Summary Biology

Lesson
Viruses and Monerans



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VIRUS
The virus is a microorganism that is very small (invisible) can not be seen with the light microscope
but can be seen with electron microscope using size-0.25 0.025 mill microns.

Characteristics
Form of the virus depends on the type. Based on the virus has an capsomer arrangement following
form:
Ball / round
Trunk
Oval
Astigmatism
Cube
T shape
Polihedral

Virus body size between 20-300 nanometers. One nanometer.

In general body of the virus consists of :
Head
Neck
Sheath
Tail
Genetic material
Consists of only DNA or RNA.
Capsid
Capsid composed by units called capsomer. Protective protein DNA / RNA. Giving the virus
body shape.
Nucleocapsid
Structure mix between core and capsid.
The virus is a transition between inanimate objects with living things
Viruses are often debated status as a living being because he is unable to perform the
biological function freely. Because of its distinctive characteristics of these viruses are always

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associated with certain diseases.

VIRAL REPRODUCTION
Viruses can only reproduce in living cells or tissues media. This process is often called the
replication of virus reproduction. The process of viral replication since attached to host cells until the
formation of a new virus called lysis cycle. Cycle lysis viruses that have been successfully investigated
are viral lysis cycle T / Bakteriofage that attack the gut bacterium Escherichia coli.

THIS LYSIS CYCLE THROUGH THE 5 PHASES, NAMELY:
Adsorption
Bakterifage tail attached to the cell wall of Escherichia coli which is still in normal
circumstances.
Penetration of host cells
Skin the tail end of the virus with the cell wall of Escherichia coli that has fused the
soluble, forming channels of the body of the virus into the cell cytoplasm of bacteria. This
channel Melelui viral DNA into the cell cytoplasm of bacteria and mixed with it.
Synthesis
After the viral DNA mixed with the cytoplasm of bacteria, viral DNA takes over the
control function of DNA in protein synthesis in the cytoplasm of bacteria.
Then the viral DNA to control the formation of new viral DNA and control the
formation of protein the virus body wall using materials available in the bacterial cytoplasm.
Establishment of new virus
Having formed viral DNA from the body through a complex process further form new
viruses.
In each bacterial cell can produce hundreds of new viruses.
Host cell lysis solution

LYSOGENIC
DNA from bakteriofage that goes into bacterial cells without forming virions. This dikarnakan
bacteria have resistance so that the virus becomes virulent (virus was not malignant).DNA viruses
that attach to the DNA of bacteria will form a foreign gene, called profage. If the bacteria-containing

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profage breed will be produced by bacteria that contain profage well..Such breeding phase is called
the lysogenic cycle. Had lost the immunity of bacteria become virulent and profage will continue
with lysis cycle again.

The role of viruses in the life
Viruses in plants
Tobacco mosaic virus
Inhibiting the growth of tobacco
Tungro
Viruses that attack the rice plant to become stunted.
Citrus Vein Phloem Degeneration (GO)
The virus that causes citrus phloem damaged.
Etcetra ...

Virus in animals
New Castle Disease (NCD)
This virus attacks the nervous animal poultry livestock like chickens, birds and
ducks. The disease is often called the Newcastle / parrot fever.
Foot and Mouth Disease
The virus that attacked livestock such as buffaloes, cows, sheep and horses.
The virus is primarily attacked at the mouth around the teeth, toes, nails and
putting milk
Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV)
The virus causes cancer in chickens.
Adenovirus
The virus causes infection in the lungs and tumors.
Herpes
virus that causes chickenpox disease, genital infections and cancer.
Rabies

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The virus that causes inflammation of the lining of the brain in dogs, cats and
monkeys.

