Three reinforced concrete elements have been designed according to Eurocode 2 ; a simply
supported slab, a simply supported beam and a column.
The slab is a two-way spanning slab so the moment values are determined by the coefficients given
in the British Standards and the dimensions were assumed according to structural class and
environmental conditions.
The moment and the axial load acting on the column were slightly low, so the column has been
designed with smaller dimensions.
Hence, the beam had to have smaller dimensions, but had to carry the moment on it due to relative
larger opening and the uniformly distributed load acting on it. This has been made possible by
designing the beam with a singly reinforced section, to take the advantage of larger lever arm. This
also made the need of reinforcement less on the tension side, and none on the compression. Also,
with the less reinforcement required, the concrete space between the reinforcement bars were at
acceptable values.
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Simply Supported Slab Design to Eurocode 2
Ultimate Load
Ultimate Load given in Eurocode = 1.35 g × 1.50 q
1.35 × (0.20 × 24) + 1.50 × 3.5 = 11.73 kN / m2
Determining Ko
K0,sx = Moment / fck / b / d2
K0,sx = 24.70 × 106 / 30 / 1000 / 1802
K0,sx = 0.0254 < 0.167
Singly Reinforced Section
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Reinforcement Calculation
Asx = Msx / 0.87 / fyd / zsx
Asx = 24.70 × 106 / 0.87 / 460 / 175.87
Asx = 350.92 mm2/m
Minimum Reinforcement
According to Eurocode Clause 9.2.1
The total amount of longitudinal reinforcement should not be less than Asmin
As,min = (0.26 × fctm × bt × d) / (fyk) but not less than 0.0013 × bt × d
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Bending Moment for Long Span
Msy = αsy × n × lx2
Msy = 0.046 × 11.73 × 4.52 = 10.93 kN m
Reinforcement Calculation
Asy = Msy / 0.87 / fyd / zsx
Asy = Msy / 0.87 / 460 / 167.8780
Asy = 162.69 mm2/m
As,min = (0.26 × 2.9 × 1000 × 180) / 460 = 295 mm2 /m
Minimum reinforcement is greater than the necessary reinforcement area. Minimum
reinforcement will be used.
Provide T8 at 150 mm (=335mm2/m)
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Maximum Reinforcement
According to Eurocode Clause 9.2.1
The cross-sectional area of tension or compression reinforcement should not exceed As,max
outside lap locations.
As,max = ( 0.04 × Ac )
As,max = ( 0.04 × 1000 × 200 )
As,max = 8000 mm2 / m
Provided reinforcements are in within range with the minimum and maximum reinforcement
clauses given in Eurocode 2.
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Simply Supported Beam Design to Eurocode 2
Support Reactions
Support Reactions = Total Load on the Beam / 2
Support Reactions = (26.39 × 2.25 × ½ × 2 + 26.39 × 2.25) / 2 = 59.38 kN
Maximum Moment
Maximum Moment will be in the midpoint of the beam. Taking moment about that point:
Moment = 59.38 × 6.75 / 2 – [ 2.25 × 26.39 × ½ × ( 2.25/2 + 2.25 /3 ) ] – 2.25/2 × 26.39 × 2.25/4
Design Moment = 128.04 kN m
The system is symmetrical so the maximum moment and the support reactions will be doubled.
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Properties of the Beam
Determining K0
K0 =Design Moment / fck / b / d2
K0 = 256.08 × 106 / 30 / 250 / 452.502
K0 = 0.166 < 0.167
Singly Reinforced Section
Reinforcement Calculation
As1 = Design Moment / 0.87 / fyd / zsx
As1 = 256.08 × 106 / 0.87 / 460 / 371.90
As1 = 1720.57 mm2
π × 252/4 = 491 mm2 [ Area of single T25 bar ]
1720.57 / 491 = 3.50 [ T25 bars needed ]
2
4T25 bars selected for the longitudinal bars (Total area = 1964.00 mm )
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Design for Shear
VEd = 118760 Newton [ Design Shear Force ]
k1 = 1 + (200 / d)0.5
k1 = 1.66
ρ1 = 1473 / 250 / 452.50 = 0.013
ρ < 0.02; ρ = 0.02
NED = 0; ςcp = 0 [ Normal Force On Section ]
CRd,C = 0.18 / γC = 0.12 and k1 = 0.15
Vmin = 0.035 × k3/2 × fck0.5 = 0.035 × 1.66483/2 × 300.5
Vmin = 0.4118 N / mm2
VRd,c = [ 0.12 × 1.6648 × ( 100 × 0.02 × 30 )1/3 + 1.66 × 0 ] × 250 × 452.50
VRd,c = 88475 N < VED = 118760 N
Shear reinforcement required.
