Final Report of Earthquake

Earthquake Engineering Lateral Loads Resisting System
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SEMINAR REPORT
ON
Lateral Loads Resisting System
Prepared by:
GROUP NO.B
1. GOYAL DHANSHREE 100420106006
2. GOYANI JIGAR 100420106007
3. DIYORA PRATIK 100420106008
4. DESAI SHANI 100420106009
5. SINGHI ADITYA 100420106010
6. GADHIYA DARPAN 100420106012
Under the Guidance of :
Prof. DHARMESH BHAGAT
Prof. JIGAR SEVALIA

FEBRUARY 2013
B.E.(3
RD
YEAR) 6
TH
SEMESTER
Department of Civil Engineering
Sarvajanik College of Engineering & Technology
Athwalines, Surat, Gujarat

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INDEX
Page No.
1. Introduction.. 04
2. Types of structural system to resist
Lateral loads. 05
a) Load bearing wall system.. 05
b) Braced frame. 05
c) Moment resisting frame system(unbraced
frame) 08
d) Dual system (frame+shear wall/bracing).. 08
e) Tube system... 10
3. Case study. 20
a) Burj Khalifa... 19
b) Taipei 101.. 22
c) Shanghai World Financial Center. 24
d) Willis Tower.. 27
e) Nanjing Greenland Financial Center. 30
4. Conclusion... 33
5. References 34


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INTRODUCTION
Lateral load resisting system:
A Structural system consisting of horizontal and vertical elements that perform the triple
function of resisting gravity ,lateral and torsional forces on the structure.
The structural system of a high-rise building is designed to cope with the vertical gravity
loads and lateral loads caused by wind or seismic activity. The structural system consists
only of the members designed to carry the loads, all other members are referred to as
non-structural.
A classification for the structural system of a high-rise was introduced in 1969 by Fazlur
Khan and was extended to incorporate interior and exterior structures.

The following interior structures are possible:
1. Hinged frame
2. Rigid frame
3. Braced frame and Shear-walled frame
4. Outrigger structures

The following exterior structures are possible:
1. Tube
2. Diagrid
3. Space Truss
4. Exoskeleton
5. Super frame


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Types of structural system to resist lateral loads
There are main four structural system to resist lateral loads.
(a) Load bearing wall system
(b) Braced frame
(c) Moment resisting frame system(unbraced frame)
(d) Dual system (frame+shear wall/bracing)
(e) Tube system

(a) A load bearing wall system
It is suitable for low-rise buildings. However, this system is very weak in resisting
lateral load seldom recommended for multi-storey buildings.
(b) Braced frame
In braced frame lateral stability of structure is provided primarily through the
presence of diagonal braces within the vertical plane of beam-column framing.
Brace frame may generally be categorized as concentric braced frames(CBFs),
eccentrically braced frames(EBFs), or incomplete braced frames.
In a CBF, the frame is configured such that at the connection of the braces to the
frame, the work points for the braces and the other elements are coincident or nearly
so.
Such CBFs behave as vertical cantilevered trusses and resist lateral forces through the
development of axial forces in various member
In general, the single diagonal, X-braced, chevron-braced ,V-braced, and zipper-
braced frames may be categorized as CBFs.


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TYPES OF BRACED FRAMES


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ECCENTRIC BRACED FRAMES
Eccentric braced frame are relatively recent innovation, developed in the early 1980,
primarily on the bases of research conducted at the University of California at
Berkeley.
A diagonally braced frame in which at least on end of each brace frames into a beam,
a short distance from beam column joints or from another diagonal frame is known as
eccentrically braced frame
The variety of EBF configuration are possible (as shown in figure)

In this framing system, diagonal braces are configured such that there work points are
non-concentric either with beam column joints in case of single diagonal system,or
with other braces in multy diagonal system
Incomplete braced frames have diagonal bracing in some stories of the frame but not
in others .
This is common for construction for industrial application where vehicles or
maintenance access is facilitated at the lower story.


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(c) Unbraced frames
Unbraced or moment resisting frames relay on flexural rigidity of there beams
columns and beam column connection for lateral forces resistance and stability.
In moment resisting frames, the joints, or connections, between columns and
beams are designed to be rigid. This causes the columns and beams to bend
during earthquakes. So these structural members are designed to be strong in
bending.
Moment resisting frames simply means frames that resist forces by bending.

