Non-permanent
¾Bolted
Permanent
¾Bolted
¾Welded
with several figures from:
¾Bonded MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach, 2ed by Robert L. Norton, Prentice-Hall 2000
Threads
Outline Thread is a helix that casuses the screw to advance into the workpiece
or nut when rotated
1
Table 14.2: Screw threads (ISO/ metric)
Types of Screw
Example: M4 x 0.7, implies 4 mm diameter and 0.7 mm pitch Fasteners Bolt
Washer
dp = d – 0.649*p Classification by Intended Use
Nut
dp = 4 – 0.649*(0.7) = 3.54 mm The same fastener may take on a different
name when used in a particular manner.
dr = 3.14 mm (from table 14-2) For example, a bolt is a fastener with a head and
straight threaded shank intended to be used Machine (Cap)
At = π/4 * (dp + dr)^2 with a nut to clamp an assembly together. Screw
However, the same fastener is called machine screw
At = 8.78 mm2 or cap screw when it is threaded into a tapped hole
Calculate σt rather than used with a nut.
2 with respect to At
π ⎛ d p dr ⎞ F A stud is a headless fastener, threaded on both ends Stud
At = ⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟ σt = and intended to semipermenantly threaded into one-half
4⎝ 2 2 ⎠ At of an assembly. A hole in the mating part then drops
over the protruding stud and is secured with a nut.
At is given in Tables 14-1 and 14-2
Types of Screw
Fasteners B) Socket-Head Cap Screws
Allen wrench
2
Nuts and Washers
Outline
Standard
hexagonal nut
İs commonly used
General Thread Nomenclature & Types
Power Screws
Lock Nuts: eliminates loosening of nuts ¾ Threads
Castle nut is used due to vibration ¾ Loads
with a pin
to prevent loosening
¾ Self-locking
¾ Efficiency
Stresses in Threads
Preloading Fasteners/Joints
Fasteners in Shear
3
Load Analysis Load Analysis
A screw thread is essentially an inclined plane that
has been wrpapped around a cylinder to create helix.
1) Sum of horizontal forces = 0
P
y P
F − f cos λ − N sin λ = 0
f
x F
f
F λ N
2) Sum of vertical forces = 0
N L
λ N cos λ − f sin λ − P = 0
πdp
LIFTING
From Eqs 1 and 2:
L
tan λ = ⎡ µ cos λ + sin λ ⎤
πd p F = P⎢ ⎥
⎣ cos λ − µ sin λ ⎦
[µ c d c ]
(πd − µL )
P
2 Tcollar =
p 2
Radial
P ⎡ (µπd p − L )
LOWERING
⎤ Angle
Td = ⎢ d p + µc dc ⎥ α=14.5o
2 ⎣⎢ (πd p + µL ) ⎦⎥
y P LIFTING
P⎡ (
µπd p + L cos α ⎤ )
Tu = TSu + Tcollar = + µc dc ⎥
x F ⎢d p
2 ⎣⎢ (
πd p cos α − µL ⎥⎦ )
f
N L
Lowering LOWERING
λ P ⎡ (µπd p − L cos α ) ⎤
Td = ⎢d p + µc dc ⎥
2 ⎣⎢ (πd p cos α + µL ) ⎦⎥
πdp
4
Self-Locking Efficiency
Self-locking refers to a condition in which the screw cannot be turned by
e= work delivered by the screw in one revolution/ work done on a power screw
the applied load P. In other words, self-locking screw will hold the load in (force times displacement) (torque times angular displacement)
place without any application of torque (Tsu=0). This is a useful situation
(e.g. car jack). W PL cos α − µ tan λ
P ⎡ (µπd p − L cos α )⎤
e = out = =
Win 2πT cos α + µ cot λ
Tsu = ⎢d p ⎥=0 µπd p − L cos α = 0
2 ⎣⎢ (πd p cos α + µL ) ⎦⎥
for self-locking:
L
µ≥ cos α or µ ≥ tan λ cos α
πd p since L = (tan λ ) ( π d p )
µ e
If it is a square thread (cos α = 1): λ e (0<λ<40
degrees)
L
µ≥ or µ ≥ tan λ
πd p
Tr 16T
τ= =
2
J πd r3
σt =
F π ⎛dp d ⎞
At = ⎜ + r ⎟⎟
At ⎜
4⎝ 2 2 ⎠ For power screw,
• if low collar friction, the screw experiences nearly all of torque
At also in Tables 14-1 and 14-2 • if high collar friction, the nut experiences most of the torque
5
Outline Preloading & Proof Strength
Bolts and screws are typically preloaded and the proof strength is taken
as the reference for preloading (taking yield strength as reference for
General Thread Nomenclature & Types preloading may cause a damage on the material): Sp is the stress at
Power Screws which bolt begins to take a permanent set and it is close to, but lower
than yield strength of the material.
