MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

JJ102 ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY

CASE STUDY 1



MUHAMAD FAIZ BIN RAJAB 01DKM13F1034
MUHAMMAD SYAHRIN BIN AZMI 01DKM13F1032
MUHAMMAD ZULKIFLI BIN SHAFIEE 01DKM13F1028



Principle of Transformers
A transformer is a device that changes (transforms) and alternating potential
difference (voltage) from one value to another value be it smaller or greater
using the principle of electromagnetic induction.
A transformer consists of a soft iron coil with two coils wound around it which
are not connected to one another. These coils can be wound either on
separate limbs of the iron core or be arranged on top of each other.
The coil to which the alternating voltage is supplied is called the primary coil or
primary winding. When

an alternating potential difference is supplied the resulting alternating current
in the primary coil produces a changing magnetic field around it. This changing
field induces an alternating current in the secondary coil. The size of the
induced voltage resulting from the induced current in the secondary coil
depends on the number of turns in the secondary coil.
The relationship between the voltage and the number of turns in each coil is
given by:







If the primary winding is higher than the secondary winding, then
the current at the primary is higher than the current at secondary.
Automatically the primary voltage also higher compare to the
secondary voltage.

While if the secondary winding is higher than the primary winding,
the current at the secondary winding is higher than the current at
primary winding. This will ensure that the secondary voltage also
higher compare to the primary voltage.

Step-up Transformer
On a step-up transformer there are more turns on the secondary coil than the
primary coil. The induced voltage across the secondary coil is greater than the
applied voltage across the primary coil or in other words the voltage has been
stepped-up.
Step-down Transformer
A step down transformer has less turns on the secondary coil that the primary
coil. The induced voltage across the secondary coil is less the applied voltage
across the primary coil or in other words the voltage is stepped-down.
Transformers are very efficient. If it is assumed that a transformer is 100%
efficient (and this is a safe assumption as transformers may be up to 99%
efficient) then the power in the primary coil has to be equal to the power in
the secondary coil, as per the law of conservation of energy.
Power in primary coil = Power in secondary coil
Remember, power = potential difference x current
Thus,
Primary coil p.d. x primary coil current = Secondary coil p.d. x secondary coil
current
V
P
x I
P
= V
S
x I
S

So if the potential difference is stepped up by a transformer then the current is
stepped down by roughly the same ratio. In the case of the potential being
stepped down by the transformer then the current is stepped up by the same
ratio.