There are five basic moment resisting framed system available
Special moment resisting frames
Intermediate- moment resisting frames
Ordinary- moment resisting frames
Special truss moment frames
Non detailed moment frames

(d) Dual system
When lateral force resistance is provided by combined contribution of frames and
structural wall it is referred as dual system .
In this RC frames interacting with RC or masonry wall together provide necessary
resistance lateral forces.
It is also known as hybrid or wall frame structure
Different type of Dual system
1. Shear wall with columns
2. Infilled shear walls
3. Bracings
4. Diaphragms


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(e) Tube system

For building taller than about 40 storeys , effect of lateral forces becomes very
intense
In such cases tube system are more economical than the moment resisting frame
system
Tube system may be classified as:
1. Framed tube
2. Trussed tube
3. Tube in tube
4. Bundled tube
Framed tube
In this system,, closely spaced columns are tied each floor level by
deep spandrel beams.
There by creating effect of hollow tube ,perforated by openings for
windows
Trussed tube
This is an advancement over frame tube system.
Diagonal member along with girders and columns, form of struss
system that imparts great deal of stiffness of the building.
Tube in tube
This system consist of exterior tube that resists the bending moment
due to lateral forces and interior slender tube which resists the shear
produce by lateral forces
Bundled tube
This system consist of number of tube separated by shear walls.
The tubes rises to various height and each tube design independently.


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Generally, in Gujarat out of number of above shown structural systems, SHEAR WALL
SYSTEM and MOMENT RESISTING FRAMED SYSTEMS are used as these systems are
much more economical ,convenient and provide great resistance under earthquake shaking.
Shear walls

Reinforced concrete (RC) buildings often have vertical plate-like RC walls called Shear
Walls (Figure 1) in addition to slabs, beams and columns. These walls generally start at
foundation level and are continuous throughout the building height. Their thickness can
be as low as 150mm, or as high as 400mm in high rise buildings. Shear walls are usually
provided along both length and width of buildings (Figure 1). Shear walls are like
vertically-oriented wide beams that carry earthquake loads downwards to the foundation.

R.C. shear wall
RC
shear
wall

Plan
Figure 1: Reinforced concrete shear walls in
buildings an excellent structural system for
earthquake resistance.

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Overall Geometry of Walls:
Shear walls are oblong in cross-section, i.e., one dimension of the cross-section is much larger
than the other. While rectangular cross-section is common, L- and U-shaped sections are also
used . Thin-walled hollow RC shafts around the elevator core of buildings also act as shear walls,
and should be taken advantage of to resist earthquake forces.


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Ductile Design of Shear Walls:
Just like reinforced concrete (RC) beams and columns, RC shear walls also perform much better
if designed to be ductile. Overall geometric proportions of the wall, types and amount of
reinforcement, and connection with remaining elements in the building help in improving the
ductility of walls. The Indian Standard Ductile Detailing Code for RC members (IS:13920-1993)
provides special design guidelines for ductile detailing of shear walls.

Reinforcement Bars in RC Walls:
Steel reinforcing bars are to be provided in walls in regularly spaced vertical and horizontal grids
(Figure a). The vertical and horizontal reinforcement in the wall can be placed in one or two
parallel layers called curtains. Horizontal reinforcement needs to be anchored at the ends of
walls. The minimum area of reinforcing steel to be provided is 0.0025 times the cross-sectional
area, along each of the horizontal and vertical directions. This vertical reinforcement should be
distributed uniformly across the wall cross-section.


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Advantages of Shear Walls in RC Buildings

Properly designed and detailed buildings with shear walls have shown very good performance in
past earthquakes. The overwhelming success of buildings with shear walls in resisting strong
earthquakes is summarized in the quote:

We cannot afford to build concrete buildings meant to resist severe
earthquakes without shear walls.

:: Mark Fintel, a noted consulting engineer in USA

Shear walls in high seismic regions require special detailing. Shear wall buildings are a popular
choice in many earthquake prone countries, like Chile, New Zealand and USA. Shear walls are
easy to construct, because reinforcement detailing of walls is relatively straight-forward and
therefore easily implemented at site. Shear walls are efficient, both in terms of construction cost
and effectiveness in minimizing earthquake damage in structural and non-structural elements
(like glass windows and building contents).