Stresses in Threads
Preloading Fasteners/Joints
¾ Proof Strength
l = ls + lthd
¾ Spring Behavior
⎧ 2d + 6 mm l ≤ 150
¾ Loading & Deflection lthd = ⎨
⎩2d + 12 mm l > 150
¾ Separation of Joints The part
Fasteners in Shear
of the thread
in the material
Preloading
• static loading: preload at roughly 90% of Sp
• dynamic loading: preload at roughly 75% of Sp
1 lt ls
= +
kb At E b Ab E b
See Figure 14-31 for the
see Table 14-2 for At (tensile stress area) definition of parameters !
use major diameter in calculating Ab
applied load P
km kb
δmaterial δbolt δ
• Slope of the bolt line is positive because its length increases
with increased force.
• Slope of the material is negative as its length decreases with
increasing force.
• Bolt streches more than the material compresses.
• Material is typically stiffer than the bolt (km> kb since Am>> Ab )
6
Loading & Deflection Loading & Deflection
An external load P is applied later, which results
F Pb
in additional deflection ∆δ (same amount of
Fb
deflection in the bolt and the material).
Fi
Pb Pm P
P is applied
Fi Fm
Pm
∆δ ∆δ
7
Dynamic Loading of Fasteners Dynamic Loading of Fasteners
For the special case (Pmin = 0, Pmax > 0)
P is a function of time, varying some Pmin and maximum Pmax values,
both positive. A very common situation is that of a fluctuating load such Pbmin = 0 (since Pmin = 0)
as in a bolted pressure vessel that is cycled from zero (Pmin=0) to
maxiumum pressure. Fbmin = Fi
Fbalt = Pbmax / 2 = (Fbmax – Fi) / 2
For the general case (Pmin > 0, Pmax > 0) Fbmean = Fi + (Pbmax / 2) = (Fbmax + Fi) / 2
Fbmax = Pbmax + Fi
Fb alt
Fbmin = Pbmin + Fi σa = K f
At
Fbmean = (Fbmax + Fbmin)/2 σ m = K fm
Fb mean Take Kfm = 1 for preloaded fasteners
Fbalt = (Fbmax - Fbmin)/2 At
Fi
where, σ i = K fm
At
Pbmax = C Pmax At : bolt’s tensile stress area (Table 14-1, 14-2)
Pbmin = C Pmin Kf : fatigue stress concentration factor (Table 14-8, pp. 910)
Kfm : mean fatigue stress concentration factor
8
Direct Shear Eccentrically Loaded Shear
Strategy P
F
τ= Find Centroid
Ashear Find primary shear F1
Find secondary shear F2
Find Moment about centroid
Find distances from centroid
Find secondary shear F2 and angles
Combine F1 and F2
Decompose to x and y
P
Add F and F1 2
???
0.577
S yS y Recompose into Fnet
Ssy
N= = Identify Max Fnet, find τ, safety factor
τ ττ
dowels support shear, but not tensile loads M
bolts support tensile loads, but not shear
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Remaining Steps Safety Factor
F1A
F1B Calculate safety factor for most heavily loaded dowel
F2A Decompose F2i
B into x and y F
A
rA
F2B components τ=
rB Ashear
Add x and y
rC components of F2i
to F1i 0.577 S y
F2C C Ssy
Recompose x and N= =
F1C y components into
τ τ
Fnet,i and determine
angle of Fnet
10