Virus in humans
Ebola
Influenza
This virus attacks the respiratory tract so that the patient experienced difficulty
breathing.
Rabies
The disease is often called mad dog disease
Polio
This virus attacks the nerves in children under five years of motion system.
Human Immunodeficiecy Virus (HIV)
The disease AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), a disease that resulted in
a decreased immune disease is caused by the HIV virus that specifically attacks the
white blood cell.
Hepatitis
Virus hepatitis A and hepatitis B causes infected people suffer from hepatitis A and
B. hepaitis
Paramyxovirus
Paramyxovirus is a cause measles and mumps.
The nature of viruses that show characteristics as living things adalahn ability to:
Entering network
Tying oxygen
Can be crystallized
Active Gerakkannya
duplicate themselves

Prevention
Use of vaccines (a substance which contains pathogenic microorganisms that have been attenuated)


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Bacteri
Eubacteria
Has no nuclear membrane (karioteka) so that their nuclei are called prokaryotic
Unicellular (all). Having a cell wall made of peptidoglycan (sugar + protein)

FEATURES AND PROPERTIES OF BACTERIA (Eubacteria)
Microscopic living things (microorganisms)
It can be seen with light microscope
Size 10 x (0.5 - 1) micron
Unicellular
Prokaryotic
Solitary (alone) or colony
If the environment extreme form endospores as part of self defense tools (called the
dormancy)

BODY STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA
Mucus layer
protect against drought and as a storehouse of food and protect themselves from attack
host cells
Cell wall
Ingredients: peptidoglycan (sugar + protein / amino acid)
Function: provides protection
gives a form that always remain
Cell membrane
function: the exit point of substance
nature: semipermiabel
Flagellum
Supporting mobility (not all there)
Pili

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Become a channel on the conjugation (DNA kesel able to inject some others)
Cytoplasm
as tempatberlangsungnya chemical reactions in cells
Mesosom
folds to the inside of the cell membrane serves as a place of cellular respiration
(energy provider)
Ribosome
where protein synthesis
DNA
genetic trait carriers
Plasmids
non-chromosomal circular DNA

CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA
Based on the shape
Coccus:
Bacillus / trunk
spirillia
Based on the tool motion
Peritrik
Ampitrik
Atrik
Monotrik
Lopotrik
Based on the need for oxygen
Aerobic
Examples of nitrifying bacteria: N2 fixing bacteria that help from the free air and
fertile agriculture:
Nitrite Bacteria: Nitrococcus and Nitrosomonas
2NH
3
+ 3O
2
2HNO
2
+ 2H
2
O + E
Bacteria Nitrate: Nitrobakter

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HNO2 + HNO3 + O2 H2O + E
Anaerobic
Example denitrifikan bacteria: Micrococcus denitrificans + Clastridisium tetani
adverse agricultural
Facultative aerobes
Obligate anaerobes
Explain the point!

Based on its way of life
Autotrop
Kemoautotrop
Fotoautotrop
Heterotrophs
Saprophyte
Parasite

Based on Gram stain
Gram staining: knowing engineering and cell wall composition of an antibiotic resistance of bacteria
/ resistance
Technique:
crystal violet staining (UK)
washed with asetton / alcohol
lost when the purple gram-negative bacteria
if tetapungugram-positive bacteria
Benefits of Bacteria
Profitable
Fixing nitrogen in bean roots: Rhizobium radicicola
Acetobacter xilenum: nata de coco maker
Lactobacillus lactis Streptococcus bulgaris + yogurt maker
As a biopesticide: Bacillus thuringensis
Producing Biogas: methanogenic bacteria
Producing antibiotics: Streptococcus griceus + S. aureofaciens
Eschericia coli: food rot Dlm colon kitadan help synthesize vitamin K
Nitrogen fixing bacteria: nitrifying
ex. Azotobacter: live freely in soil

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Acetobacter to convert alcohol into acetic acid on tape

Harm
Mycobacterium tuberculosa
Mycobacterium leprae
Salmonella typhosa
Shigella desentriae
Diplococcus pneumonia
Triponema pallidum
Vibrio comma: cholera
Pasteurella pestis
Neisseria gonorhoe
Clostridium botulinum: from food poisoning
BACTERIAL REPRODUCTION
asexual binary fission
Paraseksual give genetic material
Conjugation
Tranduksi
Transformation
Overcoming detrimental bacteria
o Sterilization
o heating 121oC for 15 '
with preesure cocceratau otoclav
goal: turn off baktetri, spores and other organisms
o Pasteurized
heating 60oC for 30 'cool 60oC heat again and again 3-4 x
o Food preservation
o Coagulation, cooling etc.




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Archaebacteria
Cell wall contains no peptidoglycan. Life extreme environments. Eubacteria distinguished
because it has a structure, the structure of metabolism, and nucleic sequence of different.