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Placement of Shear Walls:
Ideally, shear walls should be placed symmetrically around the
outermost walls of buildings. Non-symmetric shear walls will create
uneven loadings and possible undesirable torsional effects.
Below are a few plans showing various locations of shear walls for a
rectangular building:


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MOMENT RESISTING FRAMED SYSTEMS
Beams and columns with moment resisting connections; resist lateral forces
by flexure and shear in beams and columns.
Develop ductility by:
- flexural yielding of beams
- shear yielding of column panel zones
- flexural yielding of columns

Advantages
Architectural Versatility
High Ductility and Safety
Disadvantages
Low Elastic Stiffness

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BEHAVIOUR OF MRFS UNDER LATERAL LOADING


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Burj Khalifa

BurjKhalifa has been the world's tallest building since today.

Architect adrian smith
Structural engineer-bill baker
Height
Roof : 828 m (2,717 ft)
Top floor : 621.3 m (2,038 ft)
Technical details
Floor count -163 habitable floors plus 46maintenance levels in the spire and 2
parking levels in the basement.
Floor area -309,473 m
2
(3,331,100 sqft)

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Structural system
The structural system consisted with a Buttressed Core, and high performance
reinforced concrete wall construction. Each of the wings buttress the others via a
six-sided central core, or hexagonal hub (as shown in figure). Corridor walls
extend from the central core to near the end of each wing, terminating in
thickened hammer head walls.
Perimeter columns and flat plate floor construction complete the system giving a
best lateral load resisting system.

At mechanical floors, outrigger walls are provided to link the perimeter columns
to the interior wall system, allowing the perimeter columns to participate in the
lateral load resistance of the structure.
Thus, all of the vertical concrete is utilized to support both gravity and lateral
loads, so the tower is extremely stiff laterally and torsionally.
It is also a very efficient structure in that the gravity load resisting system has
been utilized so as to maximize its use in resisting lateral loads.
During the design process, engineers rotated the building120 degrees from its
original layout to reduce stress from wind.
At its tallest point, the tower sways a total of 1.5 m.


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Taipei 101 (Taipei)

Architect(s) : C.Y. Lee & partners
Structural engineer : Thornton Tomasetti at Evergreen Engineering
Location :Xinyi District, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
Height
Antenna or spire : 509.2 m (1,670.6 ft)
Roof : 449.2 m (1,473.8 ft)
Top floor : 439.2 m (1,440.9 ft)
Technical details
Floor count : 101 (5 basement floors)
Floor area : 412,500 m
2
(4,440,100 sqft)


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Structural system
Structural system is a Braced core with belt trusses.
Gravity loads are carried vertically by a variety of columns within the core and
the perimeter. Slabs are composite in nature and are typically 135 mms thick.
Lateral loads are resisted by a combination of braced cores, outrigger trusses
connect the columns in the building's core to those on the exterior, the super
columns in the outer perimeter and the Special moment resisting frame (SMRF).
For additional core stiffness, in addition to diagonal braces, concrete shear walls
are casted between core columns from basement to the 8
th
floor. Outrigger trusses
occur at 11 levels of the structure some are two storey height and others are single
storey height. In each of such floor16 outriggers present.
(Plan of the structural system which shows the braced core and the outer perimeter columns)

Other important information
Designed to withstand the typhoon winds and earthquake which is common in its
area of the Asia-Pacific.
Designed to withstand winds of 60 m/s and the strongest earthquakes likely to
occur in a 2,500 year cycle.
Double-pane windows blocking external heat by 50%and recycled water meeting
20-30% of the building's needs
Currently under way to make Taipei 101 "the world's tallest green building by
LEED standards.


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Shanghai World Financial Center

Architect(s) :Kohn Pedersen Fox
Structural engineer :Leslie E. Robertson
General Information
Location:100 Century Avenue, Pudong ,Shanghai, China
Height
Antenna or spire: 494.4 m / 492 m
Roof: 487.4 m
Top floor: 474 m
Technical details
Floor count :101
Floor area: 381,600 m
2


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Structural system (for gravity and lateral loads)
Concrete shear walls of the service core together with Major columns, Diagonals
and belt trusses in outer frame is the lateral force resisting system.
This outer frame helps to decrease the thickness of the shear walls of services
core as well as a decrease in the weight of structural steel in the perimeter walls
while maintaining a good structural stability in lateral load resisting.
Further, by making use of outrigger trusses coupled to the columns of the mega-
structure, a further reduction of shear walls were realized.


