Midterm Key Terms

• New monarchies:
• Council of Trent:
• Renaissance:
• Renaissance Painting:
• Renaissance Sculpture:
• Spanish Armada: -Philip II tried to restore Spanish control -Attempt to conquer
England from Elizabeth -Fail
• Peace of Westphalia: -Ended 30 Yrs War -HREmaintained political divisions -HRE no
influence in Germany -Augsburg formula of each prince deciding religion of own
territory -Recognizes Calvinism
• English Civil War:
• Peace of Utrecht:
• Whigs: -Support anyone but king
• Hohenzollern Family: -HRE -Electors of Brandenburg -Inherited terriorties from
Rhine and Vistula -Had old claim over Sileslia
• Cottage Industries:
• South Sea Bubble:
• Mississippi Bubble:
• Jesuits:
• Peace of Augsburg:
• Humanism:
• Thirty Year's War: -Bohemia (Ferdinand thrown out windowpeace, Wanted
Protestantism) Danish, Swedish, Swedish/French -Large parts of HRE suffered -Each
German state got soverign rights
• Balance of Power:
• The Fronde: Parliament and nobles revolted against Mazarin (Louis XV's regent) in
France
• Poor Law: -Queen Elizabeth provides social service
• Tories: -Support king
• Romanov Family: -Ended Time of Troubles in Russia
• Jacobites:
• Treaty of Paris:
• Scientific Rev:
• Natural Law:
• Natural Right:
• Philosophes: -Thinkers of Enlightenment -Salons
• Enlightened Despotism:
• Pugachev's Revolution:
• Jacobins: -
• Girodins: -wanted to start Rev war on Austria and Prussia
• Directory:
• Great Fear: -Panic that noblity were going to steal from peasants -Peasants attack
noble manoral estates = National Assembly renounce feudal rights
 • Oath of Tennis Court: -Promise to continue to meet until constitution drawn -In
response King drops some taxes on 3rd estate -Then Louis XVI consolidates all 3
estates into National Assembly
• Sans-culottes:
• Physiocrats: -Enlightened economists in France
• Committee of Public Safety: -Emergency govt. -Dictator over France
• Civil Constitution of Clergy: -1790 King accepts -Church dept. of state -Clergy salary
paid by state -Swore on oath of loyalty to state
• Refractory Clergy: -Did not want to take oath in Civil Const. Of Clergy
• Constitution of 1791:
• Estates General: 1st- Clergy 2nd-Nobility 3rd-Everyone else
• Herbertists: -Anti-Christian -wanted to see govt. economic control
• National Assembly:
• Old Regime:
• Thermidorian Reaction:
• Conciliar Movement:
• English Reformation:
• Renaissance Architecture:
• Commercial Revolution:
• Mercantilism: -built up nation's supply of gold by exporting goods to other lands and
earning gold from their sale -Colbert under Louis XIV rule -trading overseas
• Peace of Utrecht: -Ended War of Spanish Succession -Let Bourbon (Louis's grandson)
rule Spain but not France too -Contained Louis XIV's France but left the French
peasantry hard pressed to pay the taxes to support Louis
• Levellers: -Destroyed by Cromwell -Wanted all men to vote (not just property
owners)...too radical
• Revolution of 1688:
• Hapsburg family: -Prince Eugene of Savoy (Francis I) founder -
• Junkers:
• Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen: -denounced by Pope Pius -written by
Lafayette
• Montagnards: -Mountain group that dominated the National Convention during
French Rev
• National Convention:
•