Methanogenic bacteria (biogas)
Bacteria that produce methane from hydrogen and CO2 gases
Bacteria halofil
Bacteria that live in environments with high salinity
Bacteria termoasidofil
Bacteria that live in extreme heat environments


















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Exercise
1. Scholar who first discovered the virus is ....
a. Beyerinch and Adolf mayer
b. Adolf mayer and ivanowski
c. L. Pastour and D. ivanowski
d. Beyerinch and Dimitri .I
e. Adolf Meyer and L. Pastour
2. The vaccine is a vaccine can be given orally to Prevent...
a. DBD
b. Trachoma
c. Polio
d. Rabies
e. Smallpox
3. Bacterial cells are often called prokaryotik, because ...
a. Have no cytoplasm
b. Cells are very small and transparent
c. Cell membrane was always thin
d. Does not have nucleus membrane
e. Often cause disease
4. Nitrosomonas bacteria are examples of bacteria kemoautotrop. These bacteria can
synthesize food by using ...
a. Sunlight energy
b. Energy physics
c. Chemical energy
d. Organic matter
e. Other living things

For about no.5-7
5. Show form stem...
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. All wrong
e. All right
6. Show form spirillia...
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. All wrong
e. All right
1
2
3

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7. Show spherical shape...
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. All wrong
e. All right
8. Some bacteri are photoautrophic. This kind bacteria have organel called...
a. Chloroplast
b. Chlorosome
c. Capsule
d. Fimbria
e. Gas vacule
9. Soft- tender hairs in several bacteria called...
a. Pillus
b. Flagellum
c. Endospore
d. Whiphair
e. Cillia
10. Example bacteria that cause human desease is...
a. Sulfolobus
b. L. Bulgarius
c. Mycobacetrium tuberculosis
d. Nitrosomonas
e. Pseudomonas solana caerum

Essay
1. Please list the five diseases caused by viruses...
2. State the form of virus...
3. State the form of bacteria...
4. Mention species of archaebacteria...
5. Explain the cycle of lysis...








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Answer
1. D. Beyerinch and Dimitri .I
2. C. Polio
3. D. Does not have nucleus membrane
4. C. Chemical energy
5. A. 1
6. B. 2
7. C. 3
8. A. Chloroplast
9. A. Pillus
10. C. Mycobacetrium tuberculosis
Essay
1. TBC, polio, herpes, rabies and HIV
2. Form of the virus depends on the type. Based on the virus has an capsomer arrangement
following form: Ball / round, Trunk, Oval, Astigmatism, Cube , T shape, and Polihedral.
Virus body size between 20-300 nanometers. One nanometer.
In general body of the virus consists of : Head, Neck, Sheath, Tail, Genetic material, Capsid,
Nucleocapsid
3. Coccus, spirillia, and bacillus
4. Methanogenic, halofil, termoasidofil
5. Cycle of lysis:
Adsorption
Bakterifage tail attached to the cell wall of Escherichia coli which is still in
normal circumstances.
Penetration of host cells
Skin the tail end of the virus with the cell wall of Escherichia coli that has
fused the soluble, forming channels of the body of the virus into the cell
cytoplasm of bacteria. This channel Melelui viral DNA into the cell cytoplasm
of bacteria and mixed with it.
Synthesis
After the viral DNA mixed with the cytoplasm of bacteria, viral DNA takes
over the control function of DNA in protein synthesis in the cytoplasm of
bacteria.
Then the viral DNA to control the formation of new viral DNA and control
the formation of protein the virus body wall using materials available in the

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bacterial cytoplasm.
Establishment of new virus
Having formed viral DNA from the body through a complex process further
form new viruses.
In each bacterial cell can produce hundreds of new viruses.
Host cell lysis solution






















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Note:
Materi virus dan bakteri saya terjemahkan dengan
http://translate.google.co.id/?hl=id&tab=wT# dengan berbagai perubahan
Gambar yang di soal saya ambil dari D:\ulfaaaaaaa\Pelajaran\Biology (slide 4)
Beberapa soal saya ambil dari sumber buku dirumah saya, Sains 1a, Drs. Slamet
Prawirohartono dan Prof. Dr. Suhargono Hadisumarto
Software yang saya gunakan adalah Ms. Office word 2010
Gamabar yang di cover saya ambil dari
http://www.google.co.id/search?q=virus+and+monera&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-
8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a


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