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Special features :
The diagonals of the mega-structure are formed of welded boxes of structural
steel. These steel boxes are in-filled with concrete, thus providing increased
stiffness, non-linear structural behavior, and structural damping.

As well, in the upper reaches of the building enhanced with building, stud shear
connectors, the concrete is used to stabilize against buckling the thin steel plates
of the diagonals.


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Willis Tower (Chicago)
Former/other name(s) - Sears Tower

Architect(s) -Skidmore, Owings and Merrill
Structural Designer - Dennis Skidmore ,Owings and Merrill (Fazlur Rahman Khan)
Location - 233 S. Wacker Drive ,Chicago ,Illinois 60606 ,United States
Height
Antenna or spire -1,730 feet (527 m)
Roof -1,451 ft (442 m)
Technical details
Floor count -108
Floor area -4.56 million sqft


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Structural system (for gravity and lateral loads) :
Consists with welded steel frames(square) form vertical tubes that provide the
rigidity needed to limit the lateral sway from wind forces.
Bundled framed tubes are a development of the framed tube system pioneered by
the legendary Fazlur Rahman Khan was the first engineer to introduce the notion
of shifting gravity-load columns from the interior to the perimeter of a building.
The Willis Tower use Bundled tube Instead of one tube, a building consists of
several tubes tied together to resist the lateral forces. Such buildings have interior
columns along the perimeters of the tubes when they fall within the building
envelope.
All nine tubes would rise up to the 50th floor of the building. At the 50th floor,
the northwest and southeast tubes end, forming the first step back and the
remaining seven continue up. At the 66th floor, the northeast and the southwest
tubes end. At the 90
th
floor, the north, east, and south tubes end. The remaining
west and center tubes continue up to the108th floor.


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Nanjing Greenland Financial Center(Nanjing)

Architect(s) : Adrian Smith at Skidmore Owings & Merrill
Structural engineer :Skidmore Owings & Merrill
Location : Nanjing , China
Height
Antenna or spire: 450 m (1,480 ft)
Roof : 381 m (1,250 ft)
Top floor : 339 m (1,112 ft)
Technical details
Floor count : 89 (2 basement floors)
floors below ground: 5

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Structural system (for gravity and lateral loads) :
The gravity load-resisting structural system consists ofstructural steel floor
framing supporting a 155mm thickcomposite metal deck floor slab. Floor framing
inside the"super-core" consists of reinforced concrete beams supporting a
reinforced concrete one-way slab.
The central reinforced concrete "super core" and the exteriorcomposite columns
then transmit the floor framing loads to the foundations.
The closed form of the "super-cores" perimeter provides a large amount of the
overall torsional stiffness of the building.
The core wall thicknesses were optimized in order to betterbalance the triangular-
shaped core for both bending stiffnessand torsional rigidity.
The primary lateral load resisting system is comprised ofan interior reinforced
concrete super-core shear wall system and exterior composite columns.
The secondary lateral system for the Main Towerconsists of a moment-resisting
frame at the perimeter of the building.
The perimeter moment frame system provides additionaltorsional stiffness,
structural integrity, and redundancy forthe overall building.
The towers shape is also highly functional- its triangularform relates to shape and
size of the site whilemaximizing views of the mountains, lake and historicNanjing
buildings.


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Conclusion
From the report , we conclude that if the Civil Engineering Structures are constructed
using any of the above mentioned systems , then its structural stability increases and
there by follows the Seismic Design Philosophy , which states that the structural and
non-structural damages are desirable but not the collapse.
Earthquakes dont kill, but improperly designed structures do.


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References
http://www.emporis.com
http://www.burjkhalifa.ae/thetower/structure.aspx
http://www.allaboutskyscrapers.com/taipei101.htm
http://www.ctbuh.org
http://www.yangsquare.com/petronas-tower-in-detail/
http://www.som.com/content.cfm/burj_khalifa
http://architecture.about.com/od/skyscrapers/a/Worlds-Tallest-Buildings.htm
www.sefindia.org/rangarajan/Taipie101BuildingAnalysis.pdf
www.ncree.org.tw/iwsccc/PDF/03%20-%20Shieh.pdf
http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=7609
http://www.structuremag.org/article.aspx?articleID=393
Books
Atul Prakashan Publication
Design Of Reinforced Concrete Structures For Earthquake Resistance
Thankful To,
Pragya N Roy (Peter)
Structural Engineer.

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