Key People
• Medici Fam: -Florence -Ruled because of wealth from banking
• Boccacio:
• Donatello: David (Bronze) G
• Brunelleschi:
• Thomas More: -Utopia
• Gustavus Adolphus: -King of Sweden -30 Yrs War to defend Protestatism and
interested in German territory -Cardinal Richelieu financially supported him to hurt
Hapsburgs -Dies in battle 1632
• Henry IV (France): -Started Bourbon line in France (ended Valois) -Converted
between Calvinism to Catholicism .. finally picked Cath -Politique (interests of
France before religious unity) -Issued Edict of Nantes
• Oliver Cromwell: -“Lord Protector” -Governed England after Charles I executed by
him -Created New Model Army Roundheads army (Puritans – Parliamentary forces)
-Had to deal with Independents (state church and religiously tolerant but not
towards Catholics) vs. Presbyterians (state church and not tolerant)
• Frederick William: -Great Elector -Prussia King 1713-1740 -Military matters most
-Cut expense of royal household -Junkers got officer positions in army
• Robert Walpole: -GB -Chancellor -Had free hand to mold political system to his
advantage -Maintain control over House of Commons
• John Locke: -Two Treatises on Govt. -Clean slate -social contract -Life, liberty,
property -Knowledge comes from experience
• Hobbes: -Leviathan -Scientific -without govt. life is “nasty, brutish, short”
-Absolutism
• Voltaire: Crush the infamous thing (religion), anti-church, anti-fanaticism, reason
• Catherine the Great: -Increased serfs -Obessed with Enlightenment
• Rousseau: Social Contract, general will, most influential in French Rev.
• George III (England):
• Robespierre: -Instigated terror in France -Became dictator of Comm. Of Public
Safety -Killed supporters (Datonists, Herbertists) -Leader of Jacobins
• Machiavelli: -The Prince -Written in collapse of Italian independence -Tried to
convince Medici to partake of his services -”the end justifies the mean”
• Castiglione: The Book of Courtier
• Rapheal (Rafael?): School of Athens
• Michaelangelo: David, Pieta, Sistine Chapel
• Erasmus: Northern christian humanist
• Philip II (Spain): -Catholic -Wealth from New World silver mines -wanted to mainly
restrone Spanish control *The constant wars, Price Rev, and economic collapse of
Catilian economy led to decline in Spain's power end of 17th century
• Colbert: -Mercantilism under Louis XIV -5 Great Farms (tariff union became trade
free zone in France) -Established new industries -Improved roads and canals -Restore
power to nobility -Created vast overseas empire -French East India Co to compete
with Dutch
• Tudors: -Henry VII of England established after defeating Richard III
• Stuarts: -Interested in adopting French-style rotal Abs. But found English Parliament
stood in way -James VI of Scotland -Charles II of England after Cromwell -Puritans
emerged here
• Peter the Great: (Russia) -Tax peasants -St. Petersburg (“window on the west”)
-Forced the shaving of beards to make Russia more like stylized West -Absolutism
-Centralization
• Maria Theresa: -Charles VI's daughter -Pragmatic Sanction -Pushed series of reforms
to help serfdom
• Spinoza: -Jewish enlightenment writer
• Montesquieu: -Separation of powers -Checks/balances -Spirit of Laws
• William Pitt:
 • Adam Smith: Laissez-faire economist, anti-mercantilism, Wealth of Nations
• Louis XVI: -France
• Petrarch: -Father of humanism
• Massacio: Italian Quattrocento humanism artist
• Ghiberti: Sculpture renaissance
• Leonardo da Vinci: Mona Lisa,
• Fuggers:
• Cardinal Richelieu:
• Louis XIV: -France -Divine Right (Bishop Bossuet) -Regent Cardinal Mazarin -Revoked
Edict of Nantes (hurt Huguenots)
• Charles V: HRE
• Thomas Pitt:
• Copnernicus: -Sun is center -Heliocentric system
• Newton: -Gravity -Principia -Calculus
• Galileo: -Telescope -Condemned by Catholic Church b.c. Of astronomy
• Francis Bacon:
• Descartes: -”I think, therefore I am” -Discourse on Method -anti Bacon -deductive
reasoning -wrote in French -
• Joseph II: (Austria) -ultimate enlightened despot -Religious toleration -Granted Jews
civil rights -Abolished serfdom -
• Edmund Burke: -Reflections on the French Rev -Whig -Thought Rev would take
violent direction
• Diderot: -Encylcopedia
• Frederick the Great: -Prussia King 1740 -Enlightened absolutist -Moved forces of
Silesia to where Hohenzollerns had an old claim -Freed some serfs -Increased pop. &
military
• Abbe Sieyes: What is the third estate? Everything.
• Alexander I:

Key Dates
• First bible printed in Europe by Gutenberg:
• Luther's 95 theses 1517:
• Act of Supremacy 1534: -Henry III England declared him and all future kings head of
Church of England
• Peace of Augsburg 1555:
• St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre 1572: France Catherine de Medici order killing of
3,000 Huguenots in Paris -Coligny killed
• Defeat of Spanish Armada 1588: -Queen Elizabeth's greatest moment of reign
-defeated Philip II's Spanish Armada -Ensured that England would remain Protestant
and free from foreign dominance -After Armada, period of cultural flourishing
• Edict of Nantes 1598: -France -Huguenots (Calvinists) freedom of
worship/assemble/protection -Issued by Henry IV -Revoked by Louis XIV
• Gunpowder Plot fails 1605:
• 30 Yrs War: 1618-1648: -Bohemia (Ferdinand thrown out windowpeace, Wanted
Protestantism) Danish, Swedish, Swedish/French(most destructive) -Large parts of
HRE suffered -Each German state got soverign rights -ended by Westphalia
 • English Civil War 1642-1648:
• Execution of Charles I 1649:
• Fronde revolts in France 1648-1653: -Revolts of Nobles/Parlement against Louis XIV
and Mazarin -at one point Louis XIV left country because of rebellion
• Revocation of the Edict of Nantes 1685: -Henry IV
• Glorious Revolution in England 1688: -Ireland effect: Catholics excluded from
public life
• War of Spanish Succession 1701-1714: -French vs. English/Dutch -Ended with
Utrecht (left Bourbon on throne of Spain but not France) -Resulted in containment of
Louis XIV's France but left the French peasantry hard pressed to pay taxes to support
Louis -Britain wins ($ and territory)
• Act of Union 1707: -formed GB (union of England and Scotland) -Happened to stop
Scotland from going to war with England
• Mississippi & South Sea Bubbles 1720:
• Silesian War (War of Austrian Succession) 1740-1748: -Began during reign of HRE
Charles VI -He pushed for Prag Sanction -Prussia tries to take Silesia -Austrian throne
saved for Hapsburgs = Prussia and Austria are enemies
• 7 yrs war 1756-1763: -Frederick launched plan so enemies could not defeat Prussia
-Frederick won
• Fall of Bastille 1789: -Crowd of 80,000 demanded surrender of the fortress for arms
-Louis formally recognizes Commune of Paris and formed National Guard
• Execution of Louis XVI 1793:
• Death of Ropespierre 1794:

Weirdo quotes:
“No bishop, no king” - James VI of England
“Le'etat, c'est moi” -Louis XIV “I am the State”
“Paris is worth a mass” -Henry IV of France