According to Eurocode clause 6.2.2 , the shear force VEd, calculated without reduction, should always
satisfy the condition VEd < 0.5 × v × fcd × bw × d where v is a strength reduction factor for concrete
cracked in shear. v = 0.6 × [ 1 – (fck / 250) ]
v = 0.6 × [ 1 – ( 30 / 250 ) ]
v = 0.48
VEd < 0.5 × 0.48 × 30 / 1.5 × 250 × 452.50
118760 < 543000 √ [ Satisfied ]
According to Eurocode 2 clause 6.2.3, element 3, for members with vertical shear reinforcement, the
shear resistance VRd is the smaller value of
VRd,s = Asw / s × z × fywd × cot ϴ and VRd,max = ( αcw × bw × z × v1 × fcd ) / (cot ϴ + tan ϴ)
Calculation Of VRd,max
Assuming to use vertical shear reinforcement: α = 90°; ϴ = 45°
VRd,max = ( 1 × 250 × 387.7473 × 0.48 × 30 / 1.5 ) / (1 + 1)
VRd,max = 465296.67
VRd,c < VEd < VRd,max
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Shear Resistance with Shear Reinforcement Bars
VRd = Asw / s × z × fywd × cot ϴ
VRd = Asw / s × 0.9 × 387.7473 × 250 × 1
87243.1425 × Asw / s > VED = 118760
Asw / s > 1.3613
Four ø25 bars for the tension zone, having 27.5 millimetres space between them and ø10 bars at
115 millimetres. (Drawing not to scale.)
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Column Design to Eurocode 2
Classification of Column
Eurocode 2 places an upper limit on the slenderness ratio of a single member below which second
order effects may be ignored. The limit is given by : λlim = 20 × A × B × C / (n)0.5
A = 0.7 B = 1.1 C = 2.2
n = 890.76 × 103 / 250 / 250 / ( 30 / 1.5 ) = 0.71
λlim = 20 × 0.7 × 1.1 × 2.2 / ( 0.71 )0.5
λlim = 40.15
λlim < λ
Column is Slender
The First Order Moment M0,Ed
ϴ i ϴ i = ϴ 0 αh αm [ Imperfections ]
ϴ0 = 0.005, m = 4
αh = 2 / l0.5 = 0.94
αm = [ 0.5 × ( 1 + 1 / m) ]0.5 = 0.7905
ϴi = 0.005 × 0.9428 × 0.79 = 0.00372
ei = ϴi × lo / 2 = 5.85 × 10-3 [ Eccentricity ]
M0,ED = ei × NED = 5.85 × 10-3 × 890.76 = 5.21 kN m
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Assumptions :
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Reinforcement Required
As × fyd / b / h / fcd = 0.21 [ From the Relevant Chart ]
2
As,required = 656.25 mm
As,provided = π × 252 / 4 × 4 = 1962.50 mm2 [Asprovided > Asrequired ]
Longitude Reinforcement Rules and Details for Columns According To Eurocode 2
The rules governing the minimum and maximum amounts of reinforcement in a load bearing column
according to Eurocode 2 are
i )A minimum of four bars is required in a rectangular column (one bar in each corner). Bar diameter
should not be less then 12mm.
4ø20 bars are provided at each corner.
ii) The minimum are of steel is given by; As,min = 0.10 × NED / fy
As,min = 0.10 × NED / fyd = 75 mm2
As,min = 0.002 × AC = 0.002 × 250 × 250 = 125 mm2
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