offset voltage, high CMRR
(Common mode rejection ratio), high input resistance, high gain etc. The circuit diagram of a
typical instrumentation amplifier using op-amp is shown figure 7.6.
In the circuit diagram, op-amps labeled A1 and A2 are the input buffers. Anyway the gain of these
buffer stages is not unity because of the presence of R
1
and R
Gain
. Op amp labeled A3 is wired as a
standard differential amplifier. R
3
connected from the output of A3 to its non- inverting input is
the feedback resistor. R
2
is the input resistor. The voltage gain of the instrumentation amplifier can
be expressed by using the equation below.

If its needed to vary the gain of the instrumentation amplifier then the resistance R
Gain
is replaced
by a suitable potentiometer.
The above Gain of Stage 1 can be derived as follows
Gain through Stage 2 = R3/R
2
, Differential input Resistance= 2R
2
+ R
3,
Common Mode Gain = 0,
CMRR = Very High, Gain= Unity Gain, Voltage = V
1
, V
2

Instrumentation &
Measurement Lab
National University
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad
Roll No: __________
L
a
b

#

07
(EL220) Fall 2014
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 12 of 15

Current through R
1
= (V
1
V
2
)/R
gain

Voltage across R
1
= R
1
(V
1
V
2
)/R
gain

Voltage across Nodes

)

So, Gain of Stage 1 will be
= (

)
Formula applied:
The voltage gain of the complete circuit

Where

is the voltage gain of stage 1 and

is the stage 2 gain.

The overall voltage gain can be controlled by adjustment of

. The common mode signal

attenuation for the instrumentation amplifier is that provided by the difference amplifier. This can
be maximized by making resistor R
3
adjustable. The dc output voltage level can be controlled if R
2
is
connected to an adjustable bias voltage of being directly grounded.




Task:
Design an instrumentation amplifier to have an overall voltage gain of 100. The input signal
amplitude is varied till the op-amps are saturated (LM 741 op-amps are to be used) and the supply
voltage is 12V.
Hint:-
You can assume:

Instrumentation &
Measurement Lab
National University
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad
Roll No: __________
L
a
b

#

07
(EL220) Fall 2014
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 13 of 15


Theoretical Calculation of Output Voltage and Gain












Procedure

Step1: Set up the circuit as shown in the figure.
Step2: Measure the output voltage obtained and note down the Gain

Step3: Compare with the theoretically obtained value.

Step4: Vary the input subsequently and note down the output voltage. Calculate the gain.


Tabulation

Input
Voltage
Output
Voltage
(Measured)
Gain
(Measured)
Output
Voltage
(Calculated)
Gain
(Calculated)
Difference
between
Calculated
and
Measured
Practically







Instrumentation &
Measurement Lab
National University
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad
Roll No: __________
L
a
b

#

07
(EL220) Fall 2014
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 14 of 15



Software Part: - MultiSim Implementation of Instrumentation Amplifier
Implement the Instrumentation amplifier circuit in MultiSim, paste snapshot of schematic diagram
as well as oscilloscope output. Oscilloscope must show two waveforms, also use Measurement
Probes for verification of voltages/currents i








































Instrumentation &
Measurement Lab
National University
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad
Roll No: __________
L
a
b

#

07
(EL220) Fall 2014
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Page 15 of 15

Student's feedback: Purpose of feedback is to know the strengths and weaknesses of the system
for future improvements. This feedback is for the 'current lab session'. Circle your choice:
[-3 = Extremely Poor, -2 = Very Poor, -1 = Poor, 0 = Average, 1 = Good, 2 = Very Good, 3 =
Excellent]:
The following table should describe your experience with:
S# Field Rating Describe your experience in words
1 Overall
Session
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

2 Lab Instructor
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

3 Lab Staff
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

4 Equipment
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

5 Atmosphere
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Any other valuable feedback: ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
M
A
R
K
S

A
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A
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D
E
D

A
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N
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a
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C
o
r
r
e
c
t
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s
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o
f

r
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u
l
t
s

I
n
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a
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e


L
a
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T
a
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#

1

L
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2

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TOTAL
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 20 100
EARNED

Student's Signature: _________________________________


Lab Instructor's Comments:________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Lab Instructor's Signature